jan cremers (ED.

Building Openings

WINDOWS
VENTS
Edition ∂

EXTERIOR DOORS
Authors

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Cremers (Editor) Hermann Klos

Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart, Holzmanufaktur Rottweil
University of Applied Sciences
Research and illustration assistants: Prof. Ulrich Sieberath,
Melanie Monecke, Nansi Palla, Lukas Hüfner Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Wolfgang Jehl,
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Ingo Leuschner,
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Markus Binder ift Rosenheim, Institute for Windows and Facades, Doors
Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart, and Gates, Glass and Building Material, Rosenheim
University of Applied Sciences
CAPE climate architecture physics energy Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elke Sohn
Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart,
Dr.-Ing. Peter Bonfig University of Applied Sciences

Dipl.-Ing. Joost Hartwig Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Stark

ina Planungsgesellschaft mbH, Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences Konstanz
ee concept GmbH, Darmstadt

Editorial services

Editing, copy-editing: ISBN: 978-3-95553-298-7 (Print)

Steffi Lenzen (Project Manager), Eva Schönbrunner ISBN: 978-3-95553-299-4 (E-Book)
ISBN: 978-3-95553-300-7 (Bundle)
Editorial assistants:
Samay Claro, Marion Dondelinger, Carola Jacob-Ritz, Bibliographic information published by the German National Library.
Sophie Karst, Andrea Kohl-Kastner, Jana Rackwitz The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche
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Publisher:
Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation
GmbH & Co. KG, Munich
www.detail-online.com

© 2016 English translation of the 1st German edition

4
Contents

Imprint4

Part A Introduction

1 Openings in buildings 8
Jan Cremers
2  The historic development of the window  12
– from its origins through to the early modern era
Hermann Klos
3 Designing facade openings 24
Jan Cremers
4 Windows and doors in art and culture 32
Elke Sohn
5 Solution principles for adjustable ­openings 36
Peter Bonfig

Part B Fundamentals I

1 Requirements and protective functions –

building physics fundamentals 50
Jan Cremers with ift Rosenheim
2 Materials, components, types of construction 86
Jan Cremers
3 Building connection and structural context 120
Jan Cremers with ift Rosenheim
4 Working with historic windows in existing buildings
and architectural monuments 148
Hermann Klos

Part C Fundamentals II

1 Passive solar energy use 170

Jan Cremers, Markus Binder
2 Active solar energy use 190
Thomas Stark
3 Technical building components in and around windows 198
Markus Binder
4 Life-cycle assessments for windows and exterior doors 208
Joost Hartwig

Part D Built examples in detail

Project examples 1 to 30 220

Part E Appendix

Authors278
Acknowledgments; Ordinances, guidelines and standards 279
Literature281
Image credits 283
Index286

5
 Part A  Introduction

1  Openings in buildings 8

2 The historic development of the window

– from its origins through to the early
modern era 12
Construction’s earliest origins 12
A brief, yet unsustainable flourishing 13
The Middle Ages and early modern era 13
Before glass there was wood 14
Paintings as sources 16
Materials 17
The “gold of the Middle Ages” 18
Glass production – the “arcane
knowledge” of a powerful few  18
Breaking out of darkness 20
Local discoveries  20

3 Designing facade openings 24

The relationship between a building’s
­openings and its envelope 24
The proportion of opening to space 25
Designing openings and the surrounding
envelope 27
Opening as symbol, opening and
ornament 29
Openings, transparency and reflection 30

4 Windows and doors in art and culture 32

Windows and doors – loci of special
design and significance 32
Doors as transitional space 32
The window as picture frame –
the effects of media 33
The window as boundary 34
A new culture of transition 35

5 Solution principles for adjustable

­openings 36
The functions of adjustable openings 36
Integrating openings in the building
­envelope 39
Permeability and its modification 41
Kinematics: principles and solutions 42
Structures for planar structural elements
in the building envelope 44

Fig. A  Palazzo in Venice (I)

7
 Fundamentals I

1 Requirements and protective functions

– building physics fundamentals 50
Thermal insulation 51
Humidity protection, sealing, ­
driving rain resistance 59
Permeability to air, joint permeability
and minimum air exchange rates 61
Protection against cold and damp –
summary remarks 65
Sound insulation 66
Fire protection 70
Electromagnetic damping 73
Mechanical requirements 73
Barrier-free openings 78
Lighting and views 79
Criteria used in evaluating and assessing
glazing 80
Dimensions and tolerances 80
Durability and service life 82

