Energy







Conversion

Ruben J. Dichoso
Instructor 



 DYNAMO

Prime movers – provides

mechanical energy to drives the
Dynamo – is a rotating generator.
machine used for continuous a) internal combustion engine
conversion of mechanical (ICE)
energy into electrical energy b) steam turbine
and vise versa, electrical c)hydraulic turbine
energy into mechanical
energy. Turbines – a rotor device whose
blade rotate its wheel by the
water-jet pressure or super heated
steam
FUNDAMENTALS OF AC GENERATOR

MAGNETIC INDUCTION is the process of inducing

an emf in a coil whenever the coil is placed in a
magnetic field and motion exists between the coil and
the magnetic lines of flux. This is true if either the coil
or the magnetic field moves, as long as the coil is
caused to cut across magnetic flux lines.

The ROTATING ARMATURE-ALTERNATOR is

essentially a loop rotating through a stationary
magnetic fealties cutting action of the loop through
the magnetic field generates ac in the loop. This ac is
removed from the loop by means of slip rings and
applied to an external load.

The ROTATING-FIELD ALTERNATOR has a

stationary armature and a rotating field. High voltages
can be generated in the armature and applied to the
load directly, without the need of slip rings and
brushes.
The low dc voltage is applied to the rotor field by
means of slip rings, but this does not introduce any
insulation problems.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF AC GENERATOR
Alternator Operation:

The operation of an alternator is somewhat different than the dc

generator. An alternator has a rotating magnet (rotor) which causes the
magnetic lines of force to rotate with it. These lines of force are cut by the
stationary (stator) windings in the alternator frame, as the rotor turns with the
magnet rotating the N and S poles to keep changing positions. When S is up and N
is down, current flows in one direction, but when N is up and S is down, current
flows in the opposite direction. This is called alternating current as it
changes direction twice for each complete revolution. If the rotor speed were
increased to 60 revolutions per second, it would produce 60-cycle alternating
current.
Alternator Output Control

A voltage regulator controls alternator output by changing the amount

of current flow through the rotor windings. Any change in rotor winding current
changes the strength of the magnetic field acting on the stator windings. In this
way, the voltage regulator can maintain a pre- set charging voltage. The three
basic types of voltage regulators are as follow: Contact point voltage regulator,
mounted away from the alternator in the engine compartment Electronic voltage
regulator, mounted away from the alternator in the engine compartment
Electronic voltage regulator, mounted on the back or inside the alternator.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF AC GENERATOR

The contact point voltage regulator uses a coil, set of points,

and resistors that limits system voltage. The electronic or
solid state regulators have replaced this older type. For
operation, refer to the "Regulation of Generator Output"
section.

The electronic voltage regulators use an electronic circuit to

control rotor field strength and alternator output. It is a
sealed unit and is not repairable. The electronic circuit
must be sealed to prevent damage from moisture,
excessive heat, and vibration. A rubber like gel surrounds
the circuit for protection.

An integral voltage regulator is mounted inside or on the rear

of the alternator. This is the most common type used on
modern vehicles. It is small, efficient, dependable, and
composed of integrated circuits.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF AC GENERATOR

THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR
In THREE-PHASE ALTERNATORS
CONNECTIONS
the windings have voltages
may be delta or wye connections
generated in them which are 120°
depending on the application. The ac
out of phase. Three-phase
power aboard ship is usually taken from
alternators are most often used to
the ship's generators through delta
generate ac power.
connections, for the convenience of
step-down transformers.
 DC GENERATOR

Faraday’s Law of electro- E = N (dǾ/dt) in volts

magnetic induction. INDUCTION- is occur between
“A straight electric conductor or a coil of the magnet and the conductors
wires cutting across a magnetic lines of even there is no physical
force” connection.
a) produces a magnetic field around the
conductor which
b) produces Potential Difference between
the ends of the conductor or coil of wires
and
c) The magnitude of the generated
voltage across a coil of wire equals the
number of turns in the coil times the rate
of change of the magnetic flux.

 DC GENERATOR

THEORY IN OPERATION OF DC
DC Generator GENERATOR
• presence of constant supply of
Continuous conversion of magnetic lines of force
• a revolving armature conductor
mechanical energy into
• an interaction between the
electrical energy moving conductors and the
stationary part………..before
voltage are generated.
 DC GENERATOR

The Generator output depends

on
Magnetic field strength
Speed at which it is driven
Number of conductors

Average voltage generated per

conductor
At a constant speed
In a uniformly dense magnetic field and
At the rate of 1 x 10 exp -8
maxwells per second

Eg = [(PZNǾ)/ (60 a )] x 10 exp -8 volts

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A DYNAMO
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A DYNAMO
 ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A DYNAMO

1. Magnetic Circuit – is made up of 3. Pole Shoes – have greater

poles, armature core, air gap and field cross-section than the pole core.
yoke.

