Lecture 7a

Stack ADT

A Last-In-First-Out Data Structure

Lecture Overview
 Stack
 Introduction
 Specification
 Implementations
 Linked List :O:O
 STL vector :O
 STL stack 
 Applications
 Bracket Matching
 Infix to Postfix Conversion

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 Stack: A Specialized List
 List ADT (Lecture 6) allows user to manipulate
(insert/retrieve/remove) item at any position within
the sequence of items
 There are cases where we only want to consider a
few specific positions only
 e.g. only the first/last position
 Can be considered as special cases of list
 Stack is one such example
 Only manipulation at the first (top) position is allowed
 Queue (Lecture 7b) is another example
 Only manipulation at the first (head) and last (tail)
position are allowed
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What is a Stack
 Real life examples
 A stack of books, a stack of plates, etc.
 It is easier to add/remove item to/from the top of the
stack
 The latest item added is the first item you can get
out from the stack
 Known as Last In First Out (LIFO) order
 Major Operations
 Push: Place item on top of the stack
 Pop: Remove item from the top of the stack
 It is also common to provide
 Top: Take a look at the topmost item without removing it

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 Stack: Illustration
Top of stack
(accessible)

Push a new Pop a book

Bottom of book on top from top
stack A stack of
(inaccessible) four books
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Stack ADT: C++ Specification
template <typename T>
class Stack { Stack ADT is a template class
public: (our previous List ADT in
Stack(); Lecture 6 can also be made as
template class)
bool isEmpty() const;
int size() const;
New C++ feature: const means
this function should not modify
void push(T newItem);
anything, i.e. a ‘getter’ function,
void top(T& stackTop) const;
your compiler will check it
void pop();

private:
// Implementation dependant
// See subsequent implementation slides
};

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Stack ADT: Implementations
 Many ways to implement Stack ADT, we will see
 Linked List implementation
 Study the best way to make use of linked list
 Will go through this in detail
 STL vector implementation
 Make use of STL container vector
 Just a quick digress
 Or just use STL stack 

 Learn how to weight the pros and cons for each

implementation

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Stack ADT: Design Consideration
 How to choose appropriate implementation?
 Concentrate on the major operations in ADT
 Match with data structures you have learned
 Pick one to be the internal (underlying) data structure of an
ADT
 Can the internal data structure support what you need?
 Is the internal data structure efficient in those operations?

 Internal data structure like array, linked list, etc.

are usually very flexible
 Make sure you use them in the best possible way

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Stack ADT using Linked List
Stack ADT: Using Linked List
 Characteristics of singly linked list
 Efficient manipulation of 1st Node
 Has a head pointer directly pointing to it
 No need to traverse the list
 Manipulation of other locations is possible
 Need to first traverse the list, less efficient
 Hence, best way to use singly linked list
 Use 1st Node as the top of stack
 Question
 How would you use other variations of linked list?
 Will Doubly Linked List, Circular Linked List, or Tailed
Linked List help for Stack ADT implementation?
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Stack ADT: Using Linked List (Illustration)
Internal of
Stack ADT Stack

top
grows Insert new
node at head of
IT … linked list

Push(IT)

Internal of
Stack ADT
top

Stack
shrinks Remove node
at head of
… linked list

Pop()
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Stack ADT (Linked List): C++ Specification
template <typename T>
class Stack {
public: Need destructor as we
Stack(); allocate memory dynamically
~Stack();

bool isEmpty() const;

int size() const; Methods
from Slide 6.
void push(const T& newItem); No change.
void getTop(T& stackTop) const;
void pop();

private:
struct ListNode { Similar to Linked List
T item; implementation of List ADT
ListNode* next;
}; Yes, we reuse List ADT
from L6, but our L6 code is
ListNode* _head;
int _size; not on template class so
}; we violate the OOP rule 

StackLL.h
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Implement Stack ADT (Linked List): 1/3
#include <string>
using namespace std;

template <typename T>

class StackLL {
public:
StackLL() : _size(0), _head(NULL) {}

~StackLL() {
while (!isEmpty()) Make use of own methods to
pop(); clear up the nodes
}

bool isEmpty() const {

return _size == 0; // try modify something here,
} // you'll get compile error

int size() const {

return _size;
}
StackLL.h, expanded

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Implement Stack ADT (Linked List): 2/3
void push(T newItem) {
ListNode* newPtr = new ListNode;
newPtr->item = newItem; As we only insert at head
newPtr->next = _head; position. General insertion
_head = newPtr; code not needed. But yes, we
_size++; could have just use ListLL
} code from L6
void top(T& stackTop) const {
if (isEmpty())
throw string("Stack is empty on top()");
else {
New C++ feature:
stackTop = _head->item;
Exception handling.
}
We can throw RTE
}
StackLL.h, expanded

