ENGLISH QUIPPER

Noun

-A noun is a part of speech that names a person, place, animal, thing, or idea.

Example:The words doctor, Palawan, tarsier, pen, and kindness are all nouns.

Explanation: The word doctor names a person; Palawan is a place; a tarsier is an animal; a pen is a
thing, and kindness is an idea.

Regular Nouns –

These are nouns that can be easily pluralized using a set of rules. Plural noun is a type of
noun that indicates that there is more than one person, animal, place, or thing.

Rules for Pluralizing Regular Nouns

1. For most regular nouns, simply add an -s to the noun.
Examples:
dog -- dogs
pen -- pens
banana -- bananas
Explanation: The nouns given just need an -s added to them to become plural.

2. Add -es when the noun ends in ss, sh, ch, or x.

Examples:
pass -- passes
sash -- sashes
watch -- watches
fox -- foxes
Explanation:The words pass, sash, watch, and fox end in ss, sh, ch, and x, so -es should be added to
them to make them plural.

3. Add -s to a noun when it ends in a y following a vowel.

Examples:
play -- plays
guy -- guys
way -- ways
Explanation: The words play, guy, and way end in a y that follows a vowel, so only an -s is added to
them to make them plural.

4. Whenever a noun ends in a y following a consonant, remove the y and then add -ies.
Examples:
baby -- babies
trophy -- trophies
injury -- injuries
Explanation: The words baby, trophy, and injury all end in a consonant and y, so the y is removed and -
ies is added to them to make them plural.
5. When a noun ends in f or fe, remove the f or feand add -ves.
Examples:
calf -- calves
elf -- elves
life -- lives
Examples: The words calf, elf, and life end in f or fe, so the f and fe is removed and -ves is added to make
them plural.

Familiarize yourself with the different rules regarding the pluralization of regular nouns so that you
would not have a hard time knowing what to do when you need to make regular nouns plural.
Remember, though, that although there are rules, there are also exceptions to the rules.

QUESTIONS
1. What is the part of speech that names persons, animals, places, things, and ideas?
2. This is a type of noun that indicates that there is more than one person, animal, place, or thing.
1
3. Which of the following states how most regular nouns are pluralized? by adding -ves to the

2 3 4
noun by adding -es to the noun by adding -s to the noun by adding -ies to the noun
4. Which of the following best completes the given analogy?box : boxes :: :
1vehicle : vehicles2story : storys3turkey : turkies4stomach : stomaches
5. Which of the following words cannot be pluralized by adding -es to it?
1baby2bench3bus4beetle
1 2 3 4
6. Which of the following is the plural form of knife? knivies knifies knifes knives

7. Which of the following is the plural form of fairy?1fairies2fairys3faries4fairyies

8. Which of the following plural forms of nouns is not correct?

1sketches2ways3vallies4replies
9. Which of the following nouns is not pluralized in the same way as the others?.
1belief2shelf3hoof4life
10. Which of the following sentences used prepositions correctly?
1You can find my pens in the drawer.2Joel is always just at home during the summer.3We are going to
be vacationing in Cebu.4Do you really have to be there in Sunday?

Prepositions

A preposition is a part of speech that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun to other
words in a sentence. The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is called the object of the
preposition. Prepositions are also used to show place, position, direction, and time. Words such
as toward, between, in, at, on, to, beyond, beneath, under, over, and up are prepositions. The group of
words starting from the preposition to its object is called a prepositional phrase.

When to Use In, On, and *At*

Among the prepositions, the most commonly confused ones are the prepositions in, on, and at.
In
used for big land areas such as continents, countries, states, towns, capitals, cities, and counties
used for centuries, years, months, decades, and long periods
used for enclosed spaces
Example:
Paula is in her room.
Explanation:
The preposition in is used because a room is an enclosed space.
On
used before the names of avenues, roads, streets, and boulevards
used for days and dates
used before surfaces
Example:
My keys are on the table.
Explanation:
The table is a surface, which is why the preposition on is used with it.
At
used before specific addresses or small places such as schools or restaurants
used before an exact time
used for a specific location
Example:
He was at the door when I arrived.
Explanation:
The door is considered a specific location, so at is used before it.
There are many prepositions in the English language that it may be confusing to figure out when to use
each. Each time you read, take note of how prepositions are used. This will help you familiarize yourself
with them.

Questions
1. What part of speech shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun to other words in the
sentence?
1
2. The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is called the . direct object 2indirect object3object
4
of the preposition prepositional phrase
3. The group of words starting from the preposition to its object is called the .
4. Which of the following is not a preposition?
1to2inside3from4but
5. Which of the following best completes the following sentence?The class will start 7:00
1 2 3 4
a.m. of at on in
6. Which of the following best completes the following sentence?
1 2 3 4
7. I usually like going to the beach even December. in of on at
8.. Which of the following best completes the following sentence?
1 2 3 4
As far as I know, he lives Magnolia Street. at to in on
9.Which of the following does not correctly make use of the preposition at?
1The teacher is already at the classroom.
2Georgie was at the office when she told me she could not come.
3 I am going to be there at 7:00 p.m
4We were all at the bookstore, browsing through the new books.

10.Which of the following does not correctly make use of the preposition on?
1He lives near Orchid Road.
2The parade will be on Friday.
3Olly was born on March 20, 2002
.4Portia is going to start the project on October.

Prepositions

A preposition is a part of speech that indicates the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and
other words in the sentence. The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is called the object of the
preposition. Prepositions are also used to show place, position, and time.

Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that starts with a preposition and ends with the object of
the preposition, which is a noun or a pronoun.
Prepositional phrases may have the following patterns:
- preposition + object of the preposition
- preposition + modifier(s) + object of the preposition
There are two types of prepositional phrases: prepositional adjective phrases and prepositional
adverb phrases.

Prepositional Adjective Phrases

A prepositional adjective phrase functions the way an adjective would: it describes a noun or a
pronoun. It also answers the questions what kind or which one.
Example:
Meredith is the student with the neatest handwriting.
Explanation:
The prepositional phrase with the neatest handwriting functions as an adjective because it describes the
noun student.

Prepositional Adjective Phrases

A prepositional adjective phrase functions the way an adjective would: it describes a noun or a
pronoun. It also answers the questions what kind or which one.

Prepositional Adverb Phrases

A prepositional adverb phrase functions as an adverb: it modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
in the sentence. It answers the questions when, where, how, or to what extent.
Example:
Angel went to the park.
Explanation:
The prepositional phrase to the park functions as an adverb because it modifies the verb went.
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that starts with a preposition and ends with the object of the
preposition, which is a noun or a pronoun.
An adjective phrase functions the way an adjective would: it describes a noun or a pronoun.
An adverb phrase functions as an adverb: it modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs in the sentence.

QUESTIONS
1. It is a part of speech that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and other words
in the sentence.

2. phrases are groups of words that start with a preposition and end with the object of the
preposition, which is a noun or a pronoun. An adjective phrase is ..
1 a prepositional phrase that tells when or where
2 a prepositional phrase that describes a noun or a pronoun
3 a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb
4 a prepositional phrase that answers the questions "what kind" or "which one."

3. Which of the following are patterns for forming prepositional phrases?

1preposition + adjective + adverb
2preposition + object of the preposition
3preposition + direct object
4preposition + modifier(s) + object of the preposition

4. Which of the following questions are answered by prepositional adverb phrases?

1what kind 2where 3which one 4when

5. Which of the following are prepositional adverb phrases in the given sentence?
We go to church every Sunday and eat out at the mall.
1to church 2we go at the mall 4and eat out

6. Which of the following is a prepositional adjective phrase in the given sentence?

The child with the red hat is a very intelligent student.
1the child 2very intelligent student 3with the red hat 4the red hat

7. Which of the following sentences makes use of a prepositional adjective phrase?

1The girl with the red hair was stunning.
2Joyce worked abroad for three years.
3He wanted so badly to go to the cinema.
4Karina was jogging near the park when she lost her watch.

8. Which of the following sentences makes use of a prepositional adverb phrase?.

1The gift from Kimberly pleased Lorena.
2Matthew is the student with the loudest voice.
3The book on the desk is his.
4Kelly hiked to the mountain's summit.
9. Which of the following sentences makes use of a prepositional adjective phrase and
prepositional adverb phrase?.
1Jonas likes it when he dangles from the monkey bars
2The moldy sponge under the sink should be thrown into the trash bin.
3Although she was not permitted to do so, Macy went to the park anyway.
4Jennifer needs to check whether she can buy party hats at the grocery store.

Modals

Modals are auxiliary verbs or helping verbs that should always be followed by a main verb. They do not change in
form.
Modals include can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, and ought to.

Can
expresses the ability to do something
used for offering something and making suggestions or requests
expresses possibility
Example:
I can drop by your house after my class.
Explanation:
The example expresses ability.

Could
used in the same way as can but in the past tense
expresses a possibility
used to sound more polite
Example:
She said she could drop by my house after her class.
Explanation:
The given example above is written in the past tense.

May
expresses a possibility
used for asking for permission
used for making an offer
Example:
May I go out for a while?
Explanation:
The statement is asking for permission.

Might
used in the same way as may but expresses less possibility
when used in making an offer, it also sounds more hesitant
Example:
It might rain tomorrow.
Explanation:
The first example expresses a slight possibility.
Ought to

gives advice
obliges someone to do something
Example:
You ought to obey your parents.
Explanation:
The sentence obliges someone to do something.

Shall
expresses that something is expected to occur in the future
expresses a command
Example:
Euna shall be the flower girl at her aunt's wedding.
Explanation:
The example states something that is expected to happen in the future.

Should
gives advice
expresses an obligation
Example:
You should always be polite.
Explanation:
The example states an obligation.

Must
emphasizes that an action is necessary
expresses a possibility
gives advice or recommendation
Examples:
She must be tired after all that running.
Explanation:
The example expresses a possibility.

Will
expresses a wish, request, demand, or offer
makes a prediction or assumption, as well as a promise
Examples:
I think Annie will like that.
Explanation:
The statement makes an assumption.

Would
used in the same way as will but in the past tense
used to sound more polite in making a wish or request
Examples:
Would you please give me that?
Explanation:
The example is a more polite way of requesting something.
Remember that there may be more than one modal that may be used for a certain purpose.
Use modals properly in your sentences in order to become more familiar with their proper usage.

