WORKED SOLUTIONS

4 Mathematical models

Answers 3 a i A
1
B
2
2 4
Skills check 3
4
6

1 a y = 2.5x 2 + x − 1 This is not a function since one element of

when x = −3, y = 18.5 A(4) is not related to any element of B.
b h = 3 × 2t − 1 when t = 0, h = 2 ii A C
1 -31 1 1
c d = 2 t 3 − 5t −1 + 2 when t = , d = 2 2
2 4
2 a x 2 + x − 3 = 0 x = 1.30, −2.30 3 4
4 6
b 2t 2 − t = 2
2t 2 − t − 2 = 0 t = −0.781, 1.28 This is not a function since one element of
c x − 2y = 3 A(4) is not related to any element of C.
iii C A
3x − 5y = −2 x = −19, y = −11
1 1
4+2 −6 −3
3 a A(7, −2) B(−1, 4) m = = = 2 2
−1 − 7 8 4 4 3
8+2 10 5 6 4
b A(−3, −2) B(1, 8) m= = =
1+ 3 4 2 This is not a function since one element of
Exercise 4A C(1) is not related to any element of A.
1 a A B iv B C
2 1
Mick Mrs. Urquiza 4 2
Lucy 6 4
Lidia Mr. Genzer 6
Diana
This is a function since each element of B
This is a function since each student is in only is related to one and only one element of C.
one mathematics class.
v C A
b B A 1 1
2 2
Mrs. Urquiza Mick 4 3
Lucy 6 4
Mr. Genzer Lidia
Diana This is a not a function since one element
This is not a function since each teachers of C(6) is not related to any element of A.
teaches two of the student. x
4 a y = 2x b y= 2
2 a A B
3 12 x3
7 16 c y= 3x d y=
2
50 49 5 a Function
100
This is a function since each element of A is b Function
related to one and only one element of B. c not a function since negative elements in the
b B A first set are not related to any element in the
12 3 second set
16 7
49 50 d Function
100
This is not a function since one element of Exercise 4B
B(16) is not related to any element of A. 1 a i
−1
c C A x 2
0 1 3.5 6
49 3
100 7 y = 2x −1 0 2 7 12
50
This is a function since each element of C is ii domain is the set of all real numbers
related to one and only one element of A. iii yes, since y = 0 is the image of x = 0
© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 1
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

b i
x −3 0 2
1
−2 x
b i {x: x ∈ } ii {y: y ≤ 8}
4
iii (−4, 0), (0, 0) iv (0, 0)
17
y = x + 1 102
1 5 5 5 c i {x: −1 ≤ x ≤ 1} ii {y: 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}
16
iii (−1, 0), (1, 0) iv (0, 1)
ii domain is the set of all real numbers
d i {x : x ≥ −1} ii {y : y ≥ 4}
iii no, since there is no solution to the
equation iii no points iv (0, 8)

0 = x2 + 1 3 a i F ii F iii T
b i F ii T iii F
c i 1
x −2 −1 0 3 5 c i F ii T iii F
2
1 2 1 1 d i F ii F iii T
y −1 x 1
x1 3 4 6 4 a y b y
y = 2x + 3
8 8
ii domain is the set of all real numbers except 6 6
x = –1 4 4
y = –x + 2
2 2
iii no, since there is no solution to the
equation –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6x –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6x
1 –4 –4
0= x -1 –6 –6
–8 –8
d i 1
x −3 0 1 9 100
4 c y
y = 3x – 4
1 8
y x x 0 2
1 3 10
6
4
ii domain is the set of all non-negative real 2
numbers
–6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6x
iii yes, y = 0 is the image of x = 0
–4
2 a False, there is no solution to the equation –6
2 –8
0= x
b true, y = x 2 ≥ 0 for all values of x Exercise 4D
c true, y = x + 3 ≥ 3 for all values of x
2
1 f (x) = x (x −1) (x +3)
d true, y = 3 when x = ±2 a f (2) = 2(1) (5) = 10
-3
e true, y = −1 = −2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞ −7
3 b f ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =
f false, the image of x = −1 is y = 4 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 8

c f (−3) = −3(−4)(0) = 0
Exercise 4C d f (−1) = −1(−2)(2) = −4
1 a y ∴ (−1, −4) lies on the graph of f
y = 2x – 4
8
2 d(t) = 5t −t 2
6
4
a t
2 b d (2.5) = 5(2.5) − 2.52 = 6.25
c d (1) = 5−1 = 4
–6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6x
–4
d d (1) = 4 d(4) = 20−16 = 4 ∴ d (1) = d(4)
–6 3 C (n) = 100 − 10n
–8 a C (2) = 100 − 20 = 80
b i (2, 0) b b = C (3) = 100 − 30 = 70
ii (0, −4) c C (a) = 0 ∴ 100 − 10a = 0 ∴ a = 10

c A (250, 490) 490 ≠ 2 × 250 − 4 no 4 a i v (1) = 3 ii v (3) = −3

d B (−3, y) y = 2 × −3 −4 = −10 b −3m + 6 = 9 ∴ m = −1
2 a i {x: −4 ≤ x ≤ 6} ii {y: −4 ≤ y ≤ 1} c t=2
iii (4, 0) iv (0, −2) d v (t) < 0 for t > 2