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Implement Stack ADT (Linked List): 3/3
void pop() {
if (isEmpty())
throw string("Stack is empty on pop()");
else {
ListNode* cur;
cur = _head; As we only remove from head
_head = _head->next; position. General removal
delete cur; code not needed. But yes, we
cur = NULL; could have just use ListLL
_size--; code from L6
}
}

private:
struct ListNode {
T item;
ListNode* next;
};
ListNode* _head;
int _size;
};
StackLL.h, expanded
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Stack ADT using STL vector

STL vector can be used to implement

Stack ADT too
Stack ADT: Using STL vector
 STL vector has the following capabilities
 Add/remove the last item
 push_back() and pop_back()
 Very efficient, later you will know that this is O(1)
 Use iterator to add/remove item from any location
 Not efficient
 Quite cumbersome (need to set up and move iterator)

 What Stack ADT needs

 Add/Remove from top of stack
 No manipulation of other locations
 Hence, to make the best use of STL vector
 Use the back of vector as the top of stack
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Stack ADT: Using STL vector (Illustration)
Internal of IT size()-1
top
Stack ADT
Stack …
grows
1
Use
0 push_back(IT)

Push(IT)

Internal of size()-1
Stack ADT top
Stack …
shrinks
1
Use
0 pop_back()

Pop()
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Stack ADT (STL vector): C++ Specification
#include <string>
We need STL vector.
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

template <typename T>

class StackV {
public:
StackV();
Methods from
bool isEmpty() const;
int size() const; Slide 6. No
change.
void push(T newItem);
void pop();
void top(T& stackTop) const;
private:
vector<T> _items;
};

The only private

declaration.

StackV.h
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Implement Stack ADT (STL vector): 1/2
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

template <typename T>

class StackV { We use methods from
public: vector class to help us
StackV() {} // no need to do anything
bool isEmpty() const { return _items.empty(); }
int size() const { return _items.size(); }
void push(T newItem) { _items.push_back(newItem); }

void top(T& stackTop) const {

if (isEmpty())
throw string("Stack is empty on top()");
else
stackTop = _items.back();
}
StackV.h, expanded

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Implement Stack ADT (STL vector): 2/2
void pop() {
if (isEmpty())
throw string("Stack is empty on pop()");
else
_items.pop_back();
}

private:
vector<T> _items;
};
StackV.h, expanded

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STL stack

STL has a built-in stack ADT

Just use this whenever you need to use
Stack ADT
http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/stack
STL stack: Specification
template <typename T>
class stack {
public:
bool empty() const;
size_type size() const;
T& top();
void push(const T& t);
void pop();
};

 Very close to our own specification 

 One difference in top() method

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STL stack: Example Usage
//#include "StackLL.h"
//#include "StackV.h" Output:
#include <stack>
#include <iostream> top: 3, size: 2
using namespace std;
After pop, top: 5, size: 1
int main() {
//StackLL<int> s; size: 0
//StackV<int> s;
stack<int> s;
int t;

s.push(5);
s.push(3);
//s.top(t);
t = s.top();
cout << "top: " << t << ", size: " << s.size() << endl;

s.pop();

//s.top(t);
t = s.top();
cout << "After pop, top: " << t << ", size: " << s.size() << endl;

s.pop(); // now the stack is empty

cout << "size: " << s.size() << endl;
//s.pop(); // will get RTE as stack is empty by now

return 0;
}
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VisuAlgo
 http://visualgo.net/list?mode=Stack
 I use Single Linked List

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Stack Applications
Stack Applications
 Many useful applications for stack
 Bracket Matching
 Calling a function
 Before the call, the state of computation is saved on the stack so that
we will know where to resume

 We may cover this 2 after we discuss recursion

 Tower of Hanoi
 Maze Exploration
 More “computer science” inclined examples
 Base-N number conversion
 Postfix evaluation
 Infix to postfix conversion
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Stack Application 1