Question
1. These are auxiliary verbs or helping verbs that are always followed by a main verb and do not have tenses.
2 This modal is the past tense of the modal can.
3. This modal functions in the same way that may does, but it expresses less possibility.
1must2ought to3should4might
4. Classify each of the modals below as either expressing ability or obligation..
Must should could can
Ability
Obligation
5. Which of the following modals suggests ability and may be used to complete the sentence below?
The children recite the poem.
1can2could3will4shall
6. Which of the following best completes the given analogy?
may : permission :: :
1might : recommendation2will : assumption3shall : request4can : obligation
7. Which of the following modals suggest obligation and may complete the given sentence?
You wear your ID at all times when you are in school.
1ought to2should3would4must
8. Candy wants to say that there is a possibility that she will enter the singing contest, but it is a very small
possibility because she is very shy in front of people.
9. Which of the following sentences should she say to convey her thoughts properly?
1I can enter the singing contest although I am really shy
2I shall enter the singing contest although I am really shy.
3I might enter the singing contest, but I am really shy
4I will enter the singing contest, but I am really shy.
10.Lana would like to tell Johnny that he really needs to do his part in their group project.
Which of the following modals should Lana not use if she really wants to emphasize her point?
1may2ought to3should4must
If you would like to make a request and want to sound polite, which of the following modals should you use?
1could2should3must4would

Aspects of Verbs

The aspect of verbs refers to how an action is viewed in relation to a certain time. This is different from the
verb tense. The tense refers to the actual time the action is made, whether it is in the past, at present, or in
the future. The aspect indicates whether the action is ongoing or is already completed.

There are four aspects of verbs:

simple or indefinite
perfect or complete
progressive or continuous
perfect progressive

The aspect of the verb is used with the verb tenses, and it is present in all three tenses: past, present, and future.
Simple or Indefinite Aspect does not give emphasis whether the action is completed or ongoing
the default aspect of simple past, present, and future tenses.
Examples:
Amelia sang in front of her classmates. (past)
Amelia sings in front of her classmates. (present)
Amelia will sing in front of her classmates. (future)
Explanation:
The given sentences show verbs that are in the simple tenses. Verbs that are in simple tenses use the simple or
indefinite aspect.

Perfect or Complete Aspect

used when the action is completed
a form of the have verb is paired with the past participle of the verb
Examples:
Amelia had sung in front of her classmates. (past)
Amelia has sung in front of her classmates. (present)
Amelia will have sung in front of her classmates. (future)
Explanation:
The examples above show that the actions are already completed.

Progressive or Continuous Aspect

used when the action is ongoing
a form of the be verb is paired with the -ing form of a verb
Examples:
Amelia was singing in front of her classmates. (past)
Amelia is singing in front of her classmates. (present)
Amelia will be singing in front of her classmates. (future)
Explanation:
The sentences above show actions that are continuing.

Perfect Progressive Aspect

used when an action is previously ongoing but is then completed
a form of the have verb is used with been and the -ing form of the verb.
Examples:
Amelia had been singing in front of her classmates. (past)
Amelia has been singing in front of her classmates. (present)
Amelia will have been singing in front of her classmates. (future)
Explanation:
In the examples above, the actions were continuing before but were eventually completed.
Tenses of verbs focus on when the action happened, and the aspects of verbs focus on whether the action is still
ongoing or already completed.
There are four aspects of verbs: simple or indefinite, perfect or complete, progressive or continuous, and perfect
progressive.

The verb indicates whether an action is already completed or is still ongoing.

QUESTIONS:

1. The simple past, present, and future tenses are in the aspect.
1indefinite2perfect3perfect progressive4 progressive

2. Which of the following aspects is used to show that an action is ongoing?

1progressive
2perfect progressive
3simpl
4perfect
3. Classify each of the following as being in the progressive or the perfect aspect.
will be making, has written, had taken, is eating,
Progressive
Perfect
Answer
4. Change the verb in the parentheses below into its past perfect tense.
My mother (wash) our dirty clothes. Which of the following sentences below is written using the perfect
progressive aspect?.
1Meryll cleans the floor every day
.2Meryll was cleaning the floor.
3Meryll had cleaned the floor
 .4Meryll had been cleaning the floor.
5. Which of the following verb aspects is used in the sentence below?
Scarlett needs to go to the store.
1simple 2progressive 3perfect progressive 4perfect
6. Roselle asked Kathleen, "What are you doing right now?"
Which of the following aspects should Kathleen use in answering Roselle's question?
1progressive 2perfect progressive 3simple 4perfect
7. Janine wrote a sentence that made use of a form of havealong with been and the -ing form of the verb.
The action in Janine's sentence .
1is already completed 2was previously ongoing but now completed 3is still ongoing 4does not emphasize
whether it is ongoing or completed
8. Harry wanted to write a sentence that conveys an action that is already completed.
Which of the following patterns should he use for his sentence?
In conveying an action that is already completed, Harry should write a sentence in the perfect aspect. He
should thus use a form of the have verb along with the past participle form of the verb.
1a form of the have verb + past participle of the verb
2a form of the be verb + past participle of the verb
3a form of the be verb + -ing form of the verb
4a form of the have verb + been + -ing form of the verb

Parts of Speech

A part of speech is a traditional class of words that is determined according to its function in a sentence. In
English, there are traditionally eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb,
conjunction, preposition, and interjection.

Nouns
name persons, animals, places, things, events, or ideas
Example:
Callie is a hardworking student.
Explanation:
The words Callie and student are nouns.

Pronouns
words that substitute for or refer to nouns
include words such as I, you, he, she, me, him, them, her, yourself, themselves, etc.
Example:
George lost his watch.
Explanation:
It would be awkward and redundant to say George lost George's watch, which is why the pronoun his is used
instead.

Adjectives
describe nouns or pronouns
Example:
He lives in a big house.
Explanation:
The word big describes the noun house.

Verbs
denote action, occurrence, or state of being
Examples:
Ingrid plays the piano well.
It happened fast.
Janna is tall.
Explanation:
In the the given sentences, plays is an action, happened denotes an occurrence, and is denotes a state of being.

Adverbs
modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
Example:
She completely forgot about the meeting.
Explanation:
The word completely modifies the verb forgot.

