Math 1A: introduction to functions and calculus Oliver Knill, Spring 2012 Problem 1) TF questions (20 points) No justifications

ints) No justifications are needed.

The anti-derivative of tan(x) is − log(cos(x)) + C.

1) T F
4/5/2012: Second midterm exam
Solution:
Differentiate the right hand side to check.
Your Name:

R1
The fundamental theorem of calculus implies that 0 f ′ (x) dx = f (1) −
• Start by writing your name in the above box. 2) T F f (0).
• Try to answer each question on the same page as the question is asked. If needed, use the
back or the next empty page for work. If you need additional paper, write your name on it. Solution:
Yes this is a special case of the fundamental theorem.
• Do not detach pages from this exam packet or unstaple the packet.

• Please write neatly. Answers which are illegible for the grader can not be given credit.
The volume of truncated pyramid withR a base square length 2 and top
• Except for multiple choice problems, give computations. 3) T F square length 3 is given by the integral 23 x2 dx.
• No notes, books, calculators, computers, or other electronic aids are allowed.
Solution:
• You have 90 minutes time to complete your work. Yes the area of a slice is x2 .

4) T F The derivative of arctan(x) is 1/ cos2 (x).

1 20
Solution:
2 10 The derivative of tan(x) is 1/ cos(x)2 .

3 10
Rb
The mean value theorem implies a f ′ (x) dx = f ′ (c)(b − a) for some c in the
4 10 5) T F
interval (a, b).

5 10 Solution:
This is a typical application of the mean value theorem.
6 10

7 10 Rx
If F (x) = 0 f (t) dt has an critical point at x = 1 then f has a root at
6) T F
x = 1.
8 10

9 10 Solution:
The first derivative of F is f .

Total: 100
The anti-derivative of the derivative of f is equal to f + C where C is a
7) T F
constant.

Solution:
This is a consequence of the fundamental theorem.
 If we blow up a balloon so that the volume V changes with constant rate,
8) T F 15) T F An improper integral is an indefinite integral which does not converge.
then the radius r(t) changes with constant rate.

Solution: Solution:
This is a related rates problem. The balloon radius grows slower for large volumes. These two terms are easy to mix up. Improper means that we either have a discontinuity
of f or integrate over an infinite interval. Indefinite means that we do not specify bounds.

d R9
The identity dx 5
f (x) dx = f (9) − f (5) holds for all continuous functions
9) T F
f. 16) T F If f (−5) = 0 and f (5) = 10 then f ′ = 1 somewhere on (−5, 5).

Solution:
We differentiate a constant. Solution:
Yes this is the mean value theorem.

Two surfaces of revolution which have the same cross section area A(x) also Pn−1
10) T F The sum 1 k
= n1 [ n0 + n1 + · · · + n−1 ] is a Riemann sum to the integral
have the same volume. R1 n k=0 n n
17) T F
0 x dx.

Solution:
This is Archimedes insight and true. Solution:
Yes, this is the Riemann sum.

If x2 + y 2 = 2 and x(t), y(t) depend on time and x′ = 1 at x = 1 then

11) T F y ′ = −1.
18) T F The anti-derivative of sinc(x) = sin(x)/x is equal to sin(log(x)) + C.

Solution:
This is a simple example of related rates. Solution:
Differentiate the right hand side to see that this is not true

R9 R9
The identity 2 7f (x) dx = 7 2 f (x) dx is true for all continuous functions
12) T F
f. 19) T F The anti-derivative of log(x) is 1/x + C.
Rx Rx
Solution: 20) T F We have 0 tf (t) dt = x 0 f (t) dt for all functions f .
Yes, we can take the 7 constant outside the integral.

Solution:
R∞ RR It is already false for the constant function f (t) = 1.
The improper integral 1 1/x dx in the sense that 1 1/x dx converges for
13) T F
R → ∞ to a finite value.

Solution:
This is what we mean with the existence. But the integral does not exist.

If fc (x) has a local minimum at x = 2 for c < 1 and no local minimum

14) T F anywhere for c > 1, then c = 1 is a catastrophe.

Solution:
This is a definition.
Problem 2) Matching problem (10 points) No justifications are needed.

a) (6 points) Match the integrals with the pictures.

3) 4)
Integral Enter 1-6 Integral Enter 1-6
R1 2
R1 3
−1R(1 − x) dx |x| − cos(3x) dx
1 R 1 −1 2 2
|x| dx −1 [sin R(πx) − cos (πx)] dx
R−1
1 4 1
−1 x dx −1 1 − |x| dx
Formula Enter 1-4 Formula Enter 1-4
Rb d Rx
A(z) dz f (t) dt = f (x)
Rb a R x dx′ 0
a g(x) − f (x) dx 0 f (t) dt = f (x) − f (0)

Solution:
1) 2) 3) 2,1 and 3,4

Problem 3) Matching problem (10 points) No justifications are needed.

a) (6 points) Match the volumes of solids.

