1

Lecture 1e:
Elementary Signals

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (EEEB233)

2 Topics Covered: Elementary Signals
1. Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Signals
2. Unit Impulse and Unit Step
3. Other signals
 Complex Number and Complex Signals
3

From Euler’s relationship:

Polar form Rectangular form

𝒓 𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

Complex Number
A complex number, z is in the polar form:

𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒆𝒋𝜽

The magnitude of 𝑧 = 𝒛 = 𝒓 The real part of 𝑧, 𝑹𝒆 𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

The phase angle of 𝑧, ∡𝒛 = 𝜽 The imaginary part of 𝑧, 𝑰𝒎 𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

 Complex Number and Complex Signals
4

Complex Number
A complex number, z is in the rectangular form: 𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

= 𝑹𝒆 𝒛 + 𝒋 𝑰𝒎 {𝒛} Imaginary

=𝒂+𝒋𝒃 𝑟 cos 𝜃
b z = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏
The magnitude of 𝑧 r
The real part of 𝑧, 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝒛 =𝒓= 𝒂 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒂 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ϴ
Real
a
The phase angle of 𝑧, The imaginary part of 𝑧, 𝐼𝑚 𝑧
𝒃 𝒃 = 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
∡𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 =𝜽
𝒂
 Example 1
5

𝜋
𝑗3
Evaluate each of the following expressions for the complex number 𝑧 = 2𝑒
a) Re {z} b) Im {z}
c) |z| d) ∡ z
6 1. Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Signals

a) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Continuous-Time Signals

b) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Discrete-Time Signals
c) Periodic and Aperiodic Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
d) Periodic and Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
e) Harmonically Related Periodic Signal
 Continuous-Time Exponential Signals

Real Exponential 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
Signals

Exponential Signals

Complex 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗𝜔°𝑡 or
Exponential Signals 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔°𝑡+∅)

7
 Continuous-Time Real Exponential Signals
Two types of Continuous-time Real Exponential Signals:
𝒙 𝒕 = 𝑪 𝒆𝒂𝒕 ;
x(t)

i. If a ≡ positive (a > 0)
Note:
𝟑𝒕
Eg. 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒆 ; If a ≡ 0 ⇒ constant signal
𝑥(𝑡) increases with t. 2
x(t)
⇒ growing exponential
t
x(t)
ii. If a ≡ negative (a < 0)
Eg. 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 ;
C t
𝑥(𝑡) decrease with t.
⇒ decaying exponential 2
8
t
 Continuous-Time Complex Exponential Signals

In general, a continuous-time complex exponential signal is represented by:

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗𝜔° 𝑡 OR 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔°𝑡+∅)

where C = magnitude
2𝜋
𝜔° = 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜔° =
𝑇
∅ = 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

Note:
The magnitude of 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑪

The phase angle of ∡𝒙(𝒕) = 𝝎° 𝒕 or ∡𝒙(𝒕) = 𝝎° 𝒕 + ∅

 Example 2
10

 Determine whether the following signals are real exponential signals or complex
exponential signals
1
a) x(t) = 2 𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑡
𝜋
𝑗 2𝑡
b) x(t) = 3𝑒
1
c) x(t) = 2 𝑒 2𝜋𝑡
2
−𝑗3𝑡
d) x(t) = 3𝑒
 11
Continuous-Time Complex Exponential Signals

A complex exponential signal 𝒙(𝒕)

𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅ = 0

Complex Exponential Sinusoidal Signals

Signals (Rectangular Form)
(Polar Form)

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗𝜔° 𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔° 𝑡 + 𝑗𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔° 𝑡

The magnitude of 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐶 The real part of x t , 𝑅𝑒 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐶 cos 𝜔° 𝑡

The phase angle of 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝜔° 𝑡 The imaginary part of 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝐼𝑚 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔° 𝑡

Therefore, notice that the Real part and Imaginary part of a complex exponential signal are actually sinusoidal signals
 Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals

12

In general, a continuous-time sinusoidal signal is represented by:

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔° 𝑡 + ∅
where
A = amplitude

2𝜋
𝜔° = 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜔° =
𝑇

∅ = 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡

𝑇 = 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
 Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals

13

Fundamental frequency, 𝜔° and fundamental period, 𝑇° for continuous-time sinusoidal signals.