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 2
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

5 f (x) = 0.5 (3 − x) Assuming all books have same price, one

a y book costs
y = 0.5(3 – x)
8 I(40) 5540
40 40
= 136 AUD
6
4 d 10 or 150
2

–6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6x Exercise 4F
–4 1 a 50 kg = 110 pounds
–6
–8 b y
y = 2.2x
b (3, 0) 250
200

Pounds (lb)
c (0, 1.5) 150
d 0.5 (3 − x) = 2 ∴ 3 −x = 4 ∴ x = −1 100
50
6 h (x) = 3 × 2 −2x
0 20 40 60 80 100 x
a i h(0) = 3 ii h(−1) = 3 × 21 = 6 Kilograms (kg)
b 3 × 2− x = 24 ∴ 2− x = 8 ∴ x = −3
c gradient = 2.2 p (x) = 2.2 x
Exercise 4E
d p (75) = 165 p (125) = 275
1 a i l = 30 − 2x ii w = 15 − 2x x
e y = 2.2x ∴ x= y
k(x) =
2 .2 2 .2
b V = (30 − 2x)(15 − 2x)x
f k(75) = 34.1 k(100) = 45.5
i V (3) is the volume of the box when the
squares cut from each corner have side 2 €1 = S$2.05
length 3 cm. a €50 = S$102.5
3
ii V (3) = (24) (9) (3) = 643 cm b y
y = 2.05x
iii V (3.4) = (23.2) (8.2) 3.4 = 646.816 cm 2 250
200
No, x < 7.5 since the width of the card is
SGD ($)

iv 150
only 15 cm 100
50
2 a width = 12 − x
0 20 40 60 80 100 x
b A = x (12 − x) GBP (£)

c i A (2) is the area of the rectangle when the c gradient = 2.05 s (x) = 2.05x
length is 2 cm
d s (80) = 164 s (140) = 287
ii A (2) = 2(10) = 20 cm2 e p (x) =
x
p (180) = 87.8
2.05
d No, if x = 12 the width would be 0. 3 €1 = $1.55
3 a C = 300 + 150n a 60 GBP = 93 USD
b C (30) = 300 + 150(30) = 4800USD y
b y = 1.55x
c i 300 + 150n < 2300 140
120
ii 300 + 150(14) = 2400, no 100
USD ($)

80
iii 150n < 2000, n < 13.3 13 days. 60
4 C (x) = 0.4 x 2 + 1500 I(x) = −0.6x 2 + 160x 40
20
a P(x) = I(x) − C(x) = −0.6x 2 + 160x −
0 20 40 60 80 x
(0.4 x 2 + 1500) = − x 2 + 160x − 1500 GBP (£)
b P(6) = −62 + 160(6) − 1500 = −576 AUD, a
c gradient = 1.55 u (x) = 1.55x
loss of 576 AUD
d u(300) = 465 u (184) = 285.2
c i P(40) = −402 + 160(40) − 1500 = 3300 AUD x
e p (x) =
ii I(40) = − 0.6(40)2 + 160(40) 1.55

= 5540 f p (250) = 161 p (7750) = 5000

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 3
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 4G Exercise 4I
1 a 1 y
400
Temperature (°C) 350 18
300 16
250 14
200 12
150 10
100 y = 2x2 +1
8
50
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4
Time (minutes) 2
(0, 1)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
b 10ºC c T (x) = 40x + 10
2 y
2 a 80 4
Length of spring (mm)

(0, 3)
60
2
y = –x2 + 3
40 (–√3, 0) (√3, 0)
20 –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Weight (g) –4
b 18 mm c 20 g
3 y
y = 3x2 – 2
d 0.5 mm e L (x) = 0.5x + 18 20
2
3 b T (x) = 3 x + 10 10
c 66.7ºC
(– √ 23 , 0) ( √ 23 , 0 )
4 b 20 cm –4 –2 0
(0, –2) 2 4 x