Conjunctions
connect words, phrases, and clauses
may be coordinating, subordinating, or correlative
Example:
He likes cakes and ice cream.
Explanation:
The word and is a coordinating conjunction joining the words cakes and ice cream.

Prepositions
connects a noun or a pronoun to other words in a sentence
shows direction, time, location, or introduces an object
Example:
Jodie is with her mom.
Explanation:
The word with is a preposition.
Interjections
words that express strong feelings
Example:
Ouch! That really hurt!
Explanation:
The word ouch is used to express strong pain.
A part of speech is a traditional class of words that is determined according to its function in a sentence.
In English, there are traditionally eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction,
preposition, and interjection.

QUESTIONS;
1. t is a traditional class of words that is determined according to its function in a sentence..
1clause2phrase3part of speech4sentence

2.Traditionally, there are parts of speech in the English language.

1eight2nine3seven4six
3.It is a part of speech that names persons, animals, places, things, events, or ideas.
4.Which of the following parts of speech is used for describing or modifying?.
1adjective2adverb3noun4pronoun
5.Match each of the following words with its proper classification.
Drag the items in the correct category box below.
Sings, them, birthday, beautiful
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
6 .Lex's house is between Claire's and Harold's.The word between is .
1an adjective2a preposition3a conjunction4an adverb
7. Gina likes collecting stickers, so she always spends her allowance on them.The word so is ..
1an interjection2a conjunction3a preposition4a verb
8.! Fire! Quick, everyone, move out of the way!
Which of the following parts of speech would best complete the sentence above?
1adjective2interjection3adverb4conjunction
9.He positioned the camera on top of the tripod.
Which of the following parts of speech would best complete the sentence above?
1pronoun2adjective3conjunction4adverb
10.Loraine to go to the doctor today.
Which of the following parts of speech would best complete the sentence above?
1verb2preposition3pronoun4adjective

Verbs
A verb is a part of speech that indicates actions, occurrences, or states of being.
There are three main tenses of verbs:
Past Tense
Present Tense
- Future Tense

Verb Tenses
The tense of a verb indicates the time when a particular action happened.

Past Tense
The past tense of the verb expresses actions that happened in the past. The past tense of regular verbs is formed
by adding -d or -ed to their base form. Irregular verbs are turned into their past tense form by changing the
spelling.
Examples:
Jenna watched a movie last night.
Ramil went to the dentist yesterday.
Explanation:
The first sentence uses a regular verb; the second uses an irregular verb. Both express actions that occurred in the
past.

Present Tense
The present tense of the verb expresses actions that are being done in the present time. It is also used to state
a general truth or habitual actions. The present tense of a verb is just its base form when the subject is plural.
When the subject is singular, the present tense is formed by adding -s to the base form.
Examples:
Earth revolves around the sun.
The Reyes cousins attend mass together every Sunday.
Explanation:
The first sentence has a singular subject and is stating a general truth. The second has a plural subject and is stating
a habitual action.

Future Tense
The future tense of the verb is used to express something that has not happened yet but is expected to happen
in the future. To form the future tense, the modals will or shall are placed before the base form of the verb. The
verbs is, are, and am may also be paired with going and the infinitive form of the verb to form the future tense.
Examples:
Sienna is going to leave for Baguio tonight.
Wally will answer his homework later.
Explanation:
Both sentences show ways of stating something that is certain to happen in the future.
to figure out which tense of the verb to use, ask yourself: when did the action happen?

Question
1. It is a part of speech that indicates actions, occurrences, or states of being.
2. It indicates the time when a particular action happened.There are main tenses of the verb.
1six2four3five4three.
3. Which of the following modals are used for expressing the future tense of verbs?
1shall2will3should4would
4. Which of the following verb tenses is used in the following sentence?Jeffrey broke the new vase.
1past tense2future tense3present tense4future progressive tense
5. Which of the following phrases needs to be paired with a past tense verb? Which should be paired
with a future tense verb?Classify each of the following accordingly.Drag the items in the correct
category box below.next month, a year ago, last week, two days from nowPast TenseFuture
Tense
6. Which of the following phrases needs to be paired with a past tense verb? Which should be paired
with a future tense verb?Classify each of the following accordingly.Which of the following uses the
present tense correctly?
1Jimmy and John plays together all the time.
2The children clean the classroom.
3Alexa want to learn how to play the piano
.4His brother like painting and drawing.
7. Mira wants to write an essay about her experience last summer. Which of the following tenses
should she use in her essay?.1present tense2past tense3future tense4present perfect tense
8. the other three sentences?
1Rommel will take his sister and their dog to the park
2Jacqueline shall be the flower girl in her aunt's wedding
.3James is a scholar of one of the prestigious universities in Manila.
4Marian is going to enroll for summer classes next week.
9. Yanni asked her sister, "What will you do later?"Which of the following is a correct response to
the question?.1I went to the store with Mom.
2I am going to bake a cake after lunch.
3I am writing letters to my friends.
4I have to go to school.

Figures of Speech

Figures of speech, which are also called figurative language, are words or phrases that are used
differently from their dictionary definitions. This means that when you read figures of speech, you are not
supposed to take them literally.

Figures of speech are often used for comparison and are used to show emotion. These are also often used
in poetry. There are many types of figures of speech, but the most common ones are the following:

 Simile
 Metaphor
 Personification
 Hyperbole

Simile
Similes are used in direct comparisons. In this figure of speech, one is said to be similar to another with
the use of words such as as, like, or resembles.