 Fundamental period, 𝑇° is inversely proportional to fundamental frequency, 𝜔°
 Decrease 𝜔° ↓ - 𝑇° Increase ↑
 Increase 𝜔° ↑ - 𝑇° Decrease ↓

Figure: Relationship between the fundamental frequency and period for CT sinusoidal signals:
𝝎𝟏 > 𝝎𝟐 > 𝝎𝟑 , which implies that 𝑻𝟏 < 𝑻𝟐 < 𝑻𝟑
 Example 3: 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝑪 𝒆𝒋𝝎° 𝒕 = 𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎° 𝒕 + 𝒋𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎° 𝒕
14

a) Represent the following signal in the rectangular form:

𝜋
𝑗 4𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 2𝑒

b) Represent the following signal in the polar form:

𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 = 2 cos 𝑡 + 𝑗2 sin 𝑡
3 3
15 1. Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Signals

a) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Continuous-Time Signals

b) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Discrete-Time Signals
c) Periodic and Aperiodic Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
d) Periodic and Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
e) Harmonically Related Periodic Signal
 Discrete-time Exponential Signals

Real Exponential 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐶 𝛼 𝑛

Signals

Exponential Signals

Complex 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗𝜔°𝑛 or

Exponential Signals 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔°𝑛+∅)

16
 Discrete-Time Real Exponential Signals
In general, Discrete-time exponential signals are defined by:
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐶𝛼 𝑛
For real exponential signal, C and 𝛼 are real numbers.
 Example of such signals are:

 𝑥1 𝑛 = 2𝑛  C = 1, 𝛼 = 2

 𝑥2 𝑛 = (3)(2)𝑛  C = 3, 𝛼 = 2

1 1
 𝑥3 𝑛 = ( )𝑛  C = 1, 𝛼 =
2 2

1 1
 𝑥4 𝑛 = 3( )𝑛  C = 3, 𝛼 =
2 2
17
 Example: For 𝛼 > 1
18

16
Sketch: 𝑥1 𝑛 = 2𝑛
𝑥1 𝑛 = 2𝑛 8
4

1
1
2
1
4
1
8
n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

This is a growing discrete-time real exponential signals

 Example: For 𝛼 < 1
19

8
1 1
Sketch: 𝑥2 𝑛 = ( )𝑛 4 𝑥2 𝑛 = ( )𝑛
2 2
2

1
1
2
1
4
1
8
1
16

n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

This is a decaying discrete-time real exponential signals

 Discrete-Time Complex Exponential Signals and Sinusoidal Signals

𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗𝜔° 𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔° 𝑛 + 𝑗𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔° 𝑛

DT Complex Exponential Signals DT Sinusoidal Signals

(Polar form) (Rectangular form)

𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗𝜔° 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔° 𝑛 + 𝑗𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔° 𝑛

The magnitude of 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐶 C = amplitude

2𝜋𝑚
The phase angle of 𝑥 𝑛 = ∡ x[n] = 𝜔° 𝑛 𝜔° = 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜔° =
𝑁
If ∅ ≠ 0: → 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝒙[𝒏] = 𝑪 𝒆𝒋(𝝎° 𝒏+∅) 𝑁 = 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
And the phase angle of x[n] = ∡ x[n]= 𝜔° 𝑛 + ∅ m = number of repetitive cycles within one period
20
 Example 4 𝒙[𝒏] = 𝑪 𝒆𝒋𝝎° 𝒏 = 𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎° 𝒏 + 𝒋𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎° 𝒏
21

a) Represent the following signal in the rectangular form:

𝜋
𝑗 3𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 = 3𝑒

b) Represent the following signal in the polar form:

𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 𝑛 = 2 cos 𝑛 + 𝑗2 sin 𝑛
6 6
22 1. Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Signals

a) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Continuous-Time Signals

b) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Discrete-Time Signals
c) Periodic and Aperiodic Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
d) Periodic and Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
e) Harmonically Related Periodic Signal
 PERIODIC-CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS
23

A periodic signal x(t) is a function that satisfies the condition

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑇 for all t, where T is a positive integer
T or To ≡ fundamental period
1
𝑓° = ≡ fundamental Frequency
𝑇°
A continuous-time periodic signal
2𝜋
𝜔° = ≡ also referred to as fundamental frequency
𝑇°

Therefore, a periodic-signal has the property that it is unchanged by a time shift of T.