c 20 cm y
4
8 (0, 7)
d 350 g
6
e L (x) = 0.08x + 20 y = –2x2 + 7
4

Exercise 4H
( √2 )
– 7,0 2 ( √ 72 , 0 )
–3 –2 –1–20 1 2 3 x
1 a Flour = 80s + 60f
–4
b Fat = 50s + 90f –6
c 80s + 60f = 820 –8
–10
50s + 90f = 880
s = 5 f = 7 5 sponge cakes, 7 fruit cakes Exercise 4J
2 8t + 3c = 51 1 (−3, −2) x = −2
100t + 30c = 570 2 (−5, 4) x = −5
t=3 c=9 3 tables, 9 chairs 3 (4, −1) x=4
3 3v + 5c = 59 4 (5, 7) x=5
7v + 3c = 70 5 (−3, 4) x = −3
v = 6.65 c = 7.81 7 vans, 8 cars
Exercise 4K
4 80p + 50t = 620
1 y = x (x − 4)
10p + 25t = 190
p = 4 t = 6 4 passenger planes, 6 transport planes a x=2 b (0, 0) (4, 0) c (2, −4)
5 70x + 40y = 1440 2 y = x (x + 6)
x = 2y a x = −3 b (0, 0) (−6, 0) c (−3, −9)
2
140y + 40y = 1440 3 y = 8x − x = x (8 − x)
180y = 1440 a x=4 b (0, 0) (8, 0) c (4, 16)
2
y = 8 x = 16 4 y = 3x − x = x (3 − x)
16 volume 1, 8 volume 2 a x= 3
b (0, 0) (3, 0) c §3 9·
¨ , ¸
2 ©2 4¹

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 4
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

5 y = x2 −2x = x (x − 2) b y
10
a x=1 b (0, 0) (2, 0) c (1, −1) 8
2 6
6 y = x −x = x (x−1)
y = x2 + 2x – 3 4
1 § 1 1 ·
a x= b (0, 0) (1, 0) c ¨ , ¸
2
2 ©2 4 ¹
7 y = x 2 + 4 x = x (x + 4) –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–20 1 2 3 x
–4
a x = −2 b (0, 0) (−4, 0) c (−2, −4) (–1, –4)
–6
2
8 y = x + x = x (x + 1) 2 f (x) = x 2 + 8x + 7 = (x + 1) (x + 7)
a x=−1 b (0, 0) (−1, 0) c § 1 1 ·
¨ , ¸ a i (0, 7) ii x = −4
2 © 2 4 ¹
9 y = (x + 1) (x − 3) iii (−4, −9) iv (−7, 0), (−1, 0)
a x=1 b (−1, 0) (3, 0) c (1, −4) v y ≥ −9
y
10 y = (x − 5) (x + 3) b
10
8
a x=1 b (5, 0) (−3, 0) c (1, −16) 6
y = x2 + 8x + 7
11 y = (x − 2) (x − 6) 4
2
a x=4 b (2, 0) (6, 0) c (4, −4)
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 x
–2
12 y = (x + 2) (x − 4) –4
–6
a x=1 b (−2, 0) (4, 0) c (1, −9) –8
(–4, –9) –10
Exercise 4L 3 f (x) = x 2 − 6x − 7 = (x − 7) (x + 1)
2
1 y = x − 2x + 3 a i (0, 7) ii x=3
a x=1 b no points c (1, 2) iii (3, −16) iv (−1, 0), (7, 0)
2
2 y = x + 4x − 5 = (x + 5) (x − 1) v y ≥ −16
a x = −2 b (−5, 0), (1, 0) c (−2, −9) b y
20
3 y = x 2 + 6x + 4
16
a x = −3 b (−0.764, 0), (−5.24, 0)
12
c (−3, −5)
8
4 y = 3x 2 − 6x + 2
4 y = x2 – 6x – 7
a x=1 b (0.423, 0), (1.58, 0)
c (1, −1) –4 0 4 8 12 x
–4
5 y = 2 x 2 − 8x − 1
–8
a x=2 b (− 0.121, 0), (4.12, 0) c (2, −9)
–12
6 y = 2x2 + 6x − 7
§ 3 23 · –16
a x = − 3 b (0.898, 0), (−3.90, 0) c ¨ ,
© 2 2 ¹
¸ (3, –16)
2
7 y = 0.5x 2 − x + 2 4 f (x) = x 2 − 3x − 4 = (x − 4) (x + 1)
§ 3· 3
a x=1 b no points c ¨1, ¸ a i (0, −4) ii x=
© 2¹ 2
8 y = 0.5x 2 + 3x − 4 ⎛ 3 −25 ⎞
iii ⎜ , ⎟ iv (−1, 0), (4, 0)
§ 17 · ⎝2 4 ⎠
a x = −3 b (1.12, 0), (−7.12, 0) c ¨ 3, ¸
© 2 ¹ v y ≥ 25
4
Exercise 4M b 12 y = x2 – 3x – 4
1 f (x) = x 2 + 2x − 3 = (x + 3) (x − 1)
8
a i (0, −3)
4
ii x = −1
iii (−1, −4) –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–4
iv (−3, 0), (1, 0)
v y ≥ −4
–8
(32 , – 254)
© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 5
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

