Polytechnic University of the University

COLLEGE OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES

Sta. Mesa, Manila

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Research

Documentation

Leader:

Inocencio, Roni Angelie

Members:

Cuevas, RrjerJahj

Masotes, Gerald

Villegas, Jessica Faye

BSCS 1-1

Asst. Prof. Melvin C. Roxas

October 2019

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. DEFINITION …………………………………………...………………………………………. 3
II. BACKGROUND
a. Brief History ……………………...………………………………………………. 3
b. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 4
c. Origin ……………………………………………………………………………... 4
III. FUNCTIONS …………………………………………………………………………..…. 4
IV. APPLICATION …………………………………………………………………………... 6
V. ILLUSTRATIONS ……………………………………………………………………...… 8
VI. FUTUREADVANCEMENTS …………………………………………………………… 13
VII. REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………….…………. 15

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 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICINE

DEFINITION:

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation
of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. It is the simulation of human
intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include
learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using
rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction. Particular applications
of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision. It has become an
essential part of the technology industry.

Artificial intelligence in medicine may be characterized as the scientific discipline

pertaining to research studies, projects, and applications that aim at supporting decision-
based medical tasks through knowledge- and/or data-intensive computer-based solutions that
ultimately support and improve the performance of a human care provider.

BACKGROUND

a. History

The 1980s and 1990s brought the proliferation of the microcomputer and new levels
of network connectivity. During this time, there was a recognition by researchers and
developers that AI systems in healthcare must be designed to accommodate the absence of
perfect data and build on the expertise of physicians. Approaches involving fuzzy set theory,
Bayesian networks, and artificial neural networks, have been applied to intelligent computing
systems in healthcare.

Medical and technological advancements occurring over this half-century period that
have enabled the growth healthcare-related applications of AI include:

 Improvements in computing power resulting in faster data collection and data

processing
 Increased volume and availability of health-related data from personal and
healthcare-related devices
 Growth of genomic sequencing databases
 Widespread implementation of electronic health record systems
 Improvements in natural language processing and computer vision, enabling
machines to replicate human perceptual processes
 Enhanced the precision of robot-assisted surgery

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 b. Introduction

AI in healthcare is the use of complex algorithms and software to emulate human

cognition in the analysis of complicated medical data. The primary aim of health-related AI
applications is to analyze relationships between prevention or treatment techniques and
patient outcomes. AI programs have been developed and applied to practices such as
diagnosis processes, treatment protocol development, drug development, personalized
medicine, and patient monitoring and care. Medical institutions such as The Mayo Clinic,
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and National
Health Service, have developed AI algorithms for their departments. Large technology
companies such as IBM and Google, and startups such as Welltok and Ayasdi, have also
developed AI algorithms for healthcare. Additionally, hospitals are looking to AI solutions to
support operational initiatives that increase cost saving, improve patient satisfaction, and
satisfy their staffing and workforce needs. Companies are developing predictive analytics
solutions that help healthcare managers improve business operations through increasing
utilization, decreasing patient boarding, reducing length of stay and optimizing staffing levels.

c. Origin

Research in the 1960s and 1970s produced the first problem-solving program, or
expert system, known as Dendral. Its primary aim was to study hypothesis formation and
discovery in science. For that, a specific task in science was chosen: help organic chemists
in identifying unknown organic molecules, by analyzing their mass spectra and using
knowledge of chemistry. The software program Dendral is considered the first expert system
because it automated the decision-making process and problem-solving behavior of organic
chemists. The project consisted of research on two main programs Heuristic Dendral and
Meta-Dendral, and several sub-programs. Many systems were derived from Dendral,
including MYCIN, MOLGEN, PROSPECTOR, XCON, and STEAMER.

FUNCTIONS

1. AI in Diagnosis
a. Image Analysis. IBM’s Watson was the first AI platform to enter the field of medical
research. Since then, Intel, Google and Microsoft have formed academic partnerships
for using AI to improve the imaging diagnostics in cancer screening, diabetic
retinopathy, heart diseases, epidemics, and neurological disorders. There are many
startups in this space: DeepGestalt uses AI to identify Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, which
causes facial abnormalities; NeuroView Diagnostics and Brainomix focus on stroke

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 diagnosis; MaxQ AI integrates patient data and the interpretation of medical images
such as CT scans to increase diagnostic accuracy; Aier Eye Hospital Group in
Chinaworks with Medimaging Integrated Solutions to screen patients for age-related
macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy; and Zhejiang University is working with
Zhejiang DE Image Solutions to test women for thyroid cancer.
b. Voice Recognition. Corti has developed a technology that helps emergency
dispatchers determine cardiac arrest based on the caller’s tone, spoken words and
background noises. The software is more accurate and faster in its decision-making
than humans, with a comparable error rate. Corti has started pilot studies in several
EU countries, the U.S. and Asia.

