Introduction to

Programming
Concepts
Jhune Hay L. Mitra
Instructor 1
DCIT21
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
 an electronic device capable of performing complex computations in
a short time
 a fast electronic calculating machine that accepts input information,
processes it according to a list of internally stored instructions called a
program, and produces the resultant output information
 Program
 a set of instructions telling a computer what to do
 Programming
 the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract algorithms
using a particular programming language to produce a concrete
computer program
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
 Hardware
 the physical equipment of a computer system, including the
monitor, keyboard, central processing unit, and storage devices

 Software
 refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the
storage of a computer for some purpose
HARDWARE CONCEPTS
 Data representation
 conversion of images, letters and sounds into electrical signals

 Digital electronics
 manipulation of “on” and “off” signals to perform complex tasks
HARDWARE CONCEPTS
 Digital device
 works with discrete signals, such as 0 and 1

 Analog device
 works with continuous data
Digital data representation
How can a computer represent numbers using bits?
 “0” and “1” are also known as bits or binary digits
 The computer uses the binary number system which uses only
two digits: 0 and 1.
 A series of 0’s and 1’s results in a particular number much in the
same way we use the decimal number system
Decimal (Base 10) Binary Base 2

0 0000

1 0001

2 0010

3 0011

4 0100

5 0101 Digital Data

6 0110 representation
7 0111

8 1000

9 1001
Digital Data representation
A closer look on bits:

 How come 5 became 0101 when converted to

binary?
Digital Data representation
How then can a computer represent words and letters using bits?

 Bits
can also be used to represent character data. In this case,
computers makes use of 0 and 1 as a replacement to dashes
and dots.
Digital Data representation
Types of codes:
 ASCII
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange
 requires only seven bits for each character

 EBCDIC
 Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
 an alternative 8-bit code used by older IBM mainframe computers

 UNICODE
 uses 8, 16, or 32 bits providing codes for 65,000 characters (represent
the alphabets of multiple languages) and becoming popular
Digital Data
representation
Extended ASCII code
makes use of a series of 0’s and 1’s
to represent 256 characters
(including letters for uppercase and
lowercase, numbers, and symbols).
BITS AND BYTES
 BIT
 an abbreviation of binary digit
 Abbreviated as a lowercase “b”

 BYTE
 a collectio1n of bits (8 bits)
 abbreviated as an uppercase “B”
BITS AND BYTES
PREFIX ABBREVIATION VALUE

Kilo K 210
Mega M 220
Giga G 230
Tera T 240
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
How are bits stored and transferred from one point to another?
 Since most computers are electronic devices, bits take the form
of electrical pulses traveling over the circuits. All circuits, chips,
and mechanical components forming a computer are designed
to work with bits.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
 Basic parts of a computer

Processor
or CPU
Input Output
Devices Devices
Computer

Memory
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
 Input devices
 are machines that generate input for the computer, such as keyboard and
mouse.

 Processor or CPU (Central Processing Unit)

 is the central electronic chip that controls the processes in the computer
 determines the processing power of the computer

 Output devices
 are machines that display information from the computer, such as monitor,
speaker, and printer

 Memory
 is the part of the computer that stores applications, documents, and
systems operating information
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
 Input devices
 are machines that generate input for the computer, such as keyboard and
mouse.

 Processor or CPU (Central Processing Unit)

 is the central electronic chip that controls the processes in the computer
 determines the processing power of the computer

 Output devices
 are machines that display information from the computer, such as monitor,
speaker, and printer

 Memory
 is the part of the computer that stores applications, documents, and
systems operating information
SOFTWARE CONCEPTS
What is a software?
 computer instructions or data

 anything that can be stored electronically

 computer programs, modules (support and data) working together

providing computers with instructions and data for certain task (e.g.
word processing, internet browsing)
SOFTWARE BASICS
Terminologies:

 Computer program (or “program”)

 an organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the computer
to behave in a predetermined manner.

 Support module
 an auxiliary set of instructions used in conjunction with the main software
program

 Data module
 contains data (not supplied by the user) necessary for the execution of
certain task.
SOFTWARE BASICS
SOFTWARE BASICS
Data vs. Software

the term “software” is always associated to all non-

 Before,
hardware components of a computer.

 However, modern definitions made it clear that all documents,

spreadsheets and even downloaded materials from the net are
now classified as data.
SOFTWARE BASICS
 Source code
 Code written by the programmer
 Object code
 machine language representation
 of the source code
 Linker
 creates the executable code
 combines program object code, object code from library routines
and any other required system code into one addressable machine
language file
SOFTWARE BASICS
Application Software vs. System Software

 Application software
 are computer programs that are used to accomplish specific or
specialized tasks for computer users

 System software
 helps the computer carry out its basic operating functions.
 Computer User

computer user instructs

the application program
to print a document

Application
Software
(Microsoft Word)

application software
makes a request to the
system software to print
the document

SOFTWARE BASICS
System Software
(Operating System,
Device Drivers)

system software controls

the printer as the
document is printed

Hardware
(Computer, Printer)
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
 Software Development Life Cycle
 a methodology that is typically used to develop, maintain, and
replace information systems for improving the quality of the software
design and development process
 Importance of SDLC
 In order to create systems that are good in design
 It serves as a guide in systems development
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Five phases of SDLC

 Planning

 Analysis

 Design

 Implementation

 Maintenance
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Planning Phase
 the initial stage in the SDLC that has to be performed
 includes the information about the requirements for the proposed
software
 known as the feasibility study phase
“In the first phase of the SDLC,
the organization’s total information
system needs are identified, analyzed,
prioritized, and arranged.”
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Analysis Phase
 requires the analyst to thoroughly study the
current procedures or software used to execute
tasks in an organization
 the main goal in this phase is to identify the
requirements for a new software or simply change
several aspects in the current working system
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Design Phase

 during this phase, the developer of the software translates the result
of the previous phase into actual design or specifications of the
software
 development of the software involves covering the input and output
screens to reports, databases, and computer process
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Implementation Phase
 Coding
 creation of the actual program
 Testing
 both programmer and analyst submits the software to various
“quality testing” to discover if there are any bugs within the
software
 Installation
 after coding and testing is done, the actual software must be
installed and slowly or completely replaces the old software
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Maintenance Phase

used to make necessary patches to

remove found errors
where the software is systematically
repaired and improved based on errors or
possible new requirements found
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Waterfall SDLC
Suggests that prior to proceeding to next
phase, the current phase should be
finished first.
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Modified waterfall
allows overlap PLANNING

between phases ANALYSIS

DESIGN

IMPLEMENTATION

MAINTENANCE

Iterative SDLC
allows phases to repeat, if necessary
ANALYZE ANALYZE
PLANNING DESIGN DESIGN MAINTAIN SYSTEM
IMPLEMENT IMPLEMENT
Homework