1

Contents
1. Technological advancements in R&AC:….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...2
1.1 History of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning:…………………………………………………………………………………………...…2
1.2 Advancement in Refrigeration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..6
1.3 Clean Rooms………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...9
1.4 HEPA filters:…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
1.5 Magnetic Radiation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13
1.6 Nomenclature ……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………14

2. Application of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning:...................................................................................................16

3. List of National and International Companies:.........................................................................................................19

3.1 International:.......................................................................................................................................................19
3.2 National:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21

4.References..................................................................................................................................................................21
 2

Part-1
1. Technological Advancements In R&AC

1.1 History of Refrigeration and Air conditioning:

Evaporative cooling:
Since prehistoric times, snow and ice were used for cooling. The business of harvesting ice
during winter and storing for use in summer became popular towards the late 17th century.
Ancient Egypt and Persia:
The basic concept behind air conditioning is said to have been applied in ancient Egypt, where
reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of water
cooled the air blowing through the window. This process also made the air more humid, which
can be beneficial in a dry desert climate. Techniques in medieval Persia involved the use of
cisterns and wind towers to cool buildings during the hot season. They called this wind tower as
shown in fig 1.

Fig 1. Wind tower

Ancient Rome:
In ancient Rome, water from aqueducts was circulated through the walls of certain houses to cool
them. Rome was one of the first cities to influence the air within buildings.
Ancient China:
The 2nd-century Chinese mechanical engineer and inventor Ding Huan of the Han Dynasty
invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually
powered by prisoners of the time. In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (712–762) of the Tang Dynasty
(618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Tian) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin
describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet
 3

streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song Dynasty (960–1279), written
sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.
Mechanical cooling:
Experimentation
1. In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at Cambridge
University, conducted an experiment to explore the principle of evaporation as a means to
rapidly cool an object. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that evaporation of highly volatile
liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an
object past the freezing point of water. They conducted their experiment with the bulb of
a mercury thermometer as their object and with a bellows used to speed up the
evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7
°F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that, soon after they
passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of
the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4in) thick when they
stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F).
2. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing
and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to
evaporate.
3. In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he
used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to
eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings. He even
envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Though his prototype
leaked and performed irregularly, Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851 for his ice-making
machine. Though his process improved the artificial production of ice, his hopes for its
success vanished soon afterwards when his chief financial backer died and Gorrie did not get
the money he needed to develop the machine. According to his biographer, Vivian M.
Sherlock, he blamed the "Ice King", Frederic Tudor, for his failure, suspecting that Tudor had
launched a smear campaign against his invention. Dr. Gorrie died impoverished in 1855, and
the dream of commonplace air conditioning went away for 50 years.

Fig 2. Gorrie's Machine

First Mechanical Ice Machine:
James Harrison produced a first mechanical ice-making machine began operation in 1851 on the
banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong (Australia). His first commercial ice-
making machine followed in 1853, and his patent for an ether vapor compression refrigeration
system was granted in 1855. This novel system used a compressor to force the refrigeration gas
to pass through a condenser, where it cooled down and liquefied. The liquefied gas then
circulated through the refrigeration coils and vaporized again, cooling down the surrounding
system. The machine produced 3,000 kilograms of ice per day.

Electromechanical cooling and Modern Air conditioning:

In 1902, the first modern electrical air conditioning unit was invented by Willis Carrier in
Buffalo, New York as shown in fig 3. After graduating from Cornell University, Carrier found a
job at the Buffalo Forge Company. While there, he began experimenting with air conditioning as
a way to solve an application problem for the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing
Company in Brooklyn, New York. The first air conditioner, designed and built in Buffalo by
Carrier, began working on 17 July 1902. Carrier's invention controlled not only temperature but
also humidity. Carrier used his knowledge of the heating of objects with steam and reversed the
process. Instead of sending air through hot coils, he sent it through cold coils (filled with cold
water). The air was cooled, and thereby the amount of moisture in the air could be controlled,
which in turn made the humidity in the room controllable.