2. AI in Drug and Device R & D

a. Digital Twin. AI can work with IoT devices to create a virtual replicant (a digital twin)
of an organ for researchers. For example, Reuters has reported the development of a
digital twin of a human heart with electrical and physiological properties. Researchers
can run simulations on the digital twin to determine if a patient suffering from
congestive heart failure needs a pacemaker or an operation. This research model has
become part of a six-year clinical trial.
b. Data Mining. AI’s prowess in data mining can help accelerate drug development.
Ariana Pharma’s KEM® artificial intelligence technology has found that Alzheimer’s
patients with a specific genetic biomarker respond positively to the drug ANAVEX2-73,
thus enabling the drug’s development for this group of patients. In addition, Recursion
Pharmaceuticals is using AI to develop personalized medicine for Neurofibromatosis
type 2, a rare hereditary cancer.
c. Clinical Trials. Drug development is slow and expensive process because most
clinical trials recruit patients manually, often fail to enroll enough patients, and lose as
much as 30 percent of the patient data due to participant dropout rates.Challenges
also include patients not following treatment protocols and the often problematic data
collection process.
d. Bionics. In addition to helping with drug development, AI can assist in the design of
smarter prosthetics. For example, the mind-controlled arm developed by University of
Pittsburgh scientists can sense and react to pressure, Newcastle University
researchers have developed a hand with a camera sensor and software that can make
data-driven decisions, and Endolite Linx can sense the user’s body position and adjust
the person’s legs accordingly. AI can also help prosthetics interpret human intentions.
A new bionic hand developed by researchers at the Imperial College of London can

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 sense and analyze electrical signals from the amputee’s stump and instruct the bionic
hand to move accordingly.
3. AI in Operational Improvement

AI is helping doctors and hospitals re-engineer processes, triage patients, improve

quality, and engage employees.

APPLICATIONS

Here are 10 common ways AI is changing healthcare now and will in the future.

1. Managing Medical Records and Other Data

Since the first step in health care is compiling and analyzing information (like medical records
and other past history), data management is the most widely used application of artificial
intelligence and digital automation. Robots collect, store, re-format, and trace data to provide
faster, more consistent access.

2. Doing Repetitive Jobs

Analyzing tests, X-Rays, CT scans, data entry, and other mundane tasks can all be done
faster and more accurately by robots. Cardiology and radiology are two disciplines where the
amount of data to analyze can be overwhelming and time consuming. Cardiologists and
radiologists in the future should only look at the most complicated cases where human
supervision is useful.

3. Treatment Design

Artificial intelligence systems have been created to analyze data – notes and reports from a
patient’s file, external research, and clinical expertise – to help select the correct, individually
customized treatment path.

4. Digital Consultation

Apps like Babylon in the UK use AI to give medical consultation based on personal medical
history and common medical knowledge. Users report their symptoms into the app, which
uses speech recognition to compare against a database of illnesses. Babylon then offers a
recommended action, taking into account the user’s medical history.

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5. Virtual Nurses

The startup Sense.ly has developed Molly, a digital nurse to help people monitor patient’s
condition and follow up with treatments, between doctor visits. The program uses machine
learning to support patients, specializing in chronic illnesses.

In 2016, Boston Children’s Hospital developed an app for Amazon Alexa that gives basic
health information and advice for parents of ill children. The app answers asked questions
about medications and whether symptoms require a doctor visit.

6. Medication Management

The National Institutes of Health have created the AiCure app to monitor the use of medication
by a patient. A smartphone’s webcam is partnered with AI to autonomously confirm that
patients are taking their prescriptions and helps them manage their condition. Most common
users could be people with serious medical conditions, patients who tend to go against doctor
advice, and participants in clinical trials.

7. Drug Creation

Developing pharmaceuticals through clinical trials can take more than a decade and cost
billions of dollars. Making this process faster and cheaper could change the world. Amidst the
recent Ebola virus scare, a program powered by AI was used to scan existing medicines that
could be redesigned to fight the disease.

The program found two medications that may reduce Ebola infectivity in one day, when
analysis of this type generally takes months or years – a difference that could mean saving
thousands of lives.