5 f (x) = x 2 − 3x − 10 = (x − 5) (x + 2) v y≥ 49
3 12
a i (0, −10) ii x= 2 y
b y = 3x2 – x – 4
§ 3 49 · 20
iii ¨ , ¸ iv (−2, 0), (5, 0)
©2 4 ¹
49 10
v y≥
4

b y –4 –2 0 2 4x
12
y = x2 – 3x – 10 –10 ( 1 49
,–
6 12 )
8

4 Exercise 4N
1 y
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 x 4
–4
2
–8
(–1, 0) (3, 0)
–12
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
–16 (32 , – 494) –2

6 f (x) = 2x 2 + x − 3 = (2 x + 3) (x − 1) (1, –3)

–4
1
a i (0, −3) ii x = x=1
4
⎛3 ⎞ y
iii §¨ 1 , 25 ·¸ iv ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , (1, 0) 2
© 4 8 ¹ ⎝4 ⎠ 4
(–1, 2)
v y≥ 25
8
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
b y
–4
16

12 –8

8 y = 2x2 + x – 3 –12
4 x = –1

–4 –2 0 2 4 6 x 3 y
–4 4
(– , – )
1
4
25
8

7 f (x) = 2x 2 + 5x − 3 = (2x − 1) (x + 3) –4 –2 0 2 4 x
5 –4 (0, –1)
a i (0, −3) ii x=
4
–8
iii § 5 49 ·
¨ , ¸ iv ⎛⎜ 1 , 0 ⎞⎟ , (−3, 0)
© 4 8 ¹ ⎝2 ⎠ x=0
v y≥ 49
4 y x = 1.5
8
2
b y (1.5, 1)
y = 2x2 + 5x – 3
16 (0, 0) (3, 0)
–2 0 2 4 x
12
–2
8

4 –4

–8 –4 –2 0 2 4x 5 y x=2
–4 4
(2, 2)
(5 49 –8
– ,–
4 8 ) 0 x
–2 2 4
2 (0, –2) (4, –2)
8 f (x) = 3x − x − 4 = (3x − 4) (x + 1) –4
a i (0, −4) ii x= 1
6 –8
⎛ 1 −49 ⎞
iii ⎜ , ⎟ iv ⎛⎜ 3 , 0 ⎞⎟ , (−1, 0)
⎝ 6 12 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ –12

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 6
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

6 y x = 3.5 5 a (2.12, 1.5), (−2.12, 1.5)

8 f (x) < g(x)
−2.12 < x < 2.12
6
Exercise 4P
4 (0, 4)
1 f (x) = ax 2 + b x + c
b
2 c = −1 − = −2 ∴ b = 4a
2a
(2, 0) (5, 0) (−2, −5) − 5 = 4a − 2b − 1
0 2 4 6 8 x
4a − 2b = −4
2a − b = −2
Exercise 4O 2a − 4a = −2
1 f (x) = x 2 + 3x − 5 = g (x) x − 2 − 2a = −2
a (−3, −5), (1, −1) a=1 b=4
2
b x 2 + 3x − 5 = x − 2 f (x) = x + 4x − 1
x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0 g(x) = ax 2 + bx + c
−b
(x + 3) (x − 1) = 0 c = −2 2a
= −1 ∴ b = 2a
x = −3 or 1 (Same as part a) (−1, −3) −3 = a − b − 2
c h(x) = 2x − 3 a − b = −1
x 2 + 3x − 5 = 2x − 3 a − 2a = −1
x2 + x − 2 = 0 a=1b=2
(x + 2) (x − 1) = 0 g(x) = x 2 + 2x − 2
x = −2 or 1 2 f (x) = ax 2 + b x + 5
(−2, −7), (1, −1) −b
2 2a
=2 ∴ b = −4a
2 f (x) = x + 3x − 5 −5 ≤ x ≤ 2
(2, 1) 1 = 4a + 2b + 5
a x+y+5=0
4a + 2b = −4
y = −5 − x
2a + b = −2
x 2 + 3x − 5 = −5 − x
2a − 4a = −2
x 2 + 4x = 0
∴ a = 1, b = −4
x (x + 4) = 0
f (x) = x 2 −4x + 5
x = 0 or −4 (0, −5) (−4, −1)
g(x) = ax 2 + bx + 3
3 a f (x) = 5 + 3x − x 2 g(x) = 1 −b
5 + 3x − x 2 = 1 2a = 1 ∴ b = −2a
x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0 (1, 2) 2=a+b+3
(x − 4)(x + 1) = 0 a + b = −1
a − 2a = −1
x = 4 or −1 (4, 1), (−1, 1)
a + 1 b = −2
b f (x) = 5 + 3x − x 2 h(x) = 2x + 3
g(x) = x 2 − 2x + 3
5 + 3x − x 2 = 2x + 3
3 f (x) = ax 2 + bx + 5
x2 − x − 2 = 0 −b
2a
= 2 ∴ b = −4a
(x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2 or −1 (2, 7), (−1, 1) (2, 9) 9 = 4a + 2b + 5
4 b f : range = {y : −3.125 ≤ y ≤ 18} 2a + b = 2
g : range = {y : −2 ≤ y ≤ 4} −2a = 2
a = −1 b = 4
c x = −1 or 2
f (x) = −x 2 + 4x + 5
e f (x) = h(x)
g(x) = ax 2 + bx + 3
2x 2 − x − 3 = 2x + 2 −b
2 2a
= 1 ∴ b = −2a
2x − 3x − 5 = 0
(1, 4) 4=a+b+3
(2x − 5)(x + 1) = 0
5
a+b=1
x= or − 1 −a = 1
2
f (−2, 7), (2, 3) a = −1 b = 2 g(x) = −x 2 + 2x + 3