Fig 3. Carrier's First chiller

The first private home to have air conditioning was built in Minneapolis in 1914, owned by
Charles Gates. Realizing that air conditioning would one day be a standard feature of private
homes, particularly in regions with warmer climate, David St. Pierre DuBose (1898-
1994) designed a network of ductwork and vents for his home Meadowmont.
In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts invented a portable, in-window air conditioner
that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.
Heating:
Heating was done in cold climates in all over the world by burning fire, while later stoves were
produced which were more efficient. Chimneys were used in houses in Europe and furnaces were
built in the basements with radiating systems placed in the houses for heating. Rome’s hypocaust
system was primarily used to heat the public bathhouses and saunas. A hypocaust would push
heated air through a system of air ducts and under raised floors to heat a room.

Fig 4. Roman hypocaust

Initially many countries used to use stove built of bricks or fuller’s earth. Fahrenheit invented
the first mercury thermometer. The first ventilator using centrifugal fan was made.
The era saw a series of important inventions that changed the lifestyle of the people of the whole
world. Benjamin Franklin invented the very first stove which is supposed to be known as the
first steam heating system. Then a series of some vital discoveries by Joseph Black including
latent heat changed the way heat and temperature was perceived. James Watt brought a
revolution by inventing the steam engine. A stove with a furnace for heating air was used in
England. This arrangement had system of pipes which could heat up even big factories. Today
that arrangement is known as direct fired heat exchangers.
Heat developed from friction was considered a form of vibrations. Hot water heating systems
were used for large commercial and public buildings. Also, the first warm furnace is developed.
Houses with water spray system to humidifying and cooling were used. Supply air and exhaust
air systems started to be driven by steam engines.
1.2 Advancements in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning:
Despite advancements in cooling technologies, these systems were too large and expensive for
homes. Building off refrigeration technology, Frigidaire introduced a new split-system room
cooler to the marketplace in 1929 that was small enough for home use and shaped like a radio
cabinet. However, the system was heavy, expensive and required a separate, remotely controlled
condensing unit.
General Electric's Frank Faust improved on this design, developing a self-contained room cooler,
and General Electric ended up producing 32 similar prototypes from 1930 to 1931.
Home cooling systems got smaller after H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman filed a patent for an
air conditioning unit that could be placed on a window ledge. The units hit the market in 1932
but were not widely purchased due to their high cost.
Engineer Henry Galson went on to develop a more compact, inexpensive version of the window
air conditioner and set up production lines for several manufacturers. By 1947, 43,000 of these
systems were sold and, for the first time, homeowners could enjoy air conditioning without
having to make expensive upgrades.

HVAC systems:
HVAC stands for “Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning” and as the name indicates it is a
system that can simultaneously provide heat, air ventilation and air conditioning to a building
when installed.
HVAC systems takes advantage of a filtration system that helps it run smoothly and eliminates
airborne contaminates. The level of filtration will depend on the quality of filter used and the
efficiency of the system installed. Most filters will at least limit the amount of dust circulating
through the air, while the more advanced filters will reduce and remove:
Odors
Bacteria
Allergens
Contaminates
They also keep your living space between 73 and 79 degrees Fahrenheit during hot summer
months, and between 68 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit during cold winter months. Those in the
HVAC trade refer to these temperatures as optimal comfort zones.
Heating and cooling systems also limit humidity. Too little or too much humidity in any given
area can create discomfort. HVAC systems keep humidity between 25 and 45 percent to create
an optimal living environment.
One of the last ways HVAC systems create comfort is by circulating the air in a given space as
shown in fig 5. When the air stops moving, it can become stale and unpleasant. These systems
maintain constant air movement, which keeps air fresh.

