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Substation Overview: B. Prasad Chartered Engineer

This document provides an overview of electrical substations, including their classification, main components, and design standards. It discusses how substations are classified based on voltage levels, whether they are outdoor or indoor, and their configuration. It also describes the main parts and equipment of substations, such as switchyards, transformers, batteries, chargers, buildings, and cabling. Design requirements for indoor electrical panels, busbar clearances, ground clearances, and earthing systems are outlined. Finally, it provides information on cable laying and trench dimensions.

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Surya Narayan Sahu
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141 views32 pages

Substation Overview: B. Prasad Chartered Engineer

This document provides an overview of electrical substations, including their classification, main components, and design standards. It discusses how substations are classified based on voltage levels, whether they are outdoor or indoor, and their configuration. It also describes the main parts and equipment of substations, such as switchyards, transformers, batteries, chargers, buildings, and cabling. Design requirements for indoor electrical panels, busbar clearances, ground clearances, and earthing systems are outlined. Finally, it provides information on cable laying and trench dimensions.

Uploaded by

Surya Narayan Sahu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SUBSTATION OVERVIEW

-B. Prasad
Chartered Engineer
[email protected]
TYPE OF SUBSTATION

 Classification based on voltage levels, e.g. : A.C.


Substation : EHV, HV, MV, LV; HVDC Substation.
 Classification based on Outdoor or Indoor : Outdoor
substation is under open sky. Indoor substation is
inside a building.
 Classification based on configuration, e.g. :
 Conventional air insulated outdoor substation or
 SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
 Composite substations having combination of the
above two
Classification based on application

 Step Up Substation : Associated with generating station as


the generating voltage is low.
 Primary Grid Substation : Created at suitable load centre
along Primary transmission lines.
 Secondary Substation : Along Secondary Transmission Line.

 Distribution Substation : Created where the transmission line


voltage is Step Down to supply voltage.
 Bulk supply and industrial substation : Similar to distribution
sub-station but created separately for each consumer.
 Mining Substation precaution for safety needed in the
operation of electric supply.
 Mobile Substation: Temporary requirement
PROMARY/SECONDARY/DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION

 Primary Substations receive power from EHV


lines at 400KV, 220KV, 132KV and transform the
voltage to 66KV, 33KV or 22KV (22KV is
uncommon) to suit the local requirements in
respect of both load and distance of ultimate
consumers. These are also referred to ‘EHV’
Substations.
 Secondary Substations receive power at 66/33KV
which is stepped down usually to 11KV.
 Distribution Substations receive power at 11KV,
6.6 KV and step down to a volt suitable for LV
distribution purposes, normally at 415 volts
SUBSTATION PARTSAND EQUIPMENTS

 Outdoor Switchyard
 Incoming Lines
 Outgoing Lines
 Bus bar
 Transformers
 Bus post insulator & string insulators
 Substation Equipment such as Circuit-
beakers, Isolators, Earthing Switches, Surge
Arresters, CTs, VTs, Neutral Grounding
equipment.
SUBSTATION PARTS
….CONTD…
 Station Earthing system comprising ground mat, risers,
auxiliary mat, earthing strips, earthing spikes & earth
electrodes.
 Overhead earth wire shielding against lightening strokes.
 Galvanised steel structures for towers, gantries, equipment
supports.
 PLCC equipment including line trap, tuning unit, coupling
capacitor, etc.
 Power cables
 Control cables for protection and control
 Roads, Railway track, cable trenches
 Station illumination system
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Transformer part
Batteries for industrial or substation applications

 Vented /
Flooded Lead
Acid batteries
 Sealed
maintenance
free
batteries/Valve
Regulated Lead
Acid
 Nickel Cadmium
(Ni-cd) batteries
Battery AH
 LOAD CURRENT 10A for
3 hrs.
 Cell voltage =12V DC
 CALCULATION ,
AH=10X3
 CAPACITY =30/
(0.75X0.8)=50AH
 Discharge factor=0.7
 Ageing factor =0.8
 Drain capacity =C10
CHARGER
 Type of charger
 Input voltage
 output voltage
 Application
 Protection
 Metering
 Indication
 Alarms
 Auto operation
Clearance around an Indoor electrical panel
(NES 110.26)

Description of Clearance Distance (min)


Left to Right the minimum clearance 0.9 Meter (3 Ft)
Distance between Panel and wall 1.0 Meter
Distance between Panel and Ceiling 0.9 Meter
Clear Height in front of Panel >480V 2.0 Meter
Clear Height in front of Panel <480V 0.9 Meter (3 Ft)
Clearance When Facing Other Electrical
0.9 Meter (3 Ft)
Panels <480V

The width of the working space in front of The width of Panel or 0.762 Meter which is
the Panel Greater.