8. Precision Medicine

Genetics and genomics look for mutations and links to disease from the information in DNA.
With the help of AI, body scans can spot cancer and vascular diseases early and predict the
health issues people might face based on their genetics.

9. Health Monitoring

Wearable health trackers – like those from FitBit, Apple, Garmin and others – monitors heart
rate and activity levels. They can send alerts to the user to get more exercise and can share
this information to doctors (and AI systems) for additional data points on the needs and habits
of patients.

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10. Healthcare System Analysis

In the Netherlands, 97% of healthcare invoices are digital. A Dutch company uses AI to sift
through the data to highlight mistakes in treatments, workflow inefficiencies, and helps area
healthcare systems avoid unnecessary patient hospitalizations.

These are just a sample of the solutions AI is offering the healthcare industry. As innovation
pushes the capabilities of automation and digital workforces, from providers like Novatio, more
solutions to save time, lower costs, and increase accuracy will be possible.

ILLUSTRATIONS

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FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS

Personal Health Virtual Assistant

In the present era, most people have access to a smartphone. They are likely to have their
virtual assistant on their mobile devices. Advanced AI algorithms power assistants like
Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri. When combined with healthcare apps, they will provide
massive value to the users.

Healthcare apps will act as a personal health assistant. They will also be used to provide
medication alerts, and human-like interactions will also be possible. AI as a personal assistant
will also help in assisting the patients when the clinical personnel is not available.

AI Improves The Quality Of Sleep

It has been proved that night of good night sleep is very important for better physical and
mental health. People who get sound sleep at night are happier, healthier, and more
productive during the day.

There are a lot of effective sleep gadgets in the market that help you sleep better at nights.
From AI-powered smart mattresses to baby monitors, sleep apps, AI technology is continually
working to improve the overall quality of sleep.

A healthcare company named AXA PPP created two lullabies; one by AI and other by humans.
With deep learning, the AI system could get a feel for rhythm and harmony resulting in a new
composition. This composition was then converted into a song with the help of a human, and
it can help you sleep better.

Medical Imaging Analysis

Another important field in healthcare which is using AI is radiology. AI systems can help with
diagnostic processes. It can examine medical images like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, etc. and
can provide feedback on what it thinks a human eye can miss.

Thus, medical imaging analysis becomes much more accurate and effective. It reduces the
chances of errors.

IBM Watson is a live example. In the field of oncology, it can provide clinicians with evidence-
based treatment options for the cancer patients based on the training provided by Memorial
Sloan Kettering (MSK) physicians.

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Precision Medicine

Genomic is the branch of molecular biology which deals with the structure, evolution, function,
and mapping of genomes. It looks for the links to disease from the information obtained from
the DNA.

When combined with AI, it is possible to spot cancer and some vascular diseases at a very
early stage. Moreover, it can predict the health issues the patients might face based on their
genes. Also, AI helps with medical parts machining thus reducing the chances of error in
operation.

Healthcare Bots

AI technology is also gaining traction in the customer service domain. The world is likely to
see healthcare bots very soon. Patients will be able to interact with these AI bots on the
website through a chat window or via telephone.

Healthcare bots will be used to schedule appointments with the patient’s healthcare provider.
These bots can help patients with their medication as well. They can also improve customer
service by offering 24 x 7 support.

These are some of the great things that AI can do. But it is not limited to that. As innovation
pushes the boundaries of healthcare, better solutions to save time, money, and efficiency will
be possible.

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REFERENCES

Definition

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare

Background

 https://www.journals.elsevier.com/artificial-intelligence-in-medicine
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare#History
 https://rowanalytics.com/blog-post/ai-in-medicine-a-historical-perspective/

Functions

 https://www.engineering.com/IOT/ArticleID/19150/The-Role-of-AI-in-Medicine.aspx

Application

 https://novatiosolutions.com/10-common-applications-artificial-intelligence-
healthcare/

Illustrations

 https://www.cognilytica.com/2019/02/07/infographic-8-ways-in-which-ai-is-
transforming-healthcare/
 https://cmte.ieee.org/futuredirections/2019/04/28/is-ai-in-healthcare-at-the-end-of-
the-rainbow/
 http://newsroom.gehealthcare.com/ethics-healthcare-arent-new-application-
important/
 https://hbr.org/2018/05/10-promising-ai-applications-in-health-care
 https://www.intelegain.com/ai-in-healthcare/?no_redirect=true

Future Advancements
 https://bjgp.org/content/68/668/143
 https://hackernoon.com/how-ai-is-transforming-the-future-of-healthcare-industry-
f6020cc18323

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