Example:
He runs like the wind.
Explanation:
The way he runs is compared to the wind. The word like is also used to make the comparison.
Metaphor
Metaphors are similar to similes. They are also used for comparison, but in metaphors, one thing is
said to be another thing entirely. It does not make use of comparing words such as as, like, or resembles.
Example:
My father is a rock that we all rest upon.
Explanation:
The father is being compared to a rock to emphasize how strong and reliable he is. In the sentence,
there is no mention of words such as as, like, or resembles.

Personification
Personification is a figure of speech in which human qualities or capabilities are given to nonhumans.
Example:
The stars whispered good night to the moon and the sky.
Explanation:
Stars cannot whisper, so to give them that capability in a literary work is personification.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole makes use of exaggeration in order to stress an idea or to emphasize the quality of
something or someone.
Example:
This bag weighs a ton!
Explanation:
The bag does not literally weigh a ton; instead, the speaker or writer just wants to emphasize that the
bag is very heavy.

-Familiarize yourself with the definitions of figures of speech, as it will greatly help you in
recognizing them in literary works.

-Use figures of speech in your own writing to add variety to your work and to make it more
interesting to read.

QUESTION
1.Figures of speech are also called .
2. It is a figure of speech that exaggerates the qualities of something or someone in order to emphasize
them.1personification2hyperbole3simile4metaphor

3.This is a figure of speech in which animals or things are given human qualities or capabilities.
Which of the following has the same pattern as metaphors?1A is B.2A is as good as B.3A is like B.4A
resembles B.

4. Classify the following as either a simile or a metaphor.

That cat is a tiger.

Miggy's dog is like a panda.
She is as silly as a clown.
ou are my entire world.
Simile
Metaphor

5.Which of the following is a hyperbole?.

1She is so skinny that she must be eating only air.
2The roads carried the cars to places where they wanted to go
.3Clouds are fluffy big balls of cotton up high in the sky
.4I think clowns are a lot like dolls that move.
6.Which of the following uses personification?
1Bella always talks to her plants and pets.
2I left the pen and pencil on top of Mira's table.
3Floors cracked because of the strong earthquake
.4The clouds wept and mourned for the king's death.

7.Iris does not like waiting. When Heidi once arrived at their meeting place an hour late, Iris said
something that exaggerated the amount of time she had been waiting.
Which of the following could she have said?
1I have been like a statue here
2You must be as slow as a turtle.
3I have been waiting here forever
4The turtle finally arrived.
8.Wendy wants to write a fable. Which of the following figures of speech would be used predominantly
in the story Wendy is going to write?
1personification2metaphor3hyperbole4simile
9.Oliver would like to write a poem for his mother. He thinks it would be nice to compare her to so many
different things that she reminds him of.
Which of the following figures of speech will Oliver use in his poem?.
1personification2metaphor3simile4hyperbole

Euphemism

Euphemisms are words or groups of words that we use to substitute for words that are too blunt that
they may be considered hurtful or offensive.
Choosing the proper words to say is important especially when the topics or issues are sensitive in
nature. For these situations, it would be better to use euphemisms so that you would not end up
seeming rude or hurting the feelings of the person you are talking to.

Below are just some examples of euphemisms for common words that you may encounter in your daily
life.
Example 1:
My dad is between jobs right now.
Explanation:
The euphemism between jobs is used as a substitute for the word unemployed.
Example 2:
I am really sorry that your dog passed away.
Explanation:
Passed away is a euphemism for died.
Example 3:
According to the data gathered by the United Nations, many undernourished children are from the
families that are unable to make ends meet.
Explanation:
Unable to make ends meet means the same as poor.
Example 4:
Sanitary workers come to our subdivision every day at six in the evening.
Explanation:
Sanitary workers are garbage collectors.
Example 5:
You can ask for help from the custodian to open your classroom door. He has a spare key.
Explanation:
The word custodian is a euphemism for janitor.
Example 6:
Dana could not reach the top shelf, as she is quite vertically-challenged.
Explanation:
The term vertically-challenged means the same as short.
Each time you catch yourself about to say something that may be perceived as offensive, use a
euphemism instead.
The more you practice using euphemisms, the more you will be become familiar with them. Using them
often will also help you in making them part of your vocabulary.

Questions
1.These are words or a group of words that we use to substitute for words that could be hurtful or
offensive.
2.Which of the following expresses why it is important to learn euphemisms?
1to have more to brag about2to avoid offending people3to avoid talking to people4to insult other
people
3.Remember that it is important to choose the right words to say, especially when the topics or issues
are in nature.
1rude2vague3difficult4sensitive
4.Classify the following words as euphemisms or not euphemisms.
between jobs,, poor,passed away, janitor
Not Euphemisms
Euphemisms
5.Because his family were unable to make ends meet, Peter has to quit school.
The phrase unable to make ends meet means .
1poor2well-off3sick4known
6.The vice president has to assume the role of the president in case the president passes away.
Which of the following is the meaning of the euphemism passes away?
1goes away2leaves3dies4gets sick
7.Match the following euphemisms with their corresponding meaning.
Drag the items in the correct category box below.
garbage collectorjanitor
custodian
sanitary worker
8.Mercy's father was fired from his job because of his poor performance.
Which of the following is a euphemism for fired?.
1be excused2gone south3put to sleep4let go
9.Jimmy is a lazy person. He is always just sitting in front of the television or lying in bed, doing nothing.
Which of the following is a euphemism for lazy?.
1domestic engineer2custodian3caretaker4couch potato
10.Jordan is so overweight that his mom is constantly telling him to diet and exercise.
Which of the following are euphemisms for overweight?
1fat2big-boned3obese4full-figured

Graphic Organizers

A graphic organizer is a diagram or illustration of ideas. It serves as a visual representation of

concepts, and it clearly presents the relationships among ideas. A graphic organizer may also be called
a mental model, mind map, or concept map.