Fig 5. An HVAC system

Efficiency Standards Drive Improvements:

As air conditioning use soared in the 1970s, the energy crisis hit. In response, lawmakers passed
laws to reduce energy consumption across the board. Since 1992, the Energy Department has
issued conservation standards for manufacturers of residential central air conditioners and heat
pumps. The initial standard is expected to net about $29 billion in energy bill savings from 1993
to 2023. The program has already driven huge efficiency improvements in new air conditioning
technology that has helped consumers save energy and money. In fact, new air conditioners
today use about 50 percent less energy than they did in 1990.
Environment friendly systems:
Since the current and older refrigerants had harmful effects on ozone layer and were a huge
factor in global warming so to counter that non-vapor compression technology, which doesn't
use HFCs that harm the environment, is being developed. It’s estimated that non-vapor
compression technologies could reduce energy consumption by 50 percent.
Green Energy systems:
There has been huge increase in using green and renewable energy for R&AC systems such as
Geothermal
Just below the surface of the Earth, water remains a constant temperature year-round. Through a
series of pumps and tubes, a geothermal HVAC system can move coolant from wells buried
underground to heat or cool the inside of a home. On cold days, the coolant in the underground
wells absorbs the Earth’s heat and transmits it into the home. On warm days, the coolant absorbs
warmth from the home and cools it via the underground wells.
Solar
Solar HVAC systems warm homes with natural heat provided by the sun. Passive solar heating
systems use a forced-air system to push thermal heat through the home. The heat is stored and
released in the home’s floors, walls, and windows.
Active solar heating systems use solar cells to convert the sun’s energy into electricity. The
electricity is then used to power HVAC systems.
Wind
Wind heating systems harness wind power to run HVAC systems. The wind creates a magnetic
force that in turn creates heat. As the magnets move, water pumps into a heated pipe. The heated
water then moves throughout the home to create a comfortable environment.
Variable Refrigerant Flow
Perhaps the first important development in HVAC was variable refrigerant flow (VRF). This
allows you to heat and cool different parts of your building to different extents. It has been
particularly useful for large properties and for homes where one part is in the shade but another
in direct sunlight.
Thermally-Driven AC
Thermally-driven air conditioning is currently only available in Australia, but it is likely to hit
markets in the U.S. in a few years. By using a combination of solar energy and natural gas,
thermally-driven AC requires no electricity. Better still, it cools air better than any system
invented yet.
Ice-Powered AC
Ice-powered air conditioning works by freezing a tank of water overnight and using the ice to
cool the building the next day. Still, in its early stages, it is currently sufficient to cool
commercial buildings for up to six hours, after which users need to switch to their regular AC
system.
Automobile Applications
Methods for cooling the rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) in electric and hybrid
electric vehicles responsive to outdoor temperatures are being produced. Heating,
ventilation and air conditioning systems within vehicles may be able to provide better
temperature control of the right and left sides of a vehicle to correct for heat created by
sunlight. This has been shown in fig 6.
 Fig 6. Automobile AC

1.3 Clean Rooms

Introduction:
A cleanroom or clean room is an environment, typically used in manufacturing, including of
pharmaceutical products or scientific research, as well as aerospace semiconductor engineering
applications with a low level of environmental pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes,
aerosol particles, and chemical vapors.
Overview:
The air entering a cleanroom from outside is filtered to exclude dust, and the air inside
is constantly recirculated through high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and/or ultra-
low particulate air (ULPA) filters to remove internally generated contaminants.
Staff enter and leave through airlocks (sometimes including an air shower stage), and wear
protective clothing such as hoods, face masks, gloves, boots, and coveralls.
Equipment inside the cleanroom is designed to generate minimal air contamination. Only special
mops and buckets are used. Cleanroom furniture is designed to produce a minimum of particles
and is easy to clean.
Common materials such as paper, pencils, and fabrics made from natural fibers are often excluded,
and alternatives used. Cleanrooms are not sterile (i.e., free of uncontrolled microbes) only airborne
particles are controlled. Particle levels are usually tested using a particle counter and
microorganisms detected and counted through environmental monitoring methods.
Working:
Cleanrooms maintain particulate-free air through the use of either HEPA or ULPA filters
employing laminar or turbulent air flow principles. Laminar, or unidirectional, air flow systems
direct filtered air downward or in horizontal direction in a constant stream towards filters located
on walls near the cleanroom floor or through raised perforated floor panels to be recirculated.
Laminar air flow systems are typically employed across 80% of a cleanroom ceiling to maintain
constant air processing. Stainless steel or other non-shedding materials are used to construct
laminar air flow filters and hoods to prevent excess particles entering the air. Turbulent, or non-
unidirectional, air flow uses both laminar air flow hoods and nonspecific velocity filters to keep
air in a cleanroom in constant motion, although not all in the same direction. The rough air seeks
to trap particles that may be in the air and drive them towards the floor, where they enter filters
and leave the cleanroom environment. US FDA and EU have laid down guidelines and limit for
microbial contamination which is very stringent to ensure freedom from microbial contamination
in pharmaceutical products. Some cleanroom HVAC systems control the humidity to low levels,
such that extra equipment ("ionizers") is necessary to prevent electrostatic discharge problems.
Classifications and Standards:
Cleanrooms are classified according to the number and size of particles permitted per volume of
air. Large numbers like "class 100" or "class 1000" refer to FED-STD-209E, and denote the
number of particles of size 0.5 µm or larger permitted per cubic foot of air.