Hence, the signal repeats every T.
 PERIODIC-CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS
24

Example:

Periodic signal:
𝑥 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡+𝑇

Since T = 1;

∴𝑥 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡±1

Shifting x(t) by 1 time unit results in the same signal.

 Common periodic signals are sines and cosines
 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)

Periodic and Aperiodic Continuous-Time Sinusoidal

Signals
25

 All continuous-time sinusoidal signals with constant amplitude are periodic.

 All continuous-time sinusoidal signals with non-constant amplitude are

aperiodic signals.
 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)

Periodic Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals

26

 An example of a periodic continuous-time sinusoidal signal is given below:

2𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡+
3 6

 The general form of CT sinusoidal signal: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔° 𝑡 + ∅

 Therefore the amplitude of x(t), A = 3 = constant

2𝜋 𝜋
 Hence, the signal 𝑥 𝑡 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡+ is continuous-time sinusoidal signal with constant amplitude.
3 6
As such the signal is a periodic continuous-time sinusoidal signals.
 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)

Aperiodic Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals

27

 An example of a aperiodic continuous-time sinusoidal signal is given below:

2𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 = 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
5

 The general form of CT sinusoidal signal: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔° 𝑡 + ∅ , where ∅ = 0

 Therefore the amplitude of x(t), A = 𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒕 = NOT constant

2𝜋
 Hence, the signal 𝑥 𝑡 = 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 is continuous-time sinusoidal signal with non-constant
5
amplitude. As such the signal is a aperiodic continuous-time sinusoidal signals.
28 1. Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Signals

a) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Continuous-Time Signals

b) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Discrete-Time Signals
c) Periodic and Aperiodic Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
d) Periodic and Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
e) Harmonically Related Periodic Signal
 PERIODIC-DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
29

A periodic signal x[n] is a function that satisfies the condition:

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥[𝑛 + 𝑁] for all n, where N is an integer value.

The signal x[n] in the figure is periodic with fundamental period,

N or No = 4.

𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝑁0 ≡ fundamental period
2𝜋 A discrete-time periodic signal with
𝜔° = ≡ also referred to as fundamental frequency fundamental period N or No = 4
𝑁0

A periodic-signal has the property that it is unchanged by a time shift of N.

Hence, the signal repeats every N.
 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)

Periodic and Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals

30

 All discrete-time sinusoidal signals with non-constant amplitude are

aperiodic signals.

 However, not all discrete-time sinusoidal signals with constant

amplitude are periodic.

 Note – Unlike continuous-time signal.

 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)

Periodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals

31

 In general, a discrete-time sinusoidal signal is represented by:

𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔° 𝑛 + ∅

 A discrete-time sinusoidal with constant amplitude is only periodic if:

2𝜋𝑚 𝜔° 𝑚
𝜔° = 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑁 2𝜋 𝑁

 Where N and m are some integers number with N > 0 and m > 0.
 N is the fundamental period
 m is the number of repetition cycle within the fundamental period N.
 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)

Example: Determine whether the discrete-time signal below is periodic. If periodic, find the fundamental
𝜋𝑛
frequency and period: 𝑥[𝑛] = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
6
Solution 𝜋𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 = 2 cos  𝒙[𝒏] ≡ 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎° 𝒏 + ∅ (in general form)
6
𝜋
 amplitude, A = 2 (which is a constant) and the fundamental frequency, 𝜔° =
6
 Check if N and m are integers greater than ZERO. 𝜔° 𝑚
=
𝜋 2𝜋 𝑁
𝜔° 6 1 𝑚
= = =
2𝜋 2𝜋 12 𝑁
 Where N = 12 and m = 1 are some integers number with N > 0 and m > 0.
 This means that the fundamental period is N which is 12 and this fundamental period is completed
in ONE 2π cycle (m=1).
 Since this is a constant amplitude DT Sinusoidal Signal with m and N are integers more than ZERO,
therefore this is a periodic signal.
32
 Example 5
33