Integral Enter 1-6 Integral Enter 1-6

R1 R1 2
4) 5) 6) πz 4 dx πe−4z dz
R01 R−1
1 2
πz dz πz dz
R01 R01 2
0 π(4 + sin(4z)) dz 0 (1 − z) dz

Solution:
1,2,3,4,5,6 (since the picture numbering was not in order, the better of this or (4,3,2,1,4,5)
was counted, if somebody would take 1 for the first picture etc.

b) (4 points) Match the concepts: each of the 4 figures illustrates one of the formulas which are
the centers of the mind map we have drawn for this exam:

1) 2) 3)
1) 2)

4) 5) 6)
Solution: The infinity tower in Dubai of height
2,1,4 and 6,5,3. 330 meters has floors which can rotate.
After much delay, it is expected to be
completed this year. Inspired by the
name ”infinity”, we build a new but
b) (4 points) Fill in the missing word which links applications of integration.
twisted science center for which the side
length of the square floor is
1
l(z) = .
The probability density function is the of the cumulative distribution function. 1+z
Find the volume of this new Harvard
The total cost is the of the marginal cost.
needle building which extends from 0
to ∞. We are the best!
The volume of a solid is the of the cross section area function.

The velocity of a ball is the of the acceleration of the ball.

Solution: Solution:
derivative, antiderivative, antiderivative, antiderivative The cross section area is A(z) = 1/(1 + z)2 . The integral is
Z ∞ 1 1 ∞
dz = − | =1
0 (1 + z)2 1+z 0

Problem 4) Area computation (10 points)

Find the area of the region enclosed the graphs of y = x4 − 12 and y = 8 − x2 .

Problem 6) Definite integrals (10 points)

Solution: Evaluate the following definite integrals. You should get a definite real number in each case.
The two curves intersect at x = 2 and x = −2. R∞
a) (2 points) 0 e−x dx
Z 2 928
x4 − 12 − 8 + x2 dx = x5 /5 − 12x − 8x + x3 /3|2−2 = −16/3 − 64/5 + 80 = R1
−2 15 b) (3 points) 0 x1/5 + x3 dx.
R1 1
c) (3 points) −1 1+x2 dx
R e−1 2
d) (2 points) 0 1+x
dx
Problem 5) Volume computation (10 points)

Solution:
a) 1
b) 13/12
c) π/2
d) 2
Problem 7) Anti derivatives (10 points) Problem 9) Catastrophes (10 points)

Find the following anti-derivatives Verify first for each of the following functions that x = 0 is a critical point. Then give a criterium
R
for stability of x = 0. The answer will depend on c.
a) (2 points) √ 3 + cos(x) dx
1+3x
a) (3 points) f (x) = x5 + 2x2 − cx2 .
R 4
b) (3 points) ex/5 − 7x6 + x2 +1
dx
R
b) (3 points) f (x) = x4 + cx2 − x2 .
4
c) (2 points) e4x+5
+ 3 sin(x) dx
R
Determine now in both examples for which parameter c the catastrophe occurs
1 4
d) (3 points) sin2 (x)
+ x
dx
c) (2 points) in the case f (x) = x5 + 2x2 − cx2 .

d) (2 points) in the case f (x) = x4 + cx2 − x2 .

Solution:
√
a) 2 1 + 3x + sin(x) + C.
b) ex/5 − x7 + 4 arctan(x) + C. Solution:
c) −e−4x−5 − 3 cos(x) + C. a) f ′ (x) = 5x4 +4x−2xc has x = 0 as a root. Its stability is determined by f ′′ (0) = 4−2c.
d) cot(x) + 4 log(x) + C. b) f ′ (x) = 4x3 +2cx−2x has x = 0 as a root. Its stability is determined by f ′′ (0) = 2c−2.
c) For c < 2 the point x = 0 is a local minimum. For c > 2 it is a local maximum. c = 2
is a catastrophe.
d) For c < 1 the point x = 0 is a local minimum. For c > 1 it is a local maximum. c = 1
Problem 8) Implicit differentiation and related rates (10 points) is a catastrophe.

a) (5 points) The implicit equation

x3 + y 4 = y + 1

defines a function y = y(x) near

(x, y) = (−1, −1). Find the slope y ′(x)
at x = −1.

b) (5 points) An ice cube of side length x

melts and changes volume V with a rate V ′ =
−16. What is the rate of change of the length
x at x = 4?

Solution:
a) Differentiate the equation to get

3x2 x′ + 4y 3y ′ = y ′

and solve for y ′ using x = −1, y = −1 to get 3/5.

b) Differentiate V = x3 to get −16 = V ′ = 3x2 x′ which gives for x = 4 the solution
x′ = −16/(3 · ·42 ) = −1/3.