Small numbers refer to ISO 14644-1 standards, which specify the decimal logarithm of the
number of particles 0.1 µm or larger permitted per m3 of air. So, for example, an ISO class 5
3
cleanroom has at most 105 particles/m .
Both FS 209E and ISO 14644-1 assume log-log relationships between particle size and particle
concentration as it has been mentioned in fig 7.

Fig 7. Classification of Cleanrooms

1.4 HEPA Filters:
Introduction:
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) originally called high-efficiency particulate absorber but
also sometimes called high-efficiency particulate arresting or high-efficiency particulate
resistance, is a type of air filter.
Filters meeting the HEPA standard have many applications, including use in medical facilities,
automobiles, aircraft and homes. The filter must satisfy certain standards of efficiency such as
those set by the United States Department of Energy (DOE).
To qualify as HEPA by US government standards, an air filter must remove (from the air that
passes through) 99.97% of particles that have a size of 0.3 µm.
HEPA was commercialized in the 1950s, and the original term became a registered trademark
and later a generic term for highly efficient filters.

Fig 8. HEPA filter

Working and Construction:

HEPA filters are composed of a mat of randomly arranged fibres. The fibres are typically
composed of fiberglass and possess diameters between 0.5 and 2.0 micrometers. Key factors
affecting its functions are fibre diameter, filter thickness, and face velocity. The air space between
HEPA filter fibres is typically much greater than 0.3 μm. Unlike membrane filters at this pore
size, where particles as wide as the largest opening or distance between fibres cannot pass in
between them at all, HEPA filters are designed to target much smaller pollutants and
particles. These particles are trapped (they stick to a fibre) through a combination of
the following three mechanisms:
Interception
where particles following a line of flow in the air stream come within one radius of a fiber
and adhere to it. It has been shown in fig 8.
Impaction
where larger particles are unable to avoid fibers by following the curving contours of the air
stream and are forced to embed in one of them directly; this effect increases with diminishing
fiber separation and higher air flow velocity. Refer to fig 8. for better understanding
Diffusion
An enhancing mechanism that is a result of the collision with gas molecules by the smallest
particles, especially those below 0.1 µm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in
their path through the filter; this behavior is similar to Brownian motion and raises the
probability that a particle will be stopped by either of the two mechanisms above; this
mechanism becomes dominant at lower air flow velocities.