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 7
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

4 f (x) = ax 2 + bx + 2 3 H (t) = 37t − t2

−b a 270 m
2a
= −1 ∴ b = 2a
b 342.25 m
(−1, 5) 5=a−b+2 c 37 s
a−b=3
−a = 3 Exercise 4R
a = −3 b = −6 f (x) = −3x 2 − 6x + 2 For all questions: y intercept is (0, 1), horizontal
asymptote is y = 0
g(x) = ax 2 + bx − 3
−b
= −2 ∴ b = 4a Exercise 4S
2a
(−2, 5) 5 = 4a − 2b − 3 1 f (x) = 2x a (0, 1) b y=0
2a − b = 4 y
8
−2a = 4
a = −2 b = −8 g(x) = −2x 2 − 8x − 3 6
y = 2x
5 f (x) = ax2 + bx 4
−b −1
2a
= 2
∴b=a 2

§ 1 1 · 1 1 1
¨ , ¸ a b
© 2 2 ¹ 2 4 2 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
−2 = a − 2b
2 f (x) = 6x a (0, 1) b y=0
−2 = −a
y
a=2 b = 2 f (x) = 2x 2 + 2x 30
y = 6x
g(x) = ax 2 + bx + 3
20
−b
2a
=0 ∴b=0
10
(1, 2) 2=a+3
∴ a = −1 g(x) = −x 2 + 3
–2 –1 0 1 2 x

Exercise 4Q 3 f (x) = §1·

x

a (0, 1) b y=0
¨ ¸
©3¹
1 a 2l + 2w = 170
y
l + w = 85 8
l = 85 − w
6
A = lw = w(85 − w)
A = w(85 − w) 4
For maximum area, w = 42.5, l = 42.5
2 x
length = 42.5 m, width = 42.5 m y= 3 (1)
b 2l + w + (w − 15) = 110 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
2l + 2w = 125 x
§1·
l = 62.5 − w 4 f (x) = ¨ ¸ a (0, 1) b y=0
©5¹
A = w (62.5 − w) y
20
For maximum area, w = 31.25, l = 31.25
length = 31.25 m, width = 31.25 m 15

2 p (u) = − 0.032u 2 + 46u − 3000 10

a 13531.25 riyals
5
x
b 3000 riyals y= 5 (1)
c 69 units –2 –1 0 1 2 x

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 8
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

5 f (x) = 3(2)x + 4 a (0, 7) b y=4 11 f (x) = 0.4x + 1 a (0, 2) b y=1

y y
y = 3(2)x + 4
25 18
20 15
15 12
10 9
5 6
y = 0.4x + 1 3
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x

6 f (x) = −2(4)x − 1 a (0, −3) b y = −1 12 f (x) = 2(0.1)x − 1 a (0, 1) b y = −1

y y

1 2 x
60
–2 –1 0
50
–10 40
30
–20 20
10 y = 2(0.1)x – 1
–30 y = –2(4)x – 1
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x

7 f (x) = −1(2)x + 3 a (0, 2) b y=3

y
Exercise 4T
y = –1(2)x + 3
2 1 f (x) = 4(2)−x + 2 a (0, 6) b y=2
y
–2 0 2 x 18
15
–2
12

–4 y = 4(2) + 2 9
–x
6
3
8 f (x) = 4(3)x − 2 a (0, 2) b y = −2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
y
y= 4(3)x –2
30 2 f (x) = −4−x + 1 a (0, 0) b y=1
y
20
3

10 –3 –2 –1–30 1 2 x
y = –4–x + 1 –6

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x –9
–12
–15
9 f (x) = 0.5(2)x + 3 a (0, 3.5) b y=3
y
3 f (x) = −2(2)−x + 3 a (0, 1) b y=3
10 y
y = –2(2)–x + 3
8 3
6
–3 –2 –1–30 1 2 x
4
y = 0.5(2)x + 3 –6
2
–9
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x –12