Determine whether the discrete-time signal below is periodic. If periodic, find the fundamental
frequency and period:
8𝜋𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 = cos
31
 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)
Figure: Example 5

34

4 𝑚 N = fundamental period
=
31 𝑁 m = number of repetitive cycles within one fundamental period

This means that the fundamental period is N which is 31 and this fundamental
period is completed in FOUR 2π cycle (m=4).
Note that : x[0] = x[31]
 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)

Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals

35

 There are two types of aperiodic discrete-time sinusoidal signals:

A. Discrete-time sinusoidal signal with constant amplitude but N or m are not integers
 This signal will not be periodic or aperiodic because:
2𝜋𝑚 𝜔° 𝑚
𝜔° = 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑁 2𝜋 𝑁
Where N and m are NOT integers number with N > 0 and m > 0.
2n
 Example of such signal is: x n = 𝟑 cos
3

B. Discrete-time sinusoidal signal with time-varying (non-constant) amplitude.

𝟏 𝒏 πn
 Example of such signal is: xn = cos
𝟐 6
 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)

Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals

Example A: Determine whether the discrete-time signal below is periodic. If periodic, find the fundamental frequency
2𝑛
and period: 𝑥[𝑛] = 3 sin
3

Solution:
2𝑛
 𝑥 𝑛 = 3 sin  This is a discrete-time sinusoidal signal
3

2𝑛 2
 ∴ 𝑥 𝑛 = 3 sin = 𝐴 sin 𝜔° 𝑛 , hence the amplitude, A = 3  constant and 𝜔° =
3
3
 Check if N and m are integers greater than zero
2𝜋𝑚 𝜔° 𝑚
𝜔° = 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑁 2𝜋 𝑁
2
𝜔° 3 1 𝑚
= = =  ∴ m = 1 and N = 3𝜋 ≡ non-integers
2𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 𝑁

 Since this is a constant amplitude discrete-time sinusoidal signal with N is non-integers, therefore this is a
APERIODIC signal. 36
 Signals and Systems Semester I (2014/2015)
Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
Example B: Determine whether the discrete-time signal below is periodic. Find the fundamental period and frequency of
the signal if possible:
𝑛
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑥[𝑛] = cos
2 6

Solution:
1 𝑛 𝑛𝜋
 𝑥[𝑛] = cos  This is a discrete-time sinusoidal signal
2 6

1 𝑛
Hence the amplitude of the signal, A = which is not a constant value but varying with time n.
2

1 𝑛 𝑛𝜋
 ∴𝑥 𝑛 = cos is not a periodic signal or an aperiodic discrete-time sinusoidal signal.
2 6

 An aperiodic signal has no fundamental period and no fundamental frequency.

37
 Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
𝑛
1 𝑛𝜋
Example B - 𝑥[𝑛] = cos
2 6

𝑛
1 A sinusoidal signal
𝑥1 [𝑛] =
2 A decaying real
exponential signal

𝑛𝜋
𝑥2 [𝑛] = cos
6
𝑛
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑥[𝑛] = cos
2 6

Therefore, this signal is not periodic or aperiodic.

38
 Example 6
39

Determine whether the discrete-time signal below is periodic. If periodic, find the fundamental
frequency and period:
𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 = cos
6
40 1. Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Signals

a) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Continuous-Time Signals

b) Complex Exponentials and Sinusoidal Discrete-Time Signals
c) Periodic and Aperiodic Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
d) Periodic and Aperiodic Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
e) Harmonically Related Periodic Signal
 Harmonically Related Periodic Signal
41

 Signals with more than one periodic components.

 Example: x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) + ……. xk(t) .
 Such a signal can either be a periodic signal or non-periodic signal.
 How to determine the periodicity between two harmonically
related CT signals?
43

 Given x1(t) is periodic with period, T1 and x2(t) is periodic with period, T2 .
 If a signal x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t). Is x(t) always periodic? The answer is NO!!!