2. Poles – provide the flux that will pass 4. Field Yoke – acts as a return path
through the air gap and the armature. for flux and mechanical support for
the frame.
 ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A DYNAMO

5. Armature assembly – the rotating 7. Air gap – the space between the
parts of the generator and its main poles faces and the armature surface.
parts; core, armature windings and 8. Teeth and slots
commutator and the shaft and the - are located on the armature
shaft. surfaces to receive the
6. Armature core – a stack of steel insulated copper armature winding.
lamination that are circular in cross- - to attain less changes in reluctant
section, must be laminated steel to between pole faces
limit the eddy current loss.
 ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A DYNAMO

9. Armature Winding – the most important part 12. Brush Assembly –consists of a set
of the generator for its, the voltage is of brush holders, that are bolted
generated or where the torque is develop. to the yoke and carbon brushes.
10. Commutator – conversions of AC induced 13. Carbon Brushes – made of
voltage to DC voltages. carbon or metal graphite which
11. Field Coils – these are spools of conductors are fitted in brush holders and a
carrying DC that provide flux needed for the
dynamo excitation and it is connected in
stiff spring presses it against the
such away that the adjacent poles are of commutation face.
different polarity.
 DC GENERATOR

LEFT HAND RULE for

GENERATOR ACTION

“The extended forefinger, thumbs

and the center finger of the left
hand which are mutually
perpendicular with each other, will
point in the direction of the
magnetic flux,
direction of the cutting motion of
the conductor,
and in the direction of the
induced current respectively”.
 DC ROTATING MACHINES

DC GENERATOR

SEPARATELY EXCITED SELF-EXCITED

SHUNT COUMPOUND SERIES

SHUNT
COMPOUND

COMMULATIVE DIFFERENTIAL

SHORT-SHUNT C LONG-SHUNT
 TYPES OF DC GENERATORS

1. SEPARATELY EXCITED
GENERATOR

- its shunt field winding is

connected in outside DC source
(battery).

- used where voltages are likely

variable, like in laboratory
experiment and communication
radar.

2. SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

- its initial excitation is achieved by

utilizing the residual magnetism of
the field poles for the excitation.
 TYPES OF SELF-EXCITED DC
GENERATOR

1. SERIES SELF-EXCITED
DC GENERATOR

- its series field coil is
connected in series with
the armature.
- uses; constant current
application as in street
lighting, arc lighting and
booster in electrical
distribution system.
 TYPES OF SELF-EXCITED DC
GENERATOR

2. SHUNTSELF-EXCITED DC
GENERATOR

- its shunt field coil is

connected across the
armature.

- uses; constant voltage

application, such as
electric
welding, battery charger
and
lighting.
 TYPES OF SELF-EXCITED DC
GENERATOR

3. COMPOUND WOUND DC
GENERATOR

- have series and shunt field coil

which are connected either long
and short shunt

- its EMF generated is stable at

full-load and no load operation.

- uses; such as traction load,

where the loads changes all of a
sudden.
 TYPES OF COMPOUND DC GENERATOR

1. ACCORDING TO FIELD WINDING/ ARMATURE REACTION

COILS CONNECTION -effect of magnetic field set up
by the armature current or the
a. Long Shunt Compound DC induced current on the main field
Generator flux of the generator.
b. Short Shunt Compound DC
Generator Compensating Winding/
Interpole winding
2. ACCORDING TO THE FLUX - connected in series
DIRECTION with the armature to neutralize the
armature reaction.
a. Commulative Compound DC
Generator Percent Voltage Regulation
1. Under Compounded - a measure of how
2. Flat Compounded steady the output voltage is when the
3. Over Compounded load changes

b. Differential Compound DC (VNL – VRATED)

Generator %VR = ------------------------ 100%
VRATED
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. A six pole DC Generator has an armature winding with 504 conductors connected in six
parallel paths. Calculate the generated voltage in this machine if each pole produces 1.65 x
10exp6 Maxwell and the armature speed is 1,800 RPM.

2. The 42 Kw generator has an operating efficiency of 91%, what is the total losses.

3. If a 240 volt terminal voltage of a DC Generator has generated voltage of 273 volt and
the armature current of 15 ampere what is the armature resistance.

4. A 150 Kw, 250 volt compound generator is connected long shunt, if the shunt field
resistance is 20 ohms, what is the series-field current at full load.