10 f (x) = 2(0.5)x + 1 a (0, 3) b y=1 4 f (x) = 3(2)−x − 2 a (0, 1) b y = −2

y y
18 4
15 3
12 2
9 1 y = 3(2)–x – 2
6
y = 2(0.5)x + 1 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
3 –1
–2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x –3

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 9
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

5 f (x) = 0.5(3)−x + 2 a (0, 2.5) b y=2 10 f (x) = 5(3)−x − 2 a (0, 3) b y = −2

y y
14 20
12 16
10 12
8 y = 5(3) – 2 8
–x
6 4
4
y = 0.5(3)–x + 2 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
2 –4
–8
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x

Exercise 4U
6 f (x) = 0.5−x + 1 a (0, 2) b y=1 1 y
8
y
8
6
f(x) = 2x + 0.5
6 4

g(x) = 2–x + 0.5

4 2

y= 0.5–x +1
2
–4 –2 0 2 4 x

–4 –2 0 2 4 x
a (0, 1.5)
b y = 0.5
7 f (x) = 2(0.1)−x − 1 a (0, 1) b y = −1
2 v(t) = 26000 x t
y
16 a 26000 euros
b 26000 x = 22100 ∴ x = 0.85
12
c v (t) = 26000 (0.85)t
8 y = 2(0.1)–x – 1
v (9) = 6022.04 v(10) = 5118.73 ∴ 10 years
4 3 M(t) = 150(0.9)t
a 160
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
120
–4
M(t)

80
8 f (x) = 0.4−x + 2 a (0, 3) b y=2 M(t) = 150(0.9)t
40
y
0 20 40 60 80 100
16
t

12 b M=0
8 c M (20)= 18.2 g
y = 0.4–x + 2 d M (6) = 79.7 M (7) = 71.7 ∴ 7 years
4
4 A (t) = 50(1.06)t
–4 –2 0 2 4 x a A(t)
160
A(t) = 50(1.06)t
9 f (x) = 3(0.2)−x + 4 a (0, 7) b y=4
120
y
80
32
28 40
24
20 –4 0 4 8 12 16 20 t
16
12
y = 3(0.2)–x + 4
b days before 1st June.
8
4 c A (14)= 113 m2
d A (8) = 79.7 A (9) = 84.5 ∴ t = 8
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 10
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

5 k + c = −5 and 0 = 2k + c, so c = −10 ∴ k = 5 b (x − 2)4 + 6 = 6

6 T (t) = 18 + 60(2)−t (x − 2)4 = 0
a T(t)
x=2
80 c f (x) ≥ 6

60 Exercise 4W
1 b 28.9°C
40 79
c 50 = 21 +
T(t) = 18 + 60(2)–t x
79
20 29 = x
∴ x = 2.72 minutes
d x=0
0 4 8 10 t
e y = 21
f 21°C
b 78°C 100
2 f (x) = 100 − x
c T (5)= 19.875°C
b 90°C
d T (1.4) = 40.7 T (1.5) = 39.2 ∴ 1.5 minutes 100
c 100 − x = 30
e 18°C As t increases T gets closer to 18°C
100
(T = 18 is an asymptote). x = 70 ∴ x = 1.43 minutes
7 D (t) = 18000 (0.9)t d 100°C
a 18000 USD 5 5
3 b 8= x2
x2 = 8 x = ±0.791
b D (5) = 10628.82 USD
c x = 0, y = 0
c D (6) = 9565.94 D (7) = 8609.34 ∴ 7 years
d f (x) > 0
2x
8 f (x) = a (0, 6) (2, 0.8) 4 b 3.75
6
b=
1
0.8 =
4
∴a=5 b = 0.2 c 5=3+ x
a a
6
9 y = 2x + 3 A (0, a) B (1, b) x =2 ∴x=3
a a = 20 + 3 ∴a=4 d x = 0, y = 3
b=2 +3 1
∴b=5 e range is all real numbers except 3
b y=3 {y : x ∈ , y ≠ 3}
10 a a = 1.667 b = 19
Exercise 4X
b f(x) 1 b minimum value = 17.5 (when x = 1.71)
c 75.3 ms −1
16 20
d 50 = x +2x 2
12
2x 3 − 50x + 20 = 0
f(x) = 2(3)x + 1
8 x = 0.403 s, 4.79 s
2 a v = x (2x)y = 2x 2y
4
300 50
b y= 2x 2 x2
–2 0 2 x
A = 2x 2 + xy + xy +2xy + 2xy
c range = {y : y > 1} (or f (x) > 1) A = 2x 2 + 6xy
⎛ 150 ⎞ 900
Exercise 4V A = 2x 2 + 6x ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2x 2 +
⎝ x ⎠ x
1 a f (x) = −0.0015x 4 + 0.056x 3 − 0.60x 2 + 1.65x + 4 d For minimum area, x = 6.0822, y = 50
6.08222
b 8.77 hours
= 4.0548
c 1.80 hours, 17.4 hours
length = 6.08 cm, breadth = 12.2 cm,
2 a 6 height = 4.05 cm