Benefits of Using Graphic Organizers

 Organizing information into a graphic organizer helps in analyzing the passage and determining
the relationships of ideas within it.
 A graphic organizer makes it easier to write a summary of the text.
 The process of making a graphic organizer allows you to focus on the text structure.

Types of Graphic Organizers

Idea Webs

An idea web is used for organizing information about topics that are interrelated. This is ideal to use for
a broad main topic with several subtopics.

Example:

Explanation:

The image above shows an idea web in which the main topic should be written in the circle in the center,
the subtopics should be written on the circles connected to it, and the details about a subtopic should be
written on the other smaller circles connected to it.
Sequential Maps

A sequential map is a graphic organizer used for presenting information that need to be in a particular
order.

Example:

Explanation:

In the sequential map shown above, the step or detail that comes first should be written on the first box,
with the other steps written chronologically on the next boxes.

Cause-and-Effect Diagram

The cause-and-effect diagram is a graphic organizer specifically used for presenting information from
a text that has a cause-and-effect text structure.

Example:

Explanation:

The image above shows a cause-and-effect diagram. The cause should be written on the oval, and the
effects should be written on the circles with the arrows pointing to them.

Venn Diagram

A Venn diagram is formed by drawing two or three overlapping circles. This graphic organizer is used
for presenting the similarities and differences of things or ideas.

Example:
Explanation:

The image above is that of a Venn diagram. The similarities should be written on the overlapping part of
the circles while the differences should be written on the parts that do not overlap.

To further familiarize yourself with the different types of graphic organizers, try to make one for texts you
have read. This would also make studying later on easier, as you can just study the graphic organizer
instead of the whole text.

QUESTIONS
1.It is a diagram or illustration of ideas.
2It is used for organizing information in a text that features a main topic and several subtopics.

3.It is a kind of graphic organizer that is formed using two or three circles that overlap.
4.Which of the following is not a benefit of using graphic organizers?
1Graphic organizers are easy to study.
2Using graphic organizers help with analyzing text structure.
3Graphic organizers help with the creation of summaries.
4Graphic organizers are complicated to make.
5.Which of the following is not another name for a graphic organizer?
1outline2mind map3mental model4concept map

6.The given graphic organizer is used for ..

1presenting the steps of a process2presenting causes and effects3comparing and contrasting4a topic
with several subtopics
7.The given graphic organizer is used for .1presenting the steps of a process2presenting causes and
effects3comparing and contrasting4a topic with several subtopics.Which of the following best completes
the given analogy?idea web : subtopics :: : steps1sequential diagram2Venn diagram3graphic
organizer4cause-and-effect diagram

8..Dora has just read an essay that details the possible consequences of eating something one is allergic
to.Which of the following graphic organizers should she use to present the information in the text?1Venn
diagram2sequential map3idea web4cause-and-effect diagramJoey used a Venn diagram in presenting
information.

9.Which of the following could be the topic of the text he made a graphic organizer for?1cats and dogs2my
family tree3what rainbows are made of4how to choose a pet

10.Maureen used a graphic organizer for illustrating the ideas in a text entitled "How to Deliver a
Speech."Which of the following graphic organizers did she use?

1sequential map2cause-and-effect diagram3Venn diagram4idea web

Lighting

Lighting is used in films to match the mood that the filmmaker wants the scene to have.

Key Light

 most dominant light that hits the subject

 makes the most visible appearance in the shot

Example:

Explanation:

The image shows how the key light is used in a scene.

Fill Light

 used to “fill in” or light up the rest of the subject

 usually weaker or dimmer than the key light
 making the fill light as bright as the key light will make the subject look flat as there will not be
enough shadow to show depth

Example:

Explanation:

The image above shows how the fill light is used along with the key light.

Back Light

 a light hitting the subject that separates it more clearly from its background

Example:

Explanation:

The image shows how the three types of lighting work together in illuminating a subject.

Blocking

 refers to the positioning and movement of actors on the set

  the first and most crucial aspect of shooting a scene, as blocking will be the basis for the task of
the cameramen and the lighting teams
 contributes to the appearance and personalities of the characters

Example:

Part of blocking may be asking a character to sit with his feet propped up on a low table in front of him,
while he is reading a newspaper.

Explanation:

The position of the character and the way he acts would show that he is comfortable in the
pCharacterization

 the process by which the personality of a character is revealed to the audience

 essential to the story, as it is important for the audience to see the different sides of a character
and understand how he thinks and acts

Direct Characterization

 a narrator tells the audience about the personality of a character

Example:

Matilda is a very bright kid who was always left alone by her parents. But, she learned to take care of
herself at a very young age.

Explanation:

In the sentence above, the narrator is already giving the details about Matilda's personality.

Indirect Characterization

 shows things through which the personality of a character is revealed

 done through the character's speech, thoughts, actions, looks, and his effect on the other
characters around him

Example:

In scenes wherein other characters smile and look genuinely happy to see a particular character, the
characterization of that particular character is established.

Explanation:

If a character makes other people smile and feel happy, then the audience would get the idea that the
character is well-liked and is a good person.

lace and is very laid-back.

 Lighting, blocking, and characterization are just some important factors to take into
account when making a film.
  Characterization may be done directly or indirectly.

