(Presentation) Understanding Network Infrastructure and Components PDF

Module 1
Understanding
Network Infrastructure
Module Overview
• Network Architecture Standards
• Local Area Networking
• Wide Area Networking
• Wireless Networking
• Connecting to Internet
• The OSI Model
• Adapters, Hubs and Switches
• Routing
• Media Types
Lesson 1: Network Architecture Standards
• Network Components and Terminology
• Network Architecture
• Network Media Access Control Methods
• IEEE 802 Standards

Network Components and Terminology
• Data
• Node
• Client
• Server
• Peer
• Network adapter
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• Media
• Transport protocol
• Bandwidth
Network Architecture
Most common network architecture types:
• Ethernet
• FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
• Token ring
IEEE 802 Standards
IEEE 802 standards:
• IEEE 802.3 – Ethernet networks
• IEEE 802.5 – Token ring networks
• IEEE 802.11 – Local wireless networks
• IEEE 802.16 – Broadband wireless networks

Lesson 2: Local Area Networking
• What Is a LAN?
• How Nodes on a LAN Communicate
• Physical Components of a LAN
• LAN Physical Topologies
• LAN Logical Topologies

What Is a LAN?
A LAN is the most common form of computer network

Physical Components of a LAN
Components of a LAN:
• Network adapter
• Wiring
• Hub/Switch
• Termination point
• Wiring cabinet
LAN Physical Topologies
Bus Ring Star
Hybrid Mesh
LAN Logical Topologies
Topologies:
• Bus Logical (Ethernet)
• Ring Logical (FDDI and token ring)

Lesson 3: Wide Area Networking
• What Is a WAN?
• Physical WAN Components
• What Are the WAN Standards?
• What Are the T-Carrier and E-Carrier Standards?
• Optical Carrier Standards
• What Is ISDN?
• Connecting to the Internet with WAN Components

What Is a WAN?
LAN
LAN LAN
LAN
Physical WAN Components
Physical WAN components:
• Bridge
• Router
• Leased line
• Backbone
What Are the WAN Standards?
WAN standards:
• T-Carrier
• E-Carrier
• Optical Carrier (OC-X)
• ISDN
Lesson 4: Wireless Networking
• Wireless Networking Components
• Wireless Standards and Protocols
• What Is 802.11?
• Securing Wireless Networks

Wireless Networking Components
Ad hoc Network
• Wireless network adapter
• Access point
• Ad Hoc network
• Infrastructure network Infrastructure Network
• SSID (Service Set ID)

Wireless Standards and Protocols
Wireless standards and protocols:
• 802.11 - Wireless LAN
• 802.16 - Wireless WAN

What Is 802.11?
Wireless LAN standards:

• Common versions:
• 802.11a
• 802.11b
• 802.11g
• 802.11n
Lesson 5: Connecting to the Internet
• What Is the Internet?
• Intranets and Extranets
• What Is a Firewall?
• What Is a Perimeter Network?
• Proxy and Reverse Proxy Servers

What Is the Internet?
Internet
Intranets and Extranets
Intranets are:
• A group of services hosted on a network
• A private structure
• Internet-like service provision
Extranet are:
• Similar services to intranet
• Exposed to networks outside of the intranet
• Services that require extra security measures

What Is a Firewall?
Internal Network
What Is a Perimeter Network?
LAN Perimeter Network Untrusted Network
Internet
The OSI Model
The OSI model defines the generic tasks that are performed for
network communication
7Application • Each layer defines networking tasks
6Presentation • Each layer communicates with the

layers above and below it
5Session • Layer 7 provides services for programs
to gain access to the network
4Transport
• Layers 1 and 2 define the network’s
3Network physical media and related tasks
2Data-Link
1Physical
Lesson 8: Understanding Adapters, Hubs, and
Switches
• What Is a Network Adapter?
• Transmission Speeds
• What Is a Hub?
• Characteristics of a Switch
• What Is a VLAN?
What Is a Network Adapter?
A network adapter:
• Converts instructions from the network protocol stack into
electrical signals
• Merges these signals onto the wire
• Converts electrical signals received on the wire into

meaningful instructions for the network protocol stack
The network adapter encapsulates the instructions it

receives from the protocol stack into a logical sequence
known as a frame
Transmission Speeds
The term bandwidth is often used to describe the

transmission speed of a network
• Early Ethernet operated at 3 Megabits per second
• Today’s Ethernet is typically 1 Gigabits per second
• Contention reduces throughput

What Is a Hub?
A hub:
Enables star wiring to provide a central wiring point
Supports multiple ports
Provides for a degree of fault isolation
Extends your network

Characteristics of a Switch
A switch provides the same basic functionality as a hub
A switch:
Provides wiring concentrator functionality like a hub
Enables network traffic management
Performs firewall functions