Standards and Classifications:

HEPA filters, as defined by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) standard adopted by
most American industries, remove at least 99.97% of airborne particles 0.3 micrometers (µm) in
diameter. The specification usually used in the European Union is the European Norm EN
1822:2009.
 Table 1. HPA Filters

HEPA class retention (total) retention (local)

E10 > 85% ---

E11 > 95% ---

E12 > 99.5% ---

H13 > 99.95% > 99.75%

H14 > 99.995% > 99.975%

U15 > 99.9995% > 99.9975%

U16 > 99.99995% > 99.99975%

U17 > 99.999995% > 99.9999%

1.5 Magnetic Radiation:

Some classes of materials, called Magnetocaloric Materials (MCM), heat up when immersed in a
magnetic field and cool down when removed from it, almost instantaneously. The phenomenon,
known as Magnetocaloric Effect (MCE), was discovered by E. Warburg in 1881. In 1933, W.
Giauque was the first to use the Magnetocaloric Effect (MCE) in a magnetocaloric system that
reached a very low temperature (0.25K). W. Giauque received a Nobel Prize in 1949. In 1997,
the Ames Laboratory implemented a proof-of-concept using Gadolinium. Reacting at ambient
temperature (~20°C), the use of Gadolinium was a milestone for all developments of magnetic
refrigeration systems for commercial applications.

The Principle:

Magnetic refrigeration is based on the Magnetocaloric Effect (MCE). The MCE implies that the
temperature of suitable materials (Magnetocaloric Materials, MCM) increases when they are
exposed to a magnetic field and decreases when they are removed from it, that is, the effect
is reversible and almost instantaneous. Its principle has been shown in fig 9.
The temperature with the strongest effect (the Curie temperature) depends on the properties of
each material. The power generated by the system depends on the type of materials and their
characteristics (mass and shape).

Fig 9.
Magnetic Radiation

1.6 Nomenclature of Refrigerants:

Nomenclature:
The number assigned to each refrigerant is related to its chemical composition and the system
has been formalized as ASHRAE Standard 34. The numbering system rules are as follows:
1. The first digit on the right is the number of fluorine (F) atoms.
2. The second digit from the right is one more than the number of hydrogen (H) atoms.
3. The third digit from the right is one less than the number of carbon (C) atoms. When this
digit is zero it is omitted from the number.
4. The fourth digit from the right is equal to the number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in
the compound. When this digit is zero, it is omitted from the number.
5. The number of chlorine (Cl) atoms is found by subtracting the sum of the fluorine (F),
bromine (Br - if present) and hydrogen (H) atoms from the total number that can be attached to
carbon. With one carbon, the total number of attached atoms is four. With two carbons, the total
number is six and with three carbons, the total number is eight.
6. In some cases, part or all of the chlorine atoms are replaced with bromine and the letter B
is used in the number. The number following the letter B shows the number of bromine atoms
present.
7. Blends are designated by their respective refrigerant numbers and weight proportions. rest
of text okay, add this. To differentiate among blends having same components with different
proportions, an uppercase letter shall be added to designation. For example, R-402A and R-
402B.
8.Zeotropic blends that have been commercialized shall be assigned an identifying number in
the 400 series. This number designates which components are in the mixture but not the
amount of each. The amount of each component is designated as described in 7 above. For
example, the 60/40 weight % mixture of R-12 and R-114 would be R-400 (60/40).
8. Azeotropic compounds that have been commercialized shall be assigned an identifying
number in the 500 series. It is not necessary to cite the percentages parenthetically once a
500 series is assigned.
9. The 600 series have been assigned to miscellaneous organic compounds. Within the organic
600 series, the assignments are serial.
11. The 700 series have been assigned to inorganic compounds with relative molecular
masses less than 100. Within the 700 series, the relative molecular mass of the compounds is
added to
700 to arrive at the identifying refrigerant numbers. When two or more inorganic refrigerants
have the same relative molecular masses, uppercase letters (i.e., A, B, C, etc.) are added to
distinguish among them.
12. The 1000 series has been assigned to unsaturated organic compounds.

Fig 9. Nomenclature Example

 PART-2

2. Application of Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning:
Separation of gases:

(i) Separation of air into its constituents by fractional distillation. Air is liquefied at -1910C.
Liquefaction temperature of Nitrogen is -1860C and that of oxygen is -1960C.
(ii) Separation of gases in the petroleum industry (Refinery). Lowest temperature needed is
-1600C and the cooling capacity needed are 10000 tons of refrigeration.

Condensation of gases:

Synthetic ammonia plants condense ammonia gas with temperatures between -20 0C to +100C
before storage or before shipment.

