CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are joining words. They join words to form phrases and join phrases to form clauses. They also join clauses to each
other to form compound and complex sentences. Within sentences, there are three types of conjunction:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or independent clauses of a sentence together. There are seven coordinating conjunctions:
 FANBOYS = For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Whenever two independent clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction, you must place a comma at the end of the first independent clause but
before the coordinating conjunction.
Here are some examples:
1. I hate to waste a drop of gas, for it is very expensive these days. 5. Let's meet at the beach or in front of the hotel.
2. Norma picked it up, unlocked the door and wet into the apartment. 6. I am allergic to cats, yet I have three of them.
3. Sara does not like to swim, nor does she enjoy cycling. 7. She has to work late tonight, so she cannot make it to party.
4. She wanted to take the dogs for a walk, but she couldn’t find their leads.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
 Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause (which contains both a subject and a verb and can act as a complete sentence) and
a dependent clause (which also contains a subject and a verb, but is not a complete sentence).
Cause Comparison Condition Place Time
Although, as, After, as soon as,
As, because, in order that, as though, even though, just as, though, even if, if, in case, provided as long as, before,
Where, wherever
since, so that whereas, while, despite, in spite of, that, unless once, still, till, until,
Regardless when, whenever, while
Here are some examples:
1. They went for running although / even though it was very hot. 2. We went to the beach despite / in spite of the rainy weather.
3. We decided to go to the cinema because / as it was too cold to go to the beach. 4. Monica lives in New York while / whereas her brother lives in California.
5. He went to work after he (had) finished his breakfast. 6. He finished breakfast before he went to work.
7. I will go there if / provided that / as long as you go too. 8. I won’t go there unless you go too.
 Subordinating conjunctions always come at the beginning of a dependent clause. However, dependent clauses can sometimes come
before an independent clause (separated by a comma). So, we could write the above sentences this way:
3. Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that enable you to combine sentence phrases into larger sentence units. The most common
correlative conjunctions are:
both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not…but, not only…but also, whether…or, No sooner… than, such...that, so...that, Rather...than, as...as,
too...to, such...as, although…yet, etc.
Here are some examples:
1. You must either accept the terms or withdraw from the race. 8. She is both beautiful and intelligent.
2. I will neither take it nor leave it. 9. She was so tired that she could not walk.
3. He visited not only Europe but also America. 10. It was such a bad show that it closed after only one week.
4. I don’t know whether I should stay or leave. 11. No sooner did the tiger appear than he shot it down.
5. I would rather read a book than watch TV. 12. You are not as clever as you think you are.
6. The water is too hot to drink. 13. His actions were such as to offend everyone.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. If I study, I will pass the exam 2. If I studied, I would pass the exam 3. If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
Conjoining Mistakes
Sr. # Rules Examples
01. As if and As though make the sentence Subjunctive He acts as if he were mad (not was)
Although he is ill, he will go to school.
02. If Although and Though start a sentence, never use 'But' in the next clause. Although Lahore is less populated than Karachi, yet there are more people on
the roads.
03. Both -- and (never use or and as well as) Amphibians live both in water and on land.
04. Not only -- But also (not but) Not only did he come late but also forgot his ticket.
You cannot go until it stops raining. (Time)
Until/Unless contain the sense of not--no need of extra not in the same
05. The mail will go by air unless it is quicker by other means. (Condition)
clause
You will not succeed until and unless you work hard. (Time is condition)
06. 'Lest' covers sense of 'Not' and it is used with 'Should', not anything else. Work hard lest you should fail.
07. No other/None other always take 'than' (not but) No other than Ali stole the book.
08. Nothing else takes 'But' (not than) Nothing else but wealth made him proud.
09. Between -- and (not or, as well as) There is great friendship between Pakistan and China.
10. Too -- to (carry the sense of not) no need of extra not Tea is too hot to drink.
As—so (Wrong) As I am busy, I cannot call you.
11.
Just as—so (Correct) Just as Della loved her hair, so Jim loved his watch.
12. Rather—than (not ‘to’ or anything else) You should work hard rather than look for shortcut.
13. ‘Kind of’ , ‘sort of’ (not kind of a , sort of a) It was sort of scepter. (not sort of a scepter)
14. Always use helping verb after Hardly, Scarcely, No sooner Hardly had I reached there...
Neither he nor she is present.
15. Neither nor — inversion
I will not take it, neither will I leave it.
Use of following combination of conjunctions is wrong. As I am busy therefore I cannot call you. (Incorrect)
16. Because/since—so/therefore, Although—but, If/when/after—then, As I am busy, I cannot call you. (Correct)
As—therefore When I was in trouble, he came to help. (Correct)
17. Supposition—If...were If I were a millionaire, I might be able to support you.
18. Help and But can’t come in a single sentence He couldn’t help laugh.
19. The infinitive is used without to after rather, better and had better. You had better consult a doctor.

to be continued…