Desigrnin stuchucrl steelwork to BS5950

BENDINGSTRENGTH
From Table 4.17, relevant compressivestrength values for bucHing about the x - x axis are
obtained
from Table 27ft) (Table4- 18) and from Table 27(c) (Table 4.19)-for bending about
the y - y axis.
Lx= LElrx=595O/89= 66.8
Frcm Table 4.18, pc= 208 N *rrr- 2

?vy= Lr/ry = 5950/51.6 = I I 5.3

From Table 4' 19,pc = 103 N 2.
Hence critical compressive strength of column, pg, is
-*- pc:103 N mm-2

OVERALL BUCKUNG CHECK

lr-r=@ -o. 5 x 7 o o o -. . o
tY -= --5 T F -= o / ' u
From Table4'15, p6 = 193 N *-- 2.
Buckling resistancemoment capacityof column, d46, is given
by
Ms =psSx = 193x 568 x 103= 1O9.6x lO6 N mm
Hencefor stability,
F mMx ntMo
Aer* * = t
Mb nzv
z8ox to3 ,1x40.6x106
66.4x tO2x 103 1O9.6x 106

, 1x7.8x106
-;25;n4x ro3
= 0.41+ O-37+ 0.16= 0.94 < I
Therefore,the 203 x2O3xlZIUC sectionis suitable.

Longitudinal
bars 4,9,5 DESIGN OF CASED COII]MNS
As discussed in section45, steel columns are some_
times cased in concreteforfire protection. However,
the concrete also increases thi strengdr of the sec_
50 min tion, a fact which can be used to advaitage in design
75 max provided that the conditions stated in cliuse
4.14.1
of BS 5950 are met. Some of these conditions are
illustrated in Fig. 4.27.
BS 5950 gves guidance on the design of UC
sections encased in concrete for the foiloftng load_
ing conditions which are discussed below:
1i) axiatty
loaded columns and (ii) columns subjeci to axial
Beinforcement
load and bending.
Characleristic
s'rength of concrele ) 20 N/mm2 4.9.5.1 Ar<icrllyloaded columns
The design procedure for this case is summarized in
Fig.427 Cased tJC section. Reinforcement: steelfabrb type
Fig. 4.28.
(BS 4483) or > S mm di.amiter bngitudinaib,ars and
?9!
links at a maximum spacing of 200 mm.

r38
 Design of compression members

I the cased section about the x-x axis, r3, is assumed

to be equal to the radius of gyratio; of the
cased steel section about the x-x axis.
un_

I calculate effective length' 1, L,

3.
Th: compression resistance of the casedsection,
Ps, is given by

(4.2e)
e"=(e*94
I calculate radii of gyration of cased section'2, ry and r;
However, this should not
)0"
^ be greater than the
short strut capacity of the section, pcs, which is
grven by

I . O.25fc,r/1c\,
P o = (A e + -f f )A
\- Py
(4-3O)
\'
calculate compression resislanceof column*3, p" )'

I Fig. 4.28 Designprocedurefor axially loadedcasedcolumns.

where lc is the groqs sectional area of the con-
crete but neglecting any casing in excess of Z5
mm from the overall dimensions of the UC
section or any applied finish, Agthe gross sec-

I Nbtbs to Fig.4.28.
1. The efective length, lp, sho^uldnot exceed the
ti onal area of the U C secl i on,
/ su t he
characteristic strength of the concrete which
should not be greater than 40 N mm- 2, p" *re
least of (i) 40Dc; (ii) l}}bc"ld< and (iii) 250r,

t where bc and dc are as indicated in Frg. 4-22 and

r is the minimum radius of gyration of the un_
case{ UC section, i.e. ry.
compressive strength of the IJC section deter_
mined as discussed for uncased columns (section
4.9. 1) blut using ry and ry for the cased section
(9ee_19te 2 above) and
fo the design suength of

I 2. Theradius of gyration of the cased section about

the y-y axis, ry, is taken as 0.20c but not more
than 0.2(B + 150) mm. The radius of gyration of
the U"C section which should not exceed af S N
mm -.

t Excrnple 4.13 Encqsed steel colunn reslsting crn cDrialloqd

Calculate the compression resistance of a 3o5x3o5 x l18 kg rn- I
UC column if it is encased in
concrete of compressive strength 20 N mm-'io th. manner rrr""*"
below. Assume *rat the effective
length of t}le column about both axes is 3.5 m.

x 3 0 5 x 1 1 8k g m - l U C

dc: 425

PROPERTIES
OF UC SECTION
Area of UC section (lg) = 15 000 mm2 (Appendix B)
Radius of gyration (ta) ,= 136 mm
Radius of gyration (r) -- 77-5 mm
Design strength (py) =265N**-2 (sinceT= 18.7 mm)
Effective len$h (Ls) =3.5m
 I
I
Deslgrnin skuchnol steelwork to BS5950