Dehumidification of air:

(i) Low humidity is essential for the production of pure oxygen.

(ii)Low humidity is essential in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, a soap, detergents and
cosmetics.

Solidification of a solute:

(i) De-waxing of oil in the petroleum industry is at about -25 0C. Low Pressure Storage in Liquid
Form:
(ii) Storing of gases in liquid form permits many times storage than in the gaseous state i.e.
Natural gas is cooled to -1600C at 0.7 bars (gauge).

Process cooling:
Variety of processes fall under this category i.e. to cool wax to -250C to harden it on paper.

Removal of Heat of Reaction:

Many chemical reactions are exothermic (as mentioned below) but these must take place at
temperatures below atmospheric temperature. Therefore, refrigeration is required to remove the
heat of reaction.

(i) In the manufacture of viscous rayon

(ii) In the manufacture of Cellulose acetate
(iii)In the manufacture of synthetic rubber
Recovery of solvents:
Numerous solvents can be recovered for reuse by refrigeration
(i) acetone in film manufacture
(ii) CCl4 in textile manufacture
(iii) CS2 in rubber manufacture

Control of Fermentation:
Heat is generated during fermentation and must be removed otherwise temperature will rise
beyond control i.e. refrigeration maintains 5 to 100C
(i) In the manufacture of alcohol in a brewery
(ii) In t5he manufacture of penicillin

Cooling for preservation:

Following will live longer if stored between 5 to 150C
(i) natural rubber
(ii) drugs
(iii) explosives

Preservation of Dairy Products:

Refrigeration can maintain quality and taste.

(i) Milk 2 to 50C

(ii) Ice cream -250C
(iii) Butter 00C
(iv) Cheese 00C

Meat and poultry products:

(i) -250C in the frozen state
(ii) 10C for long storage
(iii) Fish at -150C

Beverages:
Taste is improved on serving while cold

Juice Concentration:
Its water is boiled off while working at vacuum and low temperature -170C
(i) Orange juice
(ii) Apple juice
(iii)Grape juice
(iv) Pine apple juice etc.

Candy manufacture:
Chocolate and pastry maintain quality and prevent stickiness at temperatures of 5 to 100C
Food storage and distribution:
(i) Frozen meat and vegetables -15 to -27 0C
(ii) Cold storages 00C
(iii) Household fridges

Cold treatment of metals:

(i) The cutting tool can be increased many folds by refrigerating the tool for 15 minutes at
-1000C
(ii) Magnetic strength and stability of magnets can be improved by low temperature treatment at
-800C for 8 hours.
(iii) Hoop shrinking at low temperatures

Medical applications:

(i) Localized refrigeration as surgical anaesthesia to provide shock less surgery.

(ii) Blood plasma and antibiotics are manufactured using a method called freeze drying.
(iii) Deliveries taking place in air-conditioned rooms.
(iv) Dead bodies are preserved at -700C for few days.

Ice Skating Rinks: Artificial freezing of ice rinks and not depending on weather.

Construction work:

(i) Cooling of concrete by refrigeration prevents cracking especially in the constriction of dams.
(ii) Refrigeration cools soil to facilitate excavation.

Ice manufacturing: In ice plants

MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS:

(i) Birth of a child taking place in Air-Conditioned rooms

(ii) Dead bodies are stored for few days when their family members cannot be present in time

(iii) Blood preservation

3. List of National and International Companies:

3.1 International:

Whirlpool Corporation:
The Whirlpool Corporation is an American multinational manufacturer and marketer of home
appliances, headquartered in Benton Charter Township, Michigan, United States, near Michigan.
The Fortune 500 company has annual revenue of approximately $21 billion, 92,000 employees,
and more than 70 manufacturing and technology research centres around the world.

General Electric:
General Electric Appliances is an appliance company headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. It
is owned by Haier, a Chinese conglomerate. It is one of the largest appliance brands in the
United States and manufacturers appliances under the brands of GE, Profile, Cafe, Monogram,
and Hotpoint.
Samsung:
Samsung early products were electronic and electrical appliances including televisions,
calculators, refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines.