Bracket Matching
Bracket Matching: Description
 Mathematical expression can get quite
convoluted
 E.g. { [ x+2(i-4!)]^e+4π/5*(φ-7.28) ……

 We are interested in checking whether all

brackets are matched correctly,
i.e. ( with ), [ with ] and { with }

 Bracket matching is equally useful for

checking programming code
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Bracket Matching: Pseudo-Code
1. Go through the input string character-by-character
 Non-bracket character
 Ignore
 Open bracket: { , [ or (
 Push into stack
 Close bracket: }, ] or )
 Pop from stack and check
 If stack is empty or the stack top bracket does not agree with
the closing bracket, complain and exit
 Else continue
2. If the stack is not empty after we read through the
whole string
 The input is wrong also
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Bracket Matching: Implementation (1)
bool check_bracket(string input) {
stack<char> sc;
char current;
bool ok = true;

for (unsigned int pos = 0;

ok && pos < input.size(); pos++){
current = input[pos];
switch (current){
case '{':
sc.push('}'); //Question: Why are we pushing the
break; // closing bracket here??
case '[':
sc.push(']');
break;
case '(':
sc.push(')');
break;

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Bracket Matching: Implementation (2)
case '}':
case ']':
case ')':
if (sc.empty()) //missing open bracket
ok = false;
else {
if (sc.top() == current)//matched!
sc.pop();
else //mismatched!
ok = false;
}
break;
}
}

if (sc.empty() && ok) // make sure no left over

return true;
else
return false;
}
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Stack Application 2

Arithmetic Expression –
Evaluating Postfix Expression
Infix to Postfix Conversion
Application 2: Arithmetic Expression
 Terms
 Expression: a=b+c*d
 Operands: a, b, c, d
 Operators: =, +, –, *, /, %

 Precedence rules: Operators have priorities

over one another as indicated in a table (which
can be found in most books)
 Example: *, / have higher precedence over +, –.
 For operators at the same precedence (e.g. * and /),
we associate them from left to right

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Application 2: Arithmetic Expression

Infix - operand1 operator operand2

Prefix - operator operand1 operand2
Postfix - operand1 operand2 operator

Ambiguous, need () Unique interpretation

or precedence rules postfix
(2+3)*4 2 3 + 4 *
infix

2+3*4

2+(3*4) 2 3 4 * +

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Algorithm: Calculating Postfix Expression with Stack
Create an empty stack
for each item of the expression,
if it is an operand,
2 * (3 + 4) 2 3 4 + *
push it on the stack
if it is an operator,
pop arguments from stack; 2 s.push(2)
perform the operation; 3 s.push(3)
4 s.push(4)
push the result onto the stack +
Stack arg2 = s.pop ()
arg1 = s.pop ()
s.push (arg1 + arg2)
* arg2 = s.pop ()
arg1
arg1 = s.pop ()
32 s.push (arg1 * arg2)
4
arg2
3 7
47
2 14
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 Algorithm: Converting Infix to Postfix
String postfixExp = "";
for (each character ch in the infix expression) {
switch (ch) {
case operand: postfixExp = postfixExp + ch; break;
case '(': stack.push(ch); break;
case ')': while ( stack.peek() != '(' )
postfixExp = postfixExp + stack.pop();
stack.pop(); break; // remove '('
case operator:
while ( !stack.empty() && stack.peek() != '(' &&
precedence(ch) <= precedence(stack.peek()) )
postfixExp = postfixExp + stack.pop();
stack.push(ch); break;
} // end switch
} // end for
while ( !stack.empty() )
postfixExp = postfixExp + stack.pop();

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 Algorithm: Converting Infix to Postfix
ch Stack postfixExp
a a
– – a
Example: a – ( b + c * d ) / e
( –( a
b –( ab
+ –(+ ab
c –(+ abc
* –(+* abc
d –(+* abcd Move operators from stack to
) –(+ abcd* postfixExp until '('
–( abcd*+
– abcd*+
/ –/ abcd*+ Copy remaining operators
e –/ abcd*+e from stack to postfixExp
abcd*+e/–
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Summary
Arithmetic Bracket
Applications
Expression Matching

Uses Uses

Stack ADT
Stack
pop() =STL stack
(Last In First Out)
push()
top()

Implements Implements

Implementations
Linked List STL vector

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