EFFECITiTETENGTH
Check that the effectivelength of column (= 3500 mm) doesnot exceed
the least of:
4Obg=40 x 425 = 17 000 mm

roob?
=-fio-iis
x 4252
- = 425oomm
e
25ory= 25Ox77.5 = 19 375 mm OK

RADII OF GYRATIONFORTFIECASEDSECNON
For the cased section rx is same as for the rJC secrion =
136 mm. For the cased section ry = o.2bc=
O . 2x 425 = 8 5 m m > g .Z @ + 1 5 0 ) = O-2 (3O6.8+
150) = 91.36 mm OK
Flence ry = 85 mm and rx = 136 mm.

COMPRESSION RESISTANCE
Slendemessrcrtio
ls
"
,tx= = 3500 =25.7 <l8O
r* 136
LE 35oo=
^ -
Av= 41.2< 180
' ry 8 5

Compressive strengrth
From Table 4' 17, relivarrt compressive strength values for
buckling about the x-x axis are obtained
(iabte4-1o
5e50 andfromTabre
27(.>
["fiIi:T:;SJrBS 'rbs sssririoii+Jsfo,u.,,ai,,g
For l"x= 25.7 and py =,265 2
\mm-
z strength(pc)= 257 (Table4.18).
For Iy
"orrp."rsive
265-N.mm- compressive I;"g- 1-
strength(?;) = i;6 N mm- q.-i;i. H.r,.., p" ii
;1i,'*1fr; ' <r"ob'

Compression resistsrce
Ae = 15 OO0mm2
Ac = dcbc=425x!25 = 180625 mm2
h = 265 { *- i (sinceT= 18.7 mm)

fi=33'"i#;'
Compression resistance of encased column, ps, is given
by
' o.=ln"*!!$f o.
LP vl-
=[,, ooo* O-45x 2O x 180625
=n.r,x 106N
265
lr^
 Desigrnol compression mem.bers

T which sbould not be greater than the short strut capacity, pss, given
by

*,=[r,.rY]^
I =ft, o oo no' 25x2ox18062
265
L
I Hencethe compressionresistance
=4.g7 x t06N OK
of the encasedcolumn is 4.g1 x 106 N. comparing
this with the
compressionresistanceofthe'ncased column tzxametea1,jl;o:*G"t

t hasbeenincreased from 3357 to 4810 klr{, which r.pro.no * i.ro""r"

trr.load capacityofthe column
of approximately 45(r/o.

t 4'9'5'2 columns subiect to csdcl locd ond

bending
The design procedure hereL--- is
:^ similar
^:-:r^- to ^r when
^- that
where Fc is the compressive force due to axial
P" the compression resistance of the cased
load,
section
c"q""ti"" i.2g), pcstrr" ,ton,t-rrt capacity (equa-
-$e column is axially loaded but also involves check-

! ng for local capacitv and buckling resistance using

dle following relationships:
aio" alaol,'aa- , My the applied moment about
*"ioi *'d minor ;., .J$;;.iu.ty, Mq, Mgy the
moment capaciry of the uc section about the -
the

x x
\- l-ocalcapacity. and y - y axes r-espectivelR z is the equivalent

I *.# *p =,
r c s tYtc x l v rc y
@31)ffl:f*:"13T;',#ff
resrstance mo.rl l ent of the
i;'.i"JTi:1,.,:
cased col umn ]

T ?. Buchling resistance- Sxpu) l.5Mu for the uncased section. To determine

Fc. mMx, t*J:"'f:It.1*'":"I?;lt'jrffiT'r;;,'nir"

il mMv
*MJ=t - . (4.32)
P "" Mb

;l
I Excnnple 4.14 Encqsed steel column resisting cr
c,xicrllood
I crnd bending
11 Example 4.l l itwas found that a 305 x
the below design load and moments:
305 x I l8 kg m-' UC column was incapable
of resisting

I Design axial load

Design moment about the x-x axis
Design moment about the y-y axis
=l00kNm
=2OkNm

I fr,'J$:efJi"*-fffi*H:'-":I^::.i#i:.g.*;;";
The effectivelength of tle column
"u""i
u",rr axesis 7 m.
B : 306.8
berow,
determine
itssuitab'ity.

