Al-Khwarizmi

Engineering
Journal
Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, PP 76- 87 (2011)

Effect of Mixed Corrosion Inhibitors in Cooling Water System

Dina Raheem
Department of Engineering of Medical instrument/ College of Electronic and Electrical technique
Email: [email protected]

(Received 7 February 2011; Accepted 28 September 2011)

Abstract

The effect of mixed corrosion inhibitors in cooling system was evaluated by using carbon steel specimens and
weight loss analysis. The carbon steel specimens immersed in mixture of sodium phosphate (Na2 HPO4) used as
corrosion inhibitor and sodium glocunate (C6 H11 NaO7) as a scale dispersant at different concentrations (20,40, 60, 80
ppm) and at different temperature (25,50,75 and 100)ºC for (1-5) days. The corrosion inhibitors efficiency was
calculated by using uninhibited and inhibited water to give 98.1%. The result of these investigations indicate that the
corrosion rate decreases with the increase the corrosion inhibitors concentration at 80 ppm and at 100ºC for 5 days, (i.e,
corrosion rate= 0.014gmd).

Keywords: corrosion in cooling tower, carbon steel corrosion, corrosion inhibitor of cooling tower.

1. Introduction In practice, a two-step process occurs in

which iron is first oxidized to ferrous ion
The term “corrosion” (in a cooling water depending on the anode potential,
system) is defined as the electrochemical Fe → Fe+2 + 2e- …(3)
deterioration of a metal that is in contact with
cooling water. Corrosion occurs when an electric And then is oxidized into ferric ion
current flows from one part of the metal (anode) Fe2+ → Fe+3 + e- …(4)
through the water (electrolyte) to another part of
the metal (cathode). Corrosion takes place at the The reactions above take place at the anode
anode only. The cathode is the driving force of and must be balanced by other reduction
the corrosion action, as shown in the equation; processes that occur at the cathode. For example:
Metal → Metal ions + electrons O2 (gas) + 4H- + 4e- → 2H2O …(5)
→ + + …(1)
This process degrades the metal, reduces its O2 (gas) + H2O + 4e- →4OH -
…(6)
strength, thickness, and in some extreme cases, The formation of OH- at the cathode causes
creates pits and then holes in the material. At the pH here to be higher than in the bulk
some point in the corrosion process , the metal solution. Eventually, ion migration of OH-
can no longer do its job as a system component. occurs, towards the anode, which promotes the
Corrosion, in general, and pitting corrosion, in formation of ferric hydroxide
particular, must be guarded against in order to
ensure the long term integrity of the cooling Fe+3 + 3OH- → Fe(OH)3 …(7)
system.[1] Fe(OH)3 appears in the form of reddish brown
In the corrosion of iron the reaction may proceed colloid. This ferric hydroxide may react further
by a single step oxidation Fe into ferric ion : in the presence of ferrous ions to produce Fe3O4
Fe → Fe+3 + 3e- …(2) [2].
Dina Raheem Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, PP 86- 97(2011)