Sub-Zero Freezer Company:

The Sub-Zero Freezer Company was founded in 1945, by Westye F. Bakke
in Madison, Wisconsin. Westye Bakke is survived by his daughter Elaine. In 2000, they acquired
the domestic appliance line of the Wolf Range Corporation.

Walton Distributes:
Walton distributes 4,500 types and models of electric, electronic, and automotive goods that it
imports, assembles, or manufactures. As of 2017 handsets it assembles in China had captured
5% of the mobile phone market in Bangladesh. In 2015, it manufactured 80% of the
refrigerators, 30% of the televisions, and 6% of the motorcycles sold in Bangladesh. It also has
the capacity to manufacture 300,000 air conditioners a year.

Electrolux:
Electrolux is a Swedish multinational home appliance manufacturer, headquartered
in Stockholm. It is consistently ranked the world's second largest appliance maker by units sold
(after Whirlpool).

Panasonic:
Panasonic was founded in 1918 as a producer of lightbulb sockets and has grown to become one
of the largest Japanese electronics producers alongside Sony, Hitachi, Toshiba and Canon Inc. In
addition to electronics, it offers non-electronic products and services such as home renovation
services.
Mitsubishi Electric:
Corporation is a Japanese multinational electronics and electrical equipment manufacturing
company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of the core companies of Mitsubishi.
Mitsubishi Electric manufactures electric and architectural equipment, and is a major worldwide
producer of photovoltaic panels. The corporation was established on 15 January 1921. In the
United States, products are manufactured and sold by Mitsubishi Electric United States
headquartered in Cypress, California.

SIEMENS AG:
It is a German conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest
industrial manufacturing company in Europe with branch offices abroad. Siemens and its
subsidiaries employ approximately 372,000 people worldwide and reported global revenue of
around €83 billion in 2017 according to its earnings release.

3.2 National:

DAEWOO Electronics:
It is a home electronics company. Established in 1971, it has since grown into a global business
with more than 64 production sites, research and development and sales centres in more than 40
countries worldwide.

PEL:
PEL was founded in 1956 through technical collaboration with AEG. In 1978, PEL was acquired
by Saigol Group and was taken public a decade later. Over the years, PEL has formed alliances
with several international giants, including General Electric, Fujitsu and Hitachi. The company
also became the sole distributor of LG Corporation's home appliances in 2009. PEL operates in
two segments - power and appliances. The former includes manufacturing of transformers, grid
stations and energy meters among other goods, while the latter division deals in making,
assembling and distribution of home appliances like refrigerators and air conditioner.
.
Dawlance:
Dawlance is a Pakistani manufacture of major home appliance's based in Karachi. Founded in
1980, it was acquired by Istanbul based Arçelik in 2016. Dawlance has three factories, two sites
in Karachi and one in Hyderabad, with a total of 4,000 employees.[3] It manufacture's washing
machines, freezers, split air conditioner and microwave oven's. In 2015, Dawlance had revenues
of $220.6 million selling product's in Pakistan and Middle East. Similarly, its EBITDA earnings
amounted to $45 million. It has 37 branches in addition to 750-plus franchises across the country.

Haiers:
Corporation is a Chinese collective multinational consumer electronics and home
appliances company headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong province, China. It designs, develops,
manufactures and sells products including air conditioners, mobile
phones, computers, microwave ovens, washing machines, refrigerators, and televisions.

GREE Electrics:
Gree Electrics Appliances Inc. of Zhuhai is a Chinese major appliance manufacturer
headquartered in Zhuhai, Guangdong province. It is the world's largest residential air-conditioner
manufacturer. The Company offers two types of air conditioner: household air conditioners and
commercial air conditioners. The Company also provides electric fans, water dispensers, heaters,
rice cookers, air purifiers, water kettles, humidifiers and induction cookers, among others. The
Company distribute its products within China’s domestic market and to overseas markets under
the brand name of Gree.

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