2 Materials, components, types

of construction 86
Glass as a filling material 86
Other filling materials 96
Types of windows, frame profiles and
joining techniques 99
Windows in roof areas 113
Fire-resistant glazing 116
Opening elements as natural smoke
and heat exhaust ventilators 117
Electronic components 118

3 Building connection and structural

context120
3-layer model 121
Mounting and load transfer 122
Sealing of structural connection joints 129
Trades and scheduling 136
Installation elements and modifications
in the opening area 136
Exterior doors 139
Facade types – concepts and systems 144

4 Working with historic windows in

existing buildings and architectural
monuments148
Construction principles of various
windows149
Functions 153
Horizontal folding shutters of perforated copper sheet,
Window materials 157
conservatoire Claude Debussy, Paris (F) 2013, Basalt Strengthening: range of situations 161
­Architecture Summary 167

49
 Part C  Fundamentals II

1 Passive solar energy use 170

Solar energy – location and structural
­orientation 171
Solar and thermal radiation – visible
light 172
Insulating glazing – technical factors
­involving solar radiation 177
Moveable elements in and around
building openings 180
Size and layout of openings 182
Use of daylight 186

2  Active solar energy use 190

Principles of active solar energy
conversion 191
Solar structural element technologies
and their design potential 191
Efficiency and profitability 194
Active solar technology combined with
­opening elements 196

3 Technical building components in

and around windows 198
Ventilation and air conditioning 198
Heating 204
Lighting 206

4 Life-cycle assessments for windows

and exterior doors 208
Life-cycle assessments 208
Life-cycle assessment data in planning 212
Usage – the service life and life-cycle
­assessments of buildings 214
The influence of doors and windows
on a building's life-cycle assessment 215
Environmental impact and window size 216

Fig. C Double facade with motorised opening panels

for natural ventilation, KfW-Westarkade, Frankfurt
(D) 2010, Sauerbruch Hutton

169
 Part D  Built examples in detail

01  Níall McLaughlin Architects, Student accommodation in Oxford (GB) 220

02  Bucher-Beholz Architekten, Terrace house in Munich (D)  222

03  Miller & Maranta, Hotel in the Altes Hospiz on St. Gotthard Pass (CH) 224

04  Unterlandstättner Architekten, Detached house in Krailing (D) 227

05  DSDHA, School in Guildford (GB) 228

06  Winfried Brenne Architekten, Renovation of the Bauhaus Dessau (D) 230

07  Augustin und Frank Architekten, Home and workshop in Berlin (D) 234

08  TreStykker 2011, Exhibition pavilion in Trondheim (N) 236

09  Nickel und Wachter Architekten, Shop renovation in Bamberg (D) 237

10  Kaestle Ocker Roeder Architekten, House and jeweller's studio in Wißgoldingen (D) 238

11  Enno Schneider Architekten, District police department in Mettmann (D) 240

12  TYIN tegnestue Architects, Training centre in Sungai Penuh (RI) 242

13 Odilo Reutter, Extension to the Landesdenkmalamt (State office for monument

preservation) in Esslingen (D) 244

14  Bernardo Bader, Islamic cemetery in Altach (A) 246

15  Pereda Pérez Architectos, Detached house in Villarcayo (E) 248

16  Hermann Kaufmann, Illwerke Centre Montafon in Vandans (A) 250

17  Sou Fujimoto Architects, Residence in Tokyo (J) 252

18  Baumschlager Eberle, Office building in Lustenau (A) 254

19 Bernd Liebmann, Renovation of the former workers' canteen at the

Pulverfabrik Rottweil (D) 256

20 Hubacher + Peier Architekten und Haerle Hubacher Architekten,

Renovation of the Botanical Garden hothouses in Zurich (CH) 258

21 Guggenbichler+Wagenstaller, Extension and improvements to the energy efficiency

of the ift Rosenheim building (D) 260

22  WOHA Architects, High-rise building in Singapore (SG) 261

23  Valerio Olgiati, House in Wollerau (CH) 262

24 Francis Goetschmann Architecte, Office building conversion and extension

in Geneva (CH) 264

25  TYIN tegnestue Architects, Boathouse near Aure (N) 266

26  UID Architects, House in Hiroshima (J) 268

27  Bakker & Blanc Architectes, Pavilion in Geneva (CH) 270

28 bbp: architekten bda, Renovation and conversion of a high-rise government

authority building in Kiel (D) 272

Image D Stairwell with perforated bronze-coloured 29  Hawkins\Brown, Student residences in Hertfordshire (GB) 274
­aluminium cladding, Student residences,
­Hertfordshire (GB) 2011, Hawkins\Brown 30  Arkitema Architects, Office building in Ballerup (DK) 276

219