The primary objectives of cooling water some salts, such as calcium carbonate,
treatment are to maintain the operating become less soluble as temperature increases.
efficiency of the cooling water system and to Therefore they often cause deposits at higher
protect the equipment that contacts the cooling temperatures.
water. These objectives are accomplished by 3. High TDS water will have greater potential
controlling or minimizing deposition, corrosion, for scale formation. [4]
and microbiological growth on the cooling water
The water is used in cooling systems as a heat
equipment.
transfer medium and frequently also as the final
The deposits that occur in cooling water
point to reject heat into the atmosphere by
systems are usually divided into two categories:
evaporating inside cooling towers. Depending on
scale and fouling. The presence of either type of
the quality of available fresh water supply,
deposit in the heat exchangers or in the film fill
waterside problems develop in cooling water
can interfere with heat transfer, thereby reducing
systems from: Scaling, Corrosion ,Dirt and dust
the efficiency of operation. Deposits can also
accumulation and Biological growth .
promote under-deposit corrosion.
Any of these problems or more usually a
Scale is formed from minerals, formerly
combination of them result in costly
dissolved in water, that were deposited from the
unscheduled downtime, reduced capacity,
water onto heat transfer surfaces or in-flow
increased water usage, high operation and
water lines. As water is evaporated in a cooling
maintenance costs, expensive parts
tower, the concentration of dissolved solids
replacements, and acid cleaning operations
becomes greater until the solubility of a
which reduce the life of the cooling system.
particular scale-causing mineral salt is exceeded.
Selection of water treatment program for a
When this situation occurs in an untreated
specific system depends on:
cooling water system, the scale will form on any
surface in contact with the water, especially on 1. System design, including system capacity,
heat transfer surfaces. The most common scaling cooling tower type, basin depth, materials of
minerals are calcium carbonate(CaCo3), calcium construction, flow rates, heat transfer rates,
phosphate(CaPo4), calcium sulfate(CaSo4), and temperature drop and associated accessories
silica, usually in that order. Formation of 2. Water, including makeup water composition /
magnesium silicate scale is also possible under quality, availability of pre-treatment and
certain conditions. Most other salts, including assumed cycle of concentration
silica, are more soluble in hot water than in cold 3. Contaminants, including process leaks and
water; however, most calcium and magnesium airborne debris
salts, including calcium phosphate and calcium 4. Wastewater discharge restrictions
carbonate, are more soluble in cold water than in 5. Surrounding environment and air quality
hot water. This is called “reverse solubility.” The The critical parameters for cooling water are:
water temperature will increase as recirculating conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS),
water passes through the cooling system. As a
hardness, pH, alkalinity and saturation index.
result, calcium and magnesium scales may form
anywhere in the system, but most likely on Conductivity is a measure of the ability of
heated surfaces such as heat exchangers or water to conduct electrical current and it
surface condensers. Silica will form in areas indicates the amount of the dissolved solids
having the lowest water temperature, such as in (TDS) in water. Pure distilled water will have a
the cooling tower fill. very low conductivity (low minerals) and sea
The principle factors responsible for scale water will have a high conductivity (high
formation are: minerals). Dissolved solids present no problem
with respect to the cooling capacity of water,
1. As alkalinity increases, calcium carbonate- the since the evaporation rate of seawater, which has
most common scale constituent in cooling
30,000ppm total dissolved solids, is only 1% less
systems - decreases in solubility and deposits. than that of distilled water. The problem with
2. The mechanism for scale formation is the in- dissolved solids is that many of the chemical
situ crystallization of sparingly soluble salts compounds and elements in the water will
as the result of elevated temperatures and/or
combine to form highly insoluble mineral
low flow velocity. Most salts become more deposits on the heat transfer surfaces generally
soluble as temperature increases, however, referred to as “scale”. The scale stubbornly

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Dina Raheem Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, PP 86- 97(2011)

sticks to the surfaces, gradually builds up and Corrosion inhibitors are chemicals, which
begins to interfere with pipe drainage, heat inhibit or reduce the corrosion rate of the steel or
transfer and water pressure. metallic surfaces. Corrosion is an
electrochemical phenomenon, which occurs due
pH: is a measure of how acidic/basic water
to anodic and/or cathodic. Reactions. Generally,
is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being
the anodic reaction is the metal ion oxidation,
neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity,
and the cathodic reaction is the hydrogen ion
whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base.
reduction. Therefore, the corrosion analysis and
pH is reported in "logarithmic units," like the
the corrosion inhibitors used to control the
Richter scale, which measures earthquakes.
anodic reactions are classified as anodic
In general, when pH points to acidic
corrosion inhibitor and the cathodic reactions are
environment, the chances for corrosion increase
called as cathodic inhibitors. Anodic Inhibitors
and when pH points to alkaline environment, the
form a protective film coating on the anodic
chances for scale formation increase.
metal (where the metal is lost) and thus directly
Alkalinity: The pH values above 7 signify
control corrosion by preventing the reaction that
alkalinity. At pH values less than 8.3, most of
results in corrosion. Any unprotected areas will
the alkalinity in the water is in the bicarbonate
corrode at a much faster rate than the protected
form, and scale formation is normally not a
areas, a factor that could result in pitting or
problem. However, when the pH rises above 8.3,
localized attack of the unprotected areas.
the alkalinity converts from the bicarbonate to
Cathodic Inhibitors form a protective film
the carbonate and the scale will start to form.
coating of the cathodic metal (where metal is not
Hardness: The amount of dissolved calcium lost) and thus indirectly prevent corrosion by
and magnesium in water determines its interfering with the current flow required for the
"hardness." The total hardness is then broken electrochemical reaction to proceed between the
down into two categories: cathodic and anodic metals. The corrosion
a. The carbonate or temporary hardness reaction rate is governed by the size and type of
b.The non-carbonate or permanent hardness the cathode relative to the anode. Even when
Hardness particularly the temporary hardness is cathodic areas are not completely covered by the
the most common and is responsible for the protective film, corrosion will occur, but usually
deposition of calcium carbonate scale in pipes more slowly and uniformly than when using
and equipment. Technically any bivalent metal anodic inhibitors alone. The occurrence of
ion such as iron, manganese or tin would localized corrosion or pitting attack is greatly
constitute hardness, but calcium and magnesium reduced. [6]
are the two most prevalent forms. The criteria for the selection of corrosion
inhibitors are shown in Table (1). The principal
Saturation Index: The saturation index of a strategy for a cooling system corrosion
water or Langlier Saturation Index (LSI) is a protection program is to ensure protection of the
measure of the stability of the water with respect metal in the heat exchanger (metal that is the
to scale formation. When LSI readings are thinnest metal in the system). The secondary
positive they tend to be scale forming, and when goal is to provide protection from corrosion of
they are negative they tend to be corrosive. the mild steel piping. When galvanized steel
Normally readings within 1.0 unit from zero are cooling towers are part of the cooling system,
considereds Table [5, 6]. specialized corrosion inhibitors are the best
In cooling water systems, two basic techniques control method. Galvanized steel is corroded at
are used to provide corrosion protection to the pH levels above 9.0 and below 6.0.
metals that the water contacts: use of chemical Effective corrosion control requires
corrosion inhibitors, and raising the pH of the maintaining appropriate pH levels, plus adding
cooling water. maintenance dosages of chemical corrosion
Most military cooling water systems contain inhibitors. Chemical corrosion inhibitors form a
components fabricated primarily of copper alloy protective film or barrier on the cooling system
and mild steel. Galvanized steel is present in metal surfaces that have been cleaned prior to
galvanized cooling towers and stainless steel adding an initial high dosage of inhibitor. The
may be present in piping. As the cooling water initial high dosage of inhibitor passivates
pH is increased (ideally to within the range of (protects) the metal. The appropriate dosage of
8.0 to 9.5. corrosion inhibitor must be maintained