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 11
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

2 f (x) = 8x −1 + 3, x ≠ 0
3 a v = 1 x 2h
3 a {x : x ∈ , x ≠ 0}
b
x −10 −8 −5 −4 −2 −1 0
l f (x) 2.2 2 1.4 1 −1 −5 0
h

b x 1 2 4 5 8 10
x
2 f (x) 11 7 5 4.6 4 3.8
2
§x· § 2 § x ·2
l2 = h2 + ¨ ¸ l ¨¨ h  ¨ ¸ c y
©2¹ © ©2¹
10
2 8
4 xl ⎛x⎞ 8 y= x +3
c A = x2 + 2
= x 2 + 2xl = x 2 + 2x h2 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ 6
x 2h 4500 4
d 1500 = 3
∴h= x2 2

4500 2 x 2 4500 2 x 2 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 10 x

l=  A = x 2 + 2x 
x4 4 x4 4 –4
4500 –6
f For minimum area, x = 14.7084, h = –8
14.7084 2
–10
= 20.8009
side length = 14.7 m, height = 20.8 m d x=0
e y=3
4 Let width = x, length = 2x, height = h
320 = 12x + 4h Exercise 4Z
h = 80 − 3x
Sketch graphs
viewing area = 2xh + 2xh + xh
= 5xh 1 Range : y ≥ 1.81
A = 5x (80 − 3x) 2 y∈
maximum viewing area = 2666.67 3 y∈
= 2670 cm 2 4 y ≥ −1.25
Exercise 4Y 5 y<0 or y ≥ 2.98
2
1 f (x) = 1 + x , x ≠ 0
Exercise 4AA
a {x : x ∈ , x ≠ 0}
1 a y
b x −10 −5 −4 −2 −1 −0.5 −0.2 0 8 y = x2
f (x) 0.8 0.6 0.5 0 −1 −3 −9 6
4
x 0.2 0.5 1 2 4 5 10
1
y=4– x() 2

f (x) 11 5 3 2 1.5 1.4 1.2 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x

–2
c y
10 b (0.254, 0.0646), (1.86, 3.46), (−2.11, 4.47)
8
6 2 a, c
2
4 y=1+ x
y
2 8 g(x) = 3x
6
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 10 x
4 4
–4 f(x) = 1 + x
2
–6
–8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2
–10 –4
–6
d x=0
e y=1 b y = 1, x = 0

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 12
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

d 1+
4
x = 3x x = −1 or 1.33 Exercise 4AB
e {y : y ∈ , y ≠ 1} 1 a time in hours, water consumption in litres
b 0700 − 2000
3 a (−0.366, 0.669), (0.633, 2.01)
c 0700 − 1200, 1400 − 1600
b y=0
d 1200 − 1400, 1600 − 2000
4 a y e 1200 (local maximum at 1600)
4 g(x) = x3
3 f 0700, 2000 (local minimum at 1400)
2 2 a time in minutes, temperature in °C
1
b 100°C
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1 c 35°C
3 –2
f(x) = x 1
–3 d minute
2
–4
e no
3 3 f approximately 22°C
b x
− x3 = 0 x
= x3 2 solutions
3 a
c 1.32 or −1.32 t 0 5 10 15 20
N 1 2 4 8 16
5 y
y = x3 – 3x2 + 2x
6 b 13 s
4 c 2(60 ÷ 5) = 212 = 4096
2 4 a 45 m
x b 1.5 s and 5.5 s
–2 –1 0 1 2 3
–2 c 0 − 3.5 s
–4 y = 3x – 4
d 3.5 s − 7 s
–6
e 90 m, 3.5 s
–8
f ball returns to ground level
(−1.11, −7.34), (1.25, −0.238), (2.86, 4.58) 5 a i 3.8 m ii 2.2 m iii 0200 and 0600
y
b 2<t<6
6 y = x3 + x2 – 6x
8 6 a twice
6 y = 2x
b 0400 − 0900
4
2 c 1600
d 5°C
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–2
–4 e 1100 − 1600
–6 f 1300 and 1930
–8
g no, the temperature at the start of the

(−2.99, 0.126), (−0.147, 0.903), (2.41, 5.31) following day is 1°C whereas it was 3°C at the
start of this day.
7 y
16
4 7 a x 2y = 16 ∴ y = x 2
3 y= x
5
2 b x 0.5 1 2 4 8 10
y=x+2 1
y = f (x) 64 16 4 1 0.25 0.16
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1 c y
–2 60
–3 50
–4 40
30 16
20 y=
a x = 1.45 or −3.45 x2
10
b y=0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
c x=0 d tends to zero