5. A short-shunt compound generator has a shunt-field resistance of 77 ohms, a series-

field resistance 0.008 ohm, a commutating pole winding resistance of 0.005 ohm, and an
armature resistance including brushes of 0.02 ohm. When the armature current is 128
Amp, the generated emf is 234.5 volts. Calculate the power delivered to the load.

6. The following information is given for 300 Kw, 600 volt long shunt flat compounded
generator, shunt field resistance is 75 ohms, series field resistance =0.012 ohm, armature
resistance including brushes = 0.03 ohm, commutating field winding resistance = 0.11 ohm,
diverter resistance of 0.036 ohm, when the machine is delivering rated load, calculate the
voltage and power generated by the armature.
 SEATWORK #1
1. A Shunt Generator has a field resistance of 60 ohm when the generator deliver a 60 KW,
the terminal voltage is 120 volt while the generated voltage is 133 volt. What is the
armature resistance?

2. A 50 Kw,120 volts, Shunt Generator has a rotational losses amounting to 580 watts, the
shunt field resistance is 62.5 ohm, series field resistance of 0.002 and armature resistance is
0.12 ohm. What is the efficiency?

3. A 60 Kw, 4 pole generator has a lap winding place in 48 armature slot contains 6
conductors, the pole flux is 0.08 wb and the speed is 1040 RPM, what is the generated voltage

4. A long-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 50A at 500V and has armature,
series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05 ohm, 0.03 ohm and 250 ohm respectively.
Calculate the generated voltage and the armature current. Allow 1 V per brush for contact drop.

5. A four pole generator having wave-wound armature winding has 51 slot, each slot
containing 20 conductors. What will be the voltage generated in the machine when driven at
1500 RPM assuming the flux per pole to be 7.0 mWb?

6. A short shunt DC compound dc generator supplies 200A at 100V. The resistance of

armature, series field and shunt field winding are 0.04, 0.03 and 60 ohms respectively. Find the
emf generated. Also find the emf generated if same machine is connected as a long shunt?
 ASSIGNMENT 2

1. A six pole DC Generator has an armature winding with 504 conductors connected in six parallel paths. Calculate the
generated voltage in this machine if each pole produces 1.65 x 10exp6 Maxwell and the armature speed is 1,800
RPM.
2. A four-pole machine generates 250 Volts when operated at 1,500 RPM, if the flux per pole is 1.85 x 10exp6 Maxwell,
is the number of armature slots is 45, and the armature winding has two parallel paths, calculate (a) the total number
of armature conductors. (b) the number of conductors in each slot.
3. The speed of the generator in problem 2 is decreased to 1,350 RPM. (a) what will be the generated voltage if the
flux per pole is maintained at the same value, i.e.1.85 x 10exp6 Maxwell?. (b) to what value of flux per pole should
the excitation be adjusted if the generated voltage is to remain the same, i.e. 250 volts.
4. Each shunt-field coil of a DC Generator produces 2,700 Amp. Turns. How many turns are there in the coil if the
current is 1.5 Amperes.
5. A 50 Kw, 250 volt Compound Generator (short-shunt) has a series field in which each coil is wound with 8.5 turns.
How many Amp. Turns are produced by each coil?
6. Calculate the percent voltage regulation of shunt generator in which the no-load and full load voltage are 135 volts
and 129 volts respectively.
7. A 150 Kw, 250 volt compound generator is connected long shunt, if the shunt field resistance is 20 ohms, what is the
series-field current at full load.
8. A short-shunt compound generator has a shunt-field resistance of 77 ohms, a series-field resistance 0.008 ohm, a
commutating pole winding resistance of 0.005 ohm, and an armature resistance including brushes of 0.02 ohm.
When the armature current is 128 Amp, the generated emf is 234.5 volts. Calculate the power delivered to the load.
9. The following information is given for 300 Kw, 600 volt long shunt flat compounded generator, shunt field resistance
is 75 ohms, series field resistance =0.012 ohm, armature resistance including brushes = 0.03 ohm, commutating field
winding resistance = 0.11 ohm, diverter resistance of 0.036 ohm, when the machine is delivering rated load, calculate
the voltage and power generated by the armature.
10. A 10 Kw, 250 Volt, compound long shunt generator has a no load voltage of 230 volt, the shunt field has 800 turns
per pole and the series field has 8.5 turns per pole. The shunt and series field resistances are 80 ohms and 0.07
ohms respectively, in order the generator flat compounded so that it will have a no load voltage of 230 volt and full
load voltage of 230 volt, the series field must produce 225 Amp. Turns. Calculate (a) the resistance of a diverter to
accomplish this change. (b) the total number of amp.turn, produced by each pole at no load and full load .