Headroom of working spaces for panel


Up to 2 Meter
boards (Up to 200Amp)
Clearance between Bare Metal Busbar in
Panel (NES 408.5)

Opposite
Opposite
Polarity
Polarity Live Parts to
Voltage Mounted on
Where Held Ground
Same
Free in Air
Surface
Up to 125 V 19.1 mm 12.7 mm 12.7 mm

125 V to 250 V 31.8 mm 19.1 mm 12.7 mm

250 V to 600 V 50.8 mm 25.4 mm 25.4 mm


Clearance of Outdoor electrical panel to
Fence/Wall (NES 110.31)

Voltage Distance (min)

600 V to 13.8 KV 3.05 Meter

13.8 KV to 230 KV 4.57 Meter

Above 230 KV 5.49 Meter


GROUND CLEARANCE

VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 66kV 6.1m

66kV - 110kV 6.4m

110kV - 165kV 6.7m

greater than 165kV 7.0m


Earth resistance value

 Major power station= 0.5


Ohm.
 Major Sub-stations= 1.0
Ohm
 Minor Sub-station = 2 Ohm
 Neutral Bushing. =2 Ohm
 Service connection = 4
Ohm
 Medium Voltage Network
=2 Ohm
 L.T.Lightening Arrestor= 4
Ohm
 L.T.Pole= 5 Ohm

Measurement of Earth Resistance
(Three point method)
Size of earth wire for motor
Sr. Capacity Size of earth wire Size Of Earth Electrode
Cu GI Cu GI
1 01- 10 HP 8 SWG 8 SWG 60cmX60cmX3.18 60cmX60c
mm mX6.35mm

2 10 – 15 HP 8 SWG 6 SWG 60cmX60cmX3.18 60cmX60c


mm mX6.35mm

3 15 – 30 HP 6 SWG 4SWG 60cmX60cmX3.18 90cmX90c


mm mX6.35mm

4 30 – 50 HP 4SWG 25mmX3 mm 90cmX90cmX6.35 90cmX90c


mm mX6.35mm
IR Value of Submersible Motor

IR Value of Submersible Motor

Motor Out off Well (Without Cable) IR Value

New Motor 20 MΩ

A used motor which can be reinstalled 10 MΩ

Motor Installed in Well (With Cable)

New Motor 2 MΩ

A used motor which can be reinstalled 0.5 MΩ


IR Value of Transformers:

Voltage Test Voltage Test Voltage Min IR


(DC) LV side (DC) HV side Value
415V 500V 2.5KV 100MΩ
Up to 6.6KV 500V 2.5KV 200MΩ
6.6KV to 11KV 500V 2.5KV 400MΩ
11KV to 33KV 1000V 5KV 500MΩ
33KV to 66KV 1000V 5KV 600MΩ
66KV to 132KV 1000V 5KV 600MΩ
132KV to 220KV 1000V 5KV 650MΩ
Standard voltage
Type Voltage
EXTRA LOW Up to 50V AC/DC
VOLTAGE
LOW VOLTAGE 50-1000V AC/DC
MEDIUM VOLTAGE ABOVE 1000V AC/DC UPTO 6.6KV
AC
HIGH VOLTAGE ABOVE 6.6KV AC TO 33 KV AC
EXTRA HIGH ABOVE 33KV AC TO 400 KV AC
VOLTAGE
ULTRA HIGH ABOVE 400 KV AC TO 765 KV AC
VOLTAGE
Cable end termination
Breaker ACB/VCB/SF6/OCB
EARTHING
 The following steps, when put into practice, will ensure a
re lia ble , s a fe and tro uble -fre e  s ubs ta tio n g ro und ing  
s y s te m :
 Size conductors for anticipated faults
 Use the right connections
 Ground rod selection
 Soil preparation
 Grounding using building foundations
 Grounding the substation fence 
 Special attention to operating points 
 Surge arrestors must be grounded properly 
 Grounding of cable trays 
 Temporary grounding of normally energized parts 
Earthing .....contd
Cabling
 Depth of the trench 7 5 0
m m fo r c a ble s up to
1 . 1 KV
 Depth of the trench
1 2 0 0 m m fo r c a ble s up
to 1 . 1 KV
 Sa nd - covered with 150
mm
 Width of the trench -
350 mm minimum
 Loop –approximate -3
Cable laying
 Laying direct in ground
 In pipes,
 Closed or Open ducts,
 Cable trays and
 On surface of wall
BUILDING
 Administrative building
 Conference room etc.
 Battery Room
 Operator room
 Check and change room
 Adjacent maintenance room
 ECC room
Switchgear and Control Panel Building

 Low voltage AC. Switchgear


 High voltage AC. Switchgear
 Control Panels, Protection
Panels
 Capacitor panel room
Mechanical, Electrical and Other Auxiliaries

 Fire fighting system


 D.G. Set
 Oil purification system
ACT FAST AND INITIATE
FIRST

 बड़ा  सोचो 
 तेजी से सोचो व 

 सबसे पहले सोचो

 िवचारो पर िकसी का

  एकािधकार नही होता.

  ----धीरभाई अमबानी
THANK YOU

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