I 3 0 5 x 3 0 5 x 1 1 8 . k gm - ' U C

I
I
I t 4l
Desigrnin stucttucrl steelwork to BS5950

PROPERNES
OF UC SECTION
Area of UC section (lg) = 15 000 mm2
Radius of gyration: x-x axis (4) = 136 mm
Radius of gyration: y-y axis (r) = 77.5 mm
Elastic modulus: x-x axis (Zx) = 176Ox 103mm3
Elastic modulus: y-y axis (Zy) = 587 x 103mm3
Plastic modulus: x-x axis (Sx) = 1950x 103mm3
Design strength (py) =265 N mm-2 1rirr.. 7= l8.Z mm)
Effective tength (tr) =7m
LOCAI CAPACIW
Axial load (Fc) = 200O klr{
Applied moment: x-x axis (Mx) = 100 kl.I m
Applied moment: y_y axis (My) = 20 kI.I m
Short strut capacity, pss, is givenby

*,=[r,.'*
]*
= O.25x 2Ox 425zl
ooo* 265
-l

[,, 265 l
= 4.878x 106N = 4g7g k].{
Moment capacityof column, Mcx, is given by
Mcx: fuZx=265 x 1?60x lO3= 466.4x 106N mm = 466.4kNI m
Moment capacityof column, M(:lpisgven by
M.y = fuZy = 265 x587 x lO3 = 155.6x 106N mm = I 55.6 kI.I m

F" Mx Mv - 2ooo + loo * 2o

P**M".*6 =t:;:.::f .', ,T:3.75
<|
Ffence, the local capacity ofthe section is satisfactory

BUCKLINGMSISTANCE
Rodii of gryrcrlionlor cqsedsec[on
For the casedsectionrx is sameas for the IJC section= 136 mm. For ttre casedsectionry =
e.ll.=
0.2x425 =85mm> 0.2 (B+ 150)=0.2 (306.8+ f50)=91.36mm OK
Hence ry = 85 mm and rx = 136 mm.

Slendemess rqtio

,t"=tl=#= 5 1 .5
< l8 o

^ r = E = t:*= 8 2 .4 < r 8 o
Compressive stengrth
Flt^\=5f.5anqry- ZOfNrm--2"o*pr"..ivesrength(F")=226N;o--2
= 82..4 TToblr4.Ig).ForLy
"e-
265_r mm-' compressive ,(p) = ir N *-- 2 gatti +.tt1.Hence2"is
strengrh
equal to 153 N mm-'.
 Desigrnof compression members

I Compression resistcrrce
Ae = 15 000 mm2
Ac = 425 x 425 = 625 mm2

T h =265Nmm-1
Pc:l53Nmm-2
fc.u:20 N mm-
2
^180

Compressionresistanceof encasedcolumn, ps, is given by

I L-
nt{y.f
n"=le"*o
h r
;.
I =f r s ooo*o' 45x20.\r 80625]
L 265 ,r r =3.233x106N
J^
which is not greater than short strut capacity, pcs: 4g7g kl.{ (see above) OK.

I Buckling resistcrrce
For the uncased section.

I xy=b=9=90
ry 77.5
Nx=9A116.2=5.5

I From Table4-14 zt= 0.79 and

)'LT = nudty= I x 0.851x 0.79x 90 = 6l
Hencepu = 205 N *-- 2
t:om Table4.15.
I rMu= Sxpr = 1950x 103x 2A5= AOOx106N mm = 400 kN m
For the cased section.

I Le _ 7000
"b=-rv
85
=R) /L

Nx=824116'2= 5'08
I FromTabre4.14'=0.gl and
?q:r = rum\ry= I x 0.851 x 0.81x g2.4 = 56.g
=l Hencep6= 214 N
-*-2
fromTable4.15.
Mu=Sxpu= 1950x lO3x 214= 4l7x 106N mm =417 kN m
|f9nceMt(for casedUCsection=417kl.{m) } 1.5Mu(foruncasedUCsection=1.5x40o= 600

I l<}.{m).

CbecL buckling reslstcsrce

From clause4.7.7 of BS 5950,m = l.O for casedcolumns:

I Fc mMx
mlwe -2ooo -* *1x20 I x 100
P,* Mo* M; =t?::.o.r:nTo.ru3i$.,
I Hence, the section is now just adequate to resist the desigTraxial
about the x-x and y-y ues of 100 and 20 kNI * ,.rp""i".iy. - load
--- of 2000 lN and design moments

t
I
Design in struch.ual steelwork to BS 5950
OF COLUMN BASEPLAIES
4.9,6 DESIGNI
Clause 4.1V.2 of BS 5950 gives guidance on the
design of concentrically loaded slab baseplates,
a: greater projection
b.' lesser projection which covers most practical design situations (Frg.
b 4.29)- The plan area of the baseplate is given by
kr{
I Stanchion
Plan area ofbaseplate =
axial load
bearing strength
(4.33)

where bearing strength = 0.4/cu for concrete founda-

tions. The baseplate thickness, r, is given by
+ , =lTt ({f
thickness 'un)
T, 6' - o3u'1f"d flange
Lpyp I