 Reason: x1(t) is periodic with period T1,

 And x2(t) is periodic with period T2
 The harmonically related time period for both signals:

𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
x1(t +k1T1) 𝑘1𝑇1 = {𝑇1 , 2𝑇1 , 3𝑇1 , 4𝑇1 , … … . }

x2(t +k2T2) 𝑘2 𝑇2 = {𝑇2 , 2𝑇2 , 3𝑇2 , 4𝑇2 , … … . }

 A rational number can be written
Therefore x(t) = x1(t +k1T1) + x2(t +k2T2) = x(t + kT) as a ratio of two integers (i.e
simple fraction)
Where T = fundamental period of x(t) Example: 1.5 is rational, because
it can be written as the ratio 3/2
 The condition for x(t) to be periodic is such that: Irrational number cannot be
written as a ratio of two integers
𝑇1 𝑘2
𝑘1 𝑇1 = 𝑘2 𝑇2 OR = Example: π (Pi) is irrational
𝑇2 𝑘1 number. (π= 3.1415926535 …..)

Therefore for x(t) to be periodic, the ratio of 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 must be a rational number
and the integers 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are relative prime.
𝑇1
 Note- If the ratio is an irrational number, then x1(t) and x2(t) do not have a common period and x(t)
𝑇2
cannot be periodic.

 If the signal, x(t) is periodic, the fundamental period, 𝑇 can then be calculated based on:

44 𝑻 = 𝒌𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝑻 = 𝒌𝟐 𝑻𝟐
 Example : The signal x(t) below has two periodic sinusoidal signals in it, given by 𝑥1 𝑡 and 𝑥2 𝑡 .

𝑥1 𝑡 : 𝑇1 = 2  𝑥1 𝑡 = 3 sin 𝜋𝑡
𝜋
𝑥2 𝑡 : 𝑇2 = 4  𝑥2 𝑡 = 2 sin 𝑡
2
45
 46
The condition for x(t) to be periodic is such that
𝑇1 2
= rational number
𝑇2 4

𝑘1 4 2
𝑘1 𝑇1 = 𝑘2 𝑇2  𝑘1 2 = 𝑘2 4 ∴ = = relative prime
𝑘2 2 1

Hence, the fundamental period and frequency of the signal 𝑥 𝑡 :

∴ 𝑇0 = 𝑘1 𝑇1 =2(2)=4 OR 𝑇0 = 𝑘2 𝑇2 =1(4)=4

2𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑇0 = 4 AND 𝜔0 = =
𝑇0 2
The harmonically related time period for both signals:
𝑇1 = 𝑘1 2 = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 … 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑇2 = 𝑘2 4 = 0, 4, 8, 12 … 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
 Example 7
47

Are the following signals periodic?

If periodic, find their fundamental time period 𝑇° and fundamental frequency 𝜔° ?

2𝜋 2𝜋
a) 𝑥1 𝑡 = 3𝑒 𝑗 5 𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑗 7 𝑡

2 2𝜋
𝑗 5𝑡
b) 𝑥2 𝑡 = 3𝑒 + 2𝑒 𝑗 7 𝑡

𝜋 𝜋
c) 𝑥3 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡 + sin 4 𝑡
 How to determine the periodicity between two harmonically
related DT signals?
48

 Given x1[n] is periodic with period, N1 and x2[n] is periodic with period, N2 .
 If a signal x[n] = x1[n] + x2[n]. Is x[n] always periodic? The answer is YES!!!

 Reason: For periodic discrete signal, the periodic N must be a rational integer.
𝑁1 𝑘2
 Therefore, = is ALWAYS rational number
𝑁2 𝑘1

∴ x[n] = x1[n + k1 N] + x2[n + k2N] = x[n + N]

Where N= fundamental period of x[n]

The fundamental period, 𝑁 can then be calculated as the least common multiple of N1 and N2.
N = k1N1 = k2 N2
 Example 8
49

𝜋𝑛 𝜋𝑛 𝜋𝑛
Given 𝑥1 𝑛 = cos , 𝑥2 𝑛 = sin , 𝑥3 𝑛 = 2 cos ,
4 8 2

a) Is 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛 periodic?
If so, determine the fundamental period, N.

b) Is 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛 − 2𝑥3 𝑛 periodic?
If so, determine the fundamental period, N.