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 13
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

8 a 3000 cm3 6 a x 2 − 2x − 15 = (x − 5)(x + 3)

b x 2y = 3000 ∴ y = 3000
x2
b i At A, x = −3 A = (−3, 0)

c A = x 2 + 4xy = x 2 + 4x § 3000 ·
ii At B, x = 1 B = (1, −16)
¨ x2 ¸
© ¹ 7 a ii
A x 2  12000
x
b i
d
c iii
x (m) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
d iv
A(x) (cm 2)
2400 1300 1000 1000 1100 1300 1600 8 a i A (−1.68, 1.19)
(2sf )
ii B (2.41, −1.81)
e A
2000 b f (x) < g (x) −1.68 < x < 2.41
1500 c y = −2
1000
500 A = x2 +
12 000 9 a width = 2.2 − x
x
b A = x (2.2 − x)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 x
c For maximum area, x = 1.1 m
f x = 18.2
10 a y
Review exercise 4
3
y = 3x2
Paper 1 style questions 2
y=
1
1 x
1 a0000 − 0600
–4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 x
b 1130 − 1700
–2
c 13° C –3
–4
2 c = nr + s
a 35000 = 6r + s b x = 0, y = 0
116000 = 24r + s c x = 0.693
18r = 81000
∴ r = 4500 SGD Paper 2 style questions
b 35000 = 6 × 4500 + s 1 n = 1500(1.32)t
s = 8000 SGD a 1980, 4554
b
3 a x 2 + 5x = x (x + 5) n

b y 5000
2 4000
(–5, 0) (0, 0)
3000
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–20 1 2 x
2000 n = 1500(1.32)t
y = x2 + 5x –4
–6 1000
(–2.5, –6.25) –8
0 t
–10 1 2 3 4 5
x = –2.5

c i n = 1500(1.32)2.5 = 3000
4 h(t) = 30t − 5t2 0≤t≤6
ii t = 4.3366 hours
a h(4) = 40 m
= 4 hours 20 mins
b 45 m
2 a y
c from t = 1 to t = 5, ∴ 4 s
x 8
2
5 a f (x) = m 6
3 8 4
(3, 1.6) 1.6 = 2m ∴m= 1.6
=5 y= x
4
2
x
2
b f (x) = 5 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2
(0, n) n=1 –4
5
–6
22
f (2) = = 4
–8
5 5

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 14
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

b y = 0, x = 0 e (2.19, −3.39),
c (−3.19, 7.39)
y
8 f x = 2.19, −3.19
6 g(x) = 2x
4 6 a y
2 10
8
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x 6
–2
–4 4 f(x) = x2 – 3
2 x
–6
–8
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–2
d x = ±1.41 –4
–6
e {y : y ∈ , y ≠ 0}
b x=0
3 f (x) = 2(1.5)x + 3
c y
a a = 4.33 b = 7.5 10
y 8
b 6
7
4
6
2
5 f(x) = 2(1.5)x + 3
4 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
3 –2
2
–4 y = –3(2)x + 9
–6
1

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x d y=9
–1
–2 e (−2.73, 8.55), (−0.454, 6.81), (1.53, 0.362)
x 2
c f (x) > 3 7 P= + 10x − 60
10
d x = 3.09 a x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
e y=3 P −60 30 100 150 180 190 180 150 100 30

4 f (t) = 21 + 77(0.8)t b y
200
a f (0) = 21 + 77 = 98°C 150
b y = 21 100
P=–
x2
+ 10x – 60
50 10
c 21°C 0
20 40 60 80 x
d f (8) = 33.9°C –50

5 a y f(x) = x2 – x – 6
c i 190 euros ii 50 iii 33 or 67
8 iv 60 euros
6
4 8 a y
2 8 (0, 7)
6
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 4
–2
–4 2
(–2.65, 0) (2.65, 0)
–6
g(x) = 1 – 2x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–8 –2
–4
b (0.5, −6.25) –6
y = x2 – 7
c −2 –8

d (0, 1) (0, −7), (2.65, 0), (−2.65, 0)

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 15
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

−b −2
b y
b x= = =2 x=2
8 2a −1
y = 7 – x2
6 c k=2
4
2 d y x2
(–2.65, 0) (2.65, 0) f(x) = 2
4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–2 3
–4 2
–6 1
(0, 0) (4, 0)
–8 (0, –7)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
c x = ± 2.65 –2 x2
g(x) = – + 2x
–3 2
d c = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
–4
x2 x 2
9 a + 2x e f (x) < g (x)
2 2

x 2 − 2x = 0 0<x<2
x (x − 2) = 0
x = 0 or 2 (0, 0), (2, 2)

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 16