PressuaeN mm-2 where a is the greater proiection of the plate beyond

the column (Fis. 4.29)' b the smaller proiection of
Plan Elevation
the plate beyond the column (FiS. 4.29), ar the
pressure on the underside of the plate assuming a
uniform distribution (N mm-') andp]? the design
strength of the platewhich maybe taken fromTable
Fig.4.29 cle
6 of BS p95O (Table 4.3), but not greater rhan 270
N mm- ". l.

Excrmple 4,15 Desigrn of cr steel colurnn bcrseplcrte

Design a baseplate for the axially loaded column shown belolr, assuming that the foundations are of
.orr"i"a" of compressive characieristic strength 30 N mm- ' and the design strengh of the plate is
265 N m m - ' .

305x 305x 118kgm-' UC f'n

\1|
Y

,1, I
I
Axial load = 3O0OkN

r=18.7mm
F
lr yl r

-t
t
----r---T'
r-l--+--l-1 r

[- 'lf
|
I
ilt
lil
tT
o
11314.5
ii#
.F
lrilllb

rr
_ t't
t''t-
a 306.8 a

axial load
Plan area ofbaseplate =

F
bearing strength

=#flf, =2.5xlo5mm2
Asguming that the baseplate is square, the minimum length of the sides of tlle baseplate is V(2-5 x
l0)) : 500 mm. Pressure on the underside of baseplate, zo,is given by .i
I
I
 Desigrn o{ @nnections

-=**ptan
* = : :area
L lo u = 1)uu_
2 N_ _ -2
J,l Baseplate thickness, r, is given by

-33) , =l# o, - o.z*l]* n u,n ,thickness

- lh
=lfz.sxtz (96.6"
n_
0.3x sz.ts21l
26s
I wher e a = r/2 (5 0 0 -
= 27 .6mm > flange thickness = g.7
3 0 6 .9 ) = 9 6 .6 mm and b= t/z(500_
l mm
3t4.5) = 92.75 mm.
Hence provide baseplate 500 x 500 x 30 mm_

4.10 Design ol connections The first sentence is vitally important _ .Connec_

There are two- principal methods for connecting tions should b-e designed ,ri ,fr. U"ri,
of a realistic
together steel elements of structure, and the various assumption of the disribution of
intemat forces,
cleats,end plates, etc. also required: h1y-g regard ro retarive stiftress.,
il;i; any de-
tailed- design is embarked
l. Bolting_,^usingordinary or high strengrh consideration of how forces will a
friction ";";;;iefor.,
Ue iiansmlttea
grip @ISFG) bolts, is the pincipat-_.tfroa
of through the ioint is essential.
_c_o_nneftingtogether elements on iit.. 'loints should be designed to act
2. Velding, principally elecric arc welding, in accordance

I
is an already maae irrtfr-Ja.rigrr.,
altemadve way of connecdng elemehts *rr, *^--t ::rumptions
on site, ror rnstance, the structure- is designed
is but most welfing usually t"t-.* pt".. in .simlle
in factory c-onstruction', the beam_column
conditions. End plates and fixing i6int strouta Ue
.ilr., designed accordingly to accept rotations
welded to the elements in the faUri-caton rather than

I
"r"
yara. joint woutd be completerv
The elements are then detiv.reJio T"Ilil t-rigid *rr;g
.ii". _rr.r" rn uus sltuation) as it would tend
they are bolted together in position. to generate a
moment in the column for which it
has"not been
Figure 4-30 shows some typical connecdons designed.

t steelstructures.
The aim of this section is to describe
ofsomecomr.nonly used types of
used in

the design
b"ill;;Jwetded
.
rorces
'The ductiliry-of steel assistsin the
generated within a joint,, This
residual forces due to initial lack of nt,",
distribution of
means that
J"" to bolt
connections in steel stntctures. tightening, do not normally have to

I outset, it is worth while reiterating

gotpp^re_l
However, at the
som.'general
gtin g to connecti on design-give,
6 ofBS 5950.
-i.,
.t 4.10.1 BOLTEDCONNECTIONS
Ue .or,siO.r"a.

".rr. As mentioned above, two types of bolts

commonlv

I Bolted
end-plate
Flange
cover plate Web plale

===J=.
j

I Bolted
web cleat
F(
IILJ
I JL
.l (a)
(b)
Fig. 4.30 Tjpical connections: (a) beam m column; (b) beam to beam.

I 145