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Dina Raheem Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, PP 86- 97(2011)

continuously in the cooling water to ensure 300ppm as CaCO will promote passivation. The
continuing protection. The examples of various chemical cleaning and passivation formulation
passivation and maintenance dosage levels of apply when the water system pH is 7.5 to 8.5
corrosion inhibitors are shown in Table (2) [7, 8] and adjust pH as required. Formulation
In order to prevent corrosion on galvanized steel limitations may require adding separate
cooling towers and associated pipes, formation components to keep things in solution. Other
of a non-porous surface layer of zinc carbonate formulations may be used:
is one of the effective methods. The formation of
*Orthophosphate or hexametaphosphate as
zinc carbonate layer is called passivation, which
(PO4): 60 ppm
is accomplished by controlling pH during initial
* Polyacrylate (active): 20 ppm
operation of the cooling tower. Control of the
* Tolyltrizol (active): 10 ppm
cooling water pH in the range of 7 to 8 for 45 to
* Soduim gluconate: 50 ppm
60 days usually allows passivation of galvanized
* Pluronic L-61 (active)(non ionic surfactant
surfaces to occur. In addition to pH control,
with antifoam: 400 ppm
operation and moderate hardness levels of 100 to
* Phosphate scale inhibitor: 50 ppm . [9]
300ppm as CaCO and alkalinity levels of 100 to

Table 1,
Criteria for Corrosion Inhibitor Selection.
Metal
pH Range (ideal)
Corrosion Inhibitor Steel Copper Aluminum
Cathodic Inhibitor
Polyphosphate Excellent Attacks Attacks 6.5-8.5
Zinc salts Excellent None None 6.5-8.5
Polysilicate Excellent Excellent Excellent 7.5-10.0
Molybdate Good Fair Fair 7.5-10.0
Anodic Inhibitor
Orthophosphate Good Attacks Attacks 6.5-8.5
Orthosilicate Good Good Good 7.5-10.0
.

Table 2,
Guide lines for Passivation Film Formation and Subsequent Maintenance.
Dosage (ppm) Film formation
Corrosion inhibitor Initial Maintenance Time (days)
Cathodic inhibitor
Polyphosphate 40-60 as po4 10-20 as po4 5-6
Zinc salts 10-20 as zn 3-5 as zn 5-6
Polysilicate 40-60 as SiO2 10-20 as SiO2 10-12
Molybdate 40-60 as Mo 5-20 as Mo 10-12
Anodic inhibitor
Orthoophosohate 40-60 as po4 15-20 as po4 5-6
Orthosilicate 40-60 as SiO2 10-15 as SiO2 10-12
Copper Corrosion inhibitor
Tolyltrizole 10-20 as TTA 1-2 as TTA 5-6

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Dina Raheem Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, PP 86- 97(2011)

