Chapter-9: Projections of Straight Lines

Chapter-9
Projections of Straight Lines

Chapter outline
 Fundamentals of descriptive geometry and its
usefulness
 Projections of Points in different quadrants
 Use the standard nomenclature for descriptive
geometry
 Projections of lines
Learning Outcome
 Use the procedure and enhanced imagination
to solve different problems related to
projection of lines
Object in Four Quadrant
•Above HP and in-front of
VP, if it is in I-quadrant.
•Above HP and behind VP, if
it is in II-quadrant.
•Below HP and behind VP, if
it is in III-quadrant.
•Below HP and in front of
VP, if it is in IV-quadrant.
Projection of Point in I, II, III and IV Quadrant
Case-1
Point A is in I Quadrant
Point ‘A’ is located 75 mm above HP and 125 mm in front of VP. It’s TV (a)
appears on HP and FV (a’) appears on VP. Orthographic view shows FV
above x-y line and TV below x-y line after the rotation of HP through 90o.
Case-2
Point B is in II Quadrant
Point ‘B’ is located 50 mm above HP and 150 mm behind VP. It’s TV
(b) appears on HP and FV (b’) appears on VP. Orthographic view
shows FV as well as TV are above x-y line after the rotation of HP
through 90o.
Case-3
Point C in III Quadrant
Point ‘C’ is located 100 mm below HP and 100 mm behind VP. It’s TV
(c) appears on HP and FV (c’) appears on VP. Orthographic view shows
TV above x-y line and FV below x-y line after the rotation of HP through
90o.
Case-4
Point in IV Quadrant
Point ‘D’ is located 125 mm below HP and 75 mm in front of VP. It’s TV (d)
appears on HP and FV (d’) appears on VP. Orthographic view shows FV as
well as TV are below x-y line after the rotation of HP through 90o.
Comparison of I and III Quadrant
Comparison of II and IV Quadrant
Various Positions of Straight Lines w.r.t Principal Planes
Notations for Straight Line Problems
TL True length
AL Apparent length
TI True inclination
AI Apparent inclination
Lengths TL AL Angles TI AI
TV AB ab HP  
FV A’B’ a’b’ VP  
Inclined Line
(Line inclined to one plane and parallel to other plane)
b’
B
a’
A b
a
Inclined Line
Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm above HP and

50 mm in front of VP. End point B is in I quadrant. The line
is parallel to VP and makes an inclination of 30o to HP.
Draw projections of the straight line AB.
Inclined Line
Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm above HP and

50 mm in front of VP. End point B is in I quadrant. The line
is parallel to HP and makes an inclination of 40o to VP.
Draw projections of the straight line AB.
Skew Line
(Line inclined to both HP and VP)
(TYPE-A): True lengths and true inclinations are given.
Find out apparent length and apparent inclinations.
Skew Line
True lengths and true inclinations are given. Find out
apparent length and apparent inclinations.
Skew Line
True lengths and true inclinations are given. Find out

apparent length and apparent inclinations.
Stage-I and Stage-II are combined
Skew Line
IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS
The projections (apparent lengths: ab and a’b’) have got common
end projectors a’-a and b’-b.
The apparent angles are greater than the true angles. i.e.  > 
and  > .
The path to obtain TV of B i.e. b is
{B’ – [Projection up to a locus line passing through a] – b1 –
[Rotation] – b}
The path to obtain FV of B i.e. b’ is
{B – [Projection up to a locus line passing through a’] – b’1 –
[Rotation] – b’}
Skew Line
(TYPE-A): Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm
above HP and 50 mm in front of VP. End point B is in I
quadrant. The line makes an angle of 30o to HP and
40o to VP. Draw the projections of the straight line AB
and find apparent inclinations.
Logical explanation
First imagine the line is o to HP and parallel to VP
Logical explanation
Now imagine the line is o to VP and parallel to HP
Skew Line
(TYPE-B): Line AB has its end A 75 mm above HP and 50 mm in front of
VP. End point B is175 mm above HP and 100 mm in front of VP. Distance
between the end projectors is 150 mm. Draw the projections and find
true length and true inclinations.
Traces of line
The point of intersection of the line
with the HP is called the horizontal
trace (HT) and with the VP is called
the vertical trace (VT).
b’
B
a’
A b’
b FVA
h’
a a’
ABOVE
h’ HP
HT a b
INFRONT
OF VP
TVA
Line is inclined to HP and parallel to
VP
b’
a’
A B
VT
FVA
v a b VT a’ b’
ABOVE
HP
v
a
INFRONT
OF VP
Line is parallel to HP and inclined to b
VP
TVA
VT
VT a’ b’ h’ a’ FVA
A
B
b b’
v a ABOVE
h’ HP
v
a
INFRONT
OF VP
Line is inclined to HP and VP b
HT
TVA
CONCLUDING REMARKS
1. FV of HT will lie on x-y line

i.e. h’
2. TV of VT will lie on x-y line

i.e. v
3. All TV points lie on same line

i.e. HT, v, a, b
4. All FV points lie on same line

i.e. VT, h’, a’, b’
Line parallel to PP
Line parallel to PP
a’A’=oa
b’B’=ob
aA=oa’
bB=ob’

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Chapter-9

Projections of Straight Lines

Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm above HP and

Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm above HP and

True lengths and true inclinations are given. Find out

1. FV of HT will lie on x-y line

2. TV of VT will lie on x-y line

3. All TV points lie on same line

4. All FV points lie on same line

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