QUESTIONS
1. ________ is the use of lights to create the mood that the filmmaker wants the scene to have.
2. ________refers to the positioning and movement of the actors on the set.
3. ________Characterization is done by having a narrator tell the audience about the personality
of the character.
 4. ________Which of the following is the most crucial and the first aspect that needs to be
addressed when shooting a film?
 Select your answer.
 1lighting2blocking3indirect characterization4direct characterization
5. The fill light is not used for .

Select your answer.

1shining a dimmer light on the character2creating the most dominant light3creating shadows in the
scene4lighting up the rest of the subject
When a filmmaker uses indirect characterization, the personality of a character is not revealed through .

Select your answer.

1the actions of the character2the effect of the character on others3the character's thoughts4the
commentary of the narrator
Which of the following is not achieved by blocking?

Select your answer.

1providing a basis of what the cameramen will work with2contributing to the appearance of
characters3proper positioning of characters on the set4an in-depth revealing of a character's personality
Victor is writing a script for a play. He would like the audience to learn about the characters' personalities
by observing their speech and their actions.

Which of the following is he going to use in his play to achieve this?

Select your answer.

1narration2back lighting3indirect characterization4direct characterization
Erika and her friends are trying to shoot a short film for their project in school. As they were shooting,
Erika noticed that the character looks flat, as there is not enough shadow.

Which of the following should Erika do?

Select your answer.

1make the fill light stronger than the key light2make the key light focus on the background3make the fill
light weaker than the key light4make the back light as strong as the key light
Samantha is an actress in a film. In one scene, she is asked to sit with her shoulders and back straight, her
hands clasped on her lap, and with one ankle tucked behind the other.

From this, which of the following is most likely to be true?

Select your answer.

1Samantha is at home, relaxing while waiting for her siblings.2Samantha is having a casual get-together
with a close friend.3Samantha is at a train station, waiting for the next train to arrive.4Samantha is going
to be speaking with a person of authority.

Text Types

Enumeration

Enumeration is the act or process of naming things using a list. This is usually done by using a number
for each item. In enumeration text, though, a list is not made with numerals. Instead, the items are within
a sentence or in several sentences. In paragraphs with enumeration, listing signals are often used. These
include words such as first, second, third, or phrases such as there are, we have, we should consider.

Example:

There were three types of flowers in our garden: daisies, roses, and sampaguitas.

Explanation:

The sentence above features enumeration, as it lists types of flowers.

Narrative

Narrative texts tell a story or recount a chain of events. These often focus on happenings or actions.
Narrative texts include short stories, novels, biographies, and anecdotes.

Example:

James went with his classmates to the museum. There they had fun with the exhibits and the interactive
displays.

Explanation:

The sentence above is part of a retelling of what happened to James and his classmates.

Expository

Expository texts provide an explanation for an idea, a concept, or a process. Expository writing is
evident in news reports, instructional materials, textbook content, encyclopedia articles, and nonfiction
articles or essays.

Example:

A constellation is a group of stars that forms specific shapes in the sky. These constellations are named,
and some of the popular ones are the Big Dipper, Little Dipper, and Orion.

Explanation:

The sentences above explain what constellations are.

Argumentative
Argumentative texts present opinions, reasons, ideas, or points of view aiming to persuade the reader
to believe or do something. Editorials, advertisements, and letters to the editor are some kinds of
argumentative text.

Example:

If you want to get rid of pesky stains on your carpet, Magic stain remover is your best bet.

Explanation:

The sentence above is part of an advertisement convincing readers to buy a certain product.

Each time you read a text, think about what type of text it may be. This would help you
hone your skills in distinguishing different types of texts.

Questions
1. ______text is a type of text that makes use of listing signals.
2. _______texts tell a story or recount a chain of events.
3. ______texts aim to convince a reader to believe or do something.
4. Classify each of the following as a narrative or an expository text.Drag the items in the correct
category box below.short storyencyclopedia articletextbook contentanecdote
Expository Texts
Narrative Texts
5.Which of the following is not an argumentative text?
1an editorial about a political issue2a text advertising a hamburger joint3a newspaper article about a
current event4a politician's campaign speech
6.The given text below is .Minnie has four pets: a dog, a cat, and two birds.
Select your answer1an argumentative text2an expository text3an enumeration text4a narrative text
7.The given text below is .Tired of the same old TV shows? Tune in to Fantastic Channel, where all
the shows are amazing, innovative, and of course, fantastic.Select your answer.1a narrative text2an
argumentative text3an enumeration text4an expository text
8. Julie would like to write a piece that would convince her classmates to buy her handmade
accessories andpostcards.Which of the following types of text would she write?Select your
answer.1narration2argumentative3enumeration4expository
9.Lilian was asked to write an expository text.Which of the following could she write?Select multiple
answers and then press Answer.1a recipe2an advertisement3an instructional text4a short story
10.Marnie was telling Liz about what happened to her during her trip to Cebu.When written down,
what Marnie told Liz would be classified as .Select your answer.1an enumeration text2a narrative
text3an expository text4an argumentative text

Vocabulary Development - Inferring the Meaning of Idiomatic Expressions Using Context Clues
Idiom

Also called an idiomatic expression, an idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be understood by
taking note of the literal meaning of its individual words. Rather, it must be understood as a whole. In
order to figure out the meaning of idiomatic expressions, you must take note of context clues.

Context clues

These are hints found within the sentence that will help you infer the meaning of words or phrases
unfamiliar to you. To infer means to make conclusions based on the given information.
When somebody tells you to break a leg, it does not mean that you have to literally break your own or
someone else's leg. Rather, the expression is actually another way of saying good luck.