Makes routing decisions based upon traffic priority
Type Description
Layer 2 MAC-level bridging
Layer 3 Routing functionality added
Layer 4 Firewall and QOS support available

What Is a VLAN?
A VLAN enables you to:
• Manage network traffic
• Group physically dispersed nodes into logical LANs
• Increase the number of nodes without needing to

rewire the network
• Reconfigure the network without needing to move

nodes
• Isolate network traffic
VLAN B
VLAN A
Lesson 9: Understanding Routing
• What Is a Router?
• How a Router Determines a Destination
• Common Routing Protocols
• Discussion: Selecting a Suitable Routing Protocol

What Is a Router?
A router:
• Manages network traffic by only forwarding packets
when required
• Supports one or more routable protocols, such as IP

• Receives explicitly addressed frames from network
nodes
• Makes routing decisions based on the information
maintained in its routing table
Router/Gateway Router/Gateway
LAN
LAN
Server Server
How a Router Determines a Destination
Dest: Send to: Dest: Send to:

A A.1 A B.1
B B.1 B B.254
C B.254 C C.254
Routing Table Routing Table
Packet to C:12 A:1

C:254
B:1 B:254
Network A Network C
Network B
Common Routing Protocols
Protocol Description
IGP distance-vector based algorithm

RIP
Hop count > 16 unreachable
IGP routing protocol

OSPF Link-state based
Scales better than RIP
EGP specifically designed to support the

BGP
Internet
Discussion: Selecting a Suitable Routing Protocol
Which routing protocol should

you use?
Lesson 10: Understanding Media Types
• Coaxial Cable
• Twisted-Pair Cable
• What Are the CAT Standards?
• Fiber Cable
• Discussion: Selecting a Suitable Cabling Strategy

Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cables must be terminated
Types of Coaxial Cable Description
• Fairly thin and flexible

• Ideal for connecting nodes to the network
RG58 • Does not support long cable runs or a
large number of connected devices
• Has an impedance of 50 ohms and uses
20 AWG copper wire
• As for RG58, but with a slightly thicker (18

RG59
AWG) core and an impedance of 75 ohms
• Thick coaxial cable with 75 ohm

RG11 impedance
• 14 AWG cable provides the solid core
Twisted Pair Cable
Twisted-pair characteristics:
• Installation is comparatively inexpensive
• Fault finding is easier due to the star wired way in which

the cable is laid
• The cable supports many uses, including data and
telephony
Fiber Cable
Types of fiber cable Description
• Supports bandwidths of around 100 Mbps

Multimode fiber at distances of up to 2 kilometers and 10
Gbps over 300 meters
• 40 Gbps is possible over distances of

Single-mode fiber
several hundred kilometers
Discussion: Selecting a Suitable Cabling Strategy
What cabling system should

you use?
Module Review and Takeaways
• Review Questions

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Module 1

• Local Area Networking

• Wide Area Networking

• The OSI Model

• Adapters, Hubs and Switches

• Network Media Access Control Methods

• IEEE 802 Standards

Most common network architecture types:

• FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

IEEE 802 standards:

• IEEE 802.3 – Ethernet networks

• IEEE 802.5 – Token ring networks

• IEEE 802.11 – Local wireless networks

• IEEE 802.16 – Broadband wireless networks

• How Nodes on a LAN Communicate

• Physical Components of a LAN

• LAN Physical Topologies

• LAN Logical Topologies

A LAN is the most common form of computer network

Bus Ring Star

• Bus Logical (Ethernet)

• Ring Logical (FDDI and token ring)

• Physical WAN Components

• What Are the WAN Standards?

• What Are the T-Carrier and E-Carrier Standards?

• Optical Carrier Standards

• Connecting to the Internet with WAN Components

Physical WAN components:

• Optical Carrier (OC-X)

• Wireless Standards and Protocols

• Securing Wireless Networks

• Infrastructure network Infrastructure Network

• SSID (Service Set ID)

Wireless standards and protocols:

• 802.11 - Wireless LAN

• 802.16 - Wireless WAN

Wireless LAN standards:

• Intranets and Extranets

• What Is a Perimeter Network?

• Proxy and Reverse Proxy Servers

• A group of services hosted on a network

• Internet-like service provision

• Similar services to intranet

• Exposed to networks outside of the intranet

• Services that require extra security measures

LAN Perimeter Network Untrusted Network

7Application • Each layer defines networking tasks

6Presentation • Each layer communicates with the

• Merges these signals onto the wire

• Converts electrical signals received on the wire into

The network adapter encapsulates the instructions it

The term bandwidth is often used to describe the

• Early Ethernet operated at 3 Megabits per second

• Today’s Ethernet is typically 1 Gigabits per second

• Contention reduces throughput

Supports multiple ports

Provides for a degree of fault isolation

Extends your network

A switch provides the same basic functionality as a hub