Example 1:

As Johnny went out the door, he turned to his mom and told her that he would do his best to bring
home the bacon.
Explanation:
To bring home the bacon means to win the game.
Example 2:
Because Mindy's dog destroyed her project, she has to go back to square one.
Explanation:
To go back to square one means to start from the beginning.
Example 3:
Janet bends over backwards to do well in academics and extracurricular activities.
Explanation:
To bend over backwards means to try very hard to do or achieve something.
If you cannot figure out the meaning of an idiomatic expression all by itself, take note of how it is used
in the sentence. Read the surrounding sentences as well and get clues from there.
To familiarize yourself with many idiomatic expressions without researching them specifically, make
time to read books. Each time you encounter an idiom, practice inferring its meaning.

QUESTIONS
1.It is a phrase whose meaning cannot be understood by simply taking note of the literal meaning of its
individual words.
2. Which of the following is a way for you to figure out the meaning of an idiom without searching for its
meaning in a reference material?
Select your answer.
1taking note of context clues2taking note of its individual words3reading other idiomatic
expressions4asking friends about its meaning
3.T0 infer means to .Select your answer.
1describe2research3conclude4ask someone
4.Which of the following means the same as the underlined idiomatic expression?Len was bug-eyed when
she heard the good news

1wide-eyed with anger2wide-eyed with fright3wide-eyed with surprise4wide-eyed with grief

5.Which of the following means the same as the underlined idiomatic expression?Students are expected
to lend their ears to their teacher during discussions.1talk2answer3smile4listen

6. Which of the following means the same as the underlined idiomatic expression?Seeing the little boy
lying on the church floor broke the old woman's heart.

1made her very happy2angered her strongly3filled her with sorrow4surprised her dramatically

7.Which of the following means the same as the underlined idiomatic expression?
The usually quiet girl chose to be different this time and opened her heart to her parents..

1revealed her feelings2spoke ill of others3blamed herself4stood in front of

8.Read the statement and choose which of the following idioms could best replace the underlined words
in the sentence.The old man, having just injured his left foot, moved very slowly.

Select your answer.

1around the bush2at a snail's pace3at the drop of a hat4in the blink of an eye
9.Read the statement and choose which of the following idioms could best replace the underlined words
in the sentence.The people thought that the man who was wearing a skirt had gone crazy.

Select multiple answers and then press Answer.

1had a screw loose2swallowed his words3barked up the wrong tree4had lost his mind
10.Which of the following idioms is not similar in meaning to the other three?

Select your answer.

1not a hair out of place2dressed to kill3all skin and bone4look like a million dollars

Vocabulary Development - Inferring the Meaning of Words Using Affixes

Affix

It is a letter or a group of letters added to a root word to form a new word. There are two types of affixes
used in the English language. These are the prefix and the suffix.

Prefix

It is an affix added to the beginning of a root word.

Suffix

It is an affix added to the end of a root word.

Example:

dishonestly

Explanation:

The word dishonestly has two affixes, the prefix dis- and the suffix -ly. The root word is honest, which is
an adjective that describes someone who tells the truth. The prefix dis- means not, and the suffix -ly is an
adverb-forming suffix. By knowing what these affixes mean, you can then infer that when someone
speaks dishonestly, it means that what he said was not the truth.

Prefixes
Example 1:
The prefix re- in words such as regroup and regrow
Explanation:
The prefix re- means back or again.
Example 2:
The prefix mis- in words such as misalign and miscommunicate
Explanation:
The prefix mis- means bad or wrong.
Example 3:
The prefix bi- in words such as bilingual and biannual
Explanation:
The prefix bi- means two or twice.
Prefixes
Example 1:
The prefix re- in words such as regroup and regrow
Explanation:
The prefix re- means back or again.
Example 2:
The prefix mis- in words such as misalign and miscommunicate
Explanation:
The prefix mis- means bad or wrong.
Example 3:
The prefix bi- in words such as bilingual and biannual
Explanation:
The prefix bi- means two or twice.

Suffixes
Example 1:
The suffix -ed in words such as watched and played
Explanation:
The suffix -ed is used to form the past tense of regular verbs.
Example 2:
The suffix -ful in words such as beautiful and flavorful
Explanation:
The suffix -ful means full of something.
Example 3:
The suffix -ize in words such as crystallize and visualize
Familiarize yourself with the different prefixes and suffixes and what they mean.
Each time you notice an unfamiliar word that has affixes, try to infer the meaning of the word just by
thinking of what the affixes mean.

Explanation:
The suffix -ize means to convert to or to become like.

Questions
1.It is a letter or a group of letters attached to a root word to form a new word.
2It is a type of affix that appears at the beginning of a root word.
3.It is a type of affix that is attached to the end of a root word.
The children misbehave while their teacher is out of the classroom.
The word misbehave most likely means .
Select your answer.
1to behave quiet2to behave attentively3to behave happily4to behave badly
4.My brother is fearful. He dared not to come near the lion.
The word fearful means .
Select your answer.
1too ready2too afraid3too excited4too angry
5.Put each of the following affixes into its respective group.
Drag the items in the correct category box below.
ishablecobi
Prefixes
Suffixes
6.The word miscalculate means .Select your answer.

1to refuse to calculate2to wrongly calculate3to calculate well4to not calculate

7.The words illogical, misused, discontinued, and malodorousare all words.

Select your answer.

1negative2adverbial3positive4neutral
8.Based on the word togetherness, which of the following do you think is the meaning of the suffix -ness?

Select multiple answers and then press Answer.

1characteristic2ability3state4condition