In general, other types of corrosion inhibitors 0.2cm), (9 x 2 x 0.25 cm) were abraded by using
are: Mixed inhibitor: is composes of two or three emery paper of different grade numbers (220, 320,
types of inhibitor and majority of the proprietary 400, 600), after abrasion the surfaces were
corrosion inhibitor formula falls into this cleaned with running tap water , followed by
category. acetone rinse for 5 minutes and were dried in
Adsorption inhibitor: Protective absorbed film discator. Different concentration of corrosion
is formed over the entire metal surface if inhibitor were prepared, (20, 40, 60 and 80 ppm)
adsorption inhibitor is used. The film helps to mixture
7 of Na2 HPO4 and C6 H11 NaO7 .
protect electrochemical reactions between metal After specimen‫׳‬s preparations, weighing the
and aqueous ions. Some of the organic specimen and record W1, the specimen was
compounds are suitable to act as adsorption clamped and immersed in a mixture of corrosion
inhibitors [10]. inhibitors at 20 ppm concentration , (i.e. The
10
ratio= = ) using hot plate stirrer at
10

2. Experimental Procedure medium velocity and at temperature 25°c, after

1day the immersion specimen, was removed and
A lab rotary test was used in this investigation, cleaned by washing it with running tap water and
the hot plate and stirrer (Jenway 1000) were used brushing it with bristle brush . Then the specimens
and a 500 ml of beaker capacity was filled with were immersed in benzene for 5 minutes to ensure
mixture of corrosion inhibitors and specimen removal of corrosion products from metal surface.
immersed for (1-5) days. The carbon steel The specimens were immersed in ethanol were
specimen materials used in this investigation has dried in discator, then weights represented as W2.
the chemical composition which done in the Al the procedure by using (40, 60 and 80 ppm)
doura refinery by spectrometer Ultima 2000 as concentration and immersion for 2, 3 and 5 days
shown in Table (3): at (50,75 and 100°C) temperature as shown in
The surface of rectangular carbon steel alloy Fig.(1) and Fig.(2)
specimens which has the dimensions (10 x 3 x

Table 3,
The chemical Composition for Carbon Steel
Fe Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu Co Al C S HB Total Elements %
74.2 2.2 9.0 2.2 2.7 3.5 1.1 2.5 1.3 1.2 0.1 300 100

Fig. 2. Carbon Steel Specimen Immersed in Mixture

Fig.1. Carbon Steel Specimen Immersed In Mixture of Corrosion Inhibitor on Hot Plate and Stirrer at
of Sodium Phosphate And Sodium Gluconate. Meduim Velocity .

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The efficiency of mixture corrosion inhibitors 3. Results and Discussion

and scales dispersant (sodium phosphate and 3.1. Sodium phosphate effect
sodium glocunate) were calculated ,by using make
up water(raw water) without corrosion inhibitor The effect of corrosion inhibitor of sodium
then calculated the corrosion rate for (1,2,3 and 5) phosphate indicates that the film of iron phosphate
days with corrosion inhibitor as shown in Fig. (3), (Fe2 (PO4 )2 ) produced to protect the surface of
and analyze make up water and an inhibited water the specimen to passivate them and prevent the
chemically. corrosion .as shown in the eq.
2Na2HPO4 + 3Fe +2H2O → Fe3 (Po4) 2 + 4NaOH
+ H2 …(8)
The results indicate that when the specimen
immersed in the mixture of corrosion inhibitor for
5 days at a concentration of 30-40 ppm, this gave
low value of corrosion rate than the immersion for
1 day. The relation was linear, this mean that the
corrosion rate decrease with increasing the
concentration and the time , as shown in Table (4)
and Fig. (4).

Fig . 3. Carbon Steel Specimen Immersed in

Makeup Water.

Table 4,
Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel in Mixture of Sodium Phosphate And Sodium Gluconate at Different
Concentration and 25 °C Temperature .
Conc. in Weight/w1 Weight/w2 Surface *C.R. in
Test no. Time /day ∆w area (cm)2 gmd
ppm in gram in gram

1 1 20 47.1500 47.1516 0.0016 0.00652 0.24

2 1 40 47.1500 47.1514 0.0014 0.00652 0.21

3 1 60 47.1400 47.1412 0.0012 0.00652 0.18
4 1 80 47.1400 47.1411 0.0011 0.00652 0.16
5 2 20 47.1500 47.152 0.002 0.00652 0.15
6 2 40 47.1500 47.1519 0.0019 0.00652 0.14
7 2 60 47.2999 47.301 0.0011 0.00415 0.13
8 2 80 47.2999 47.3008 0.0009 0.00415 0.10
9 3 20 47.1500 47.1519 0.0019 0.00652 0.097
10 3 40 47.1400 47.1418 0.0018 0.00652 0.092
11 3 60 47.1400 47.1411 0.0011 0.00415 0.088
12 3 80 47.2999 47.3007 0.0008 0.00415 0.064
13 5 20 47.1423 47.1439 0.0016 0.00652 0.049
14 5 40 47.1400 47.1411 0.0011 0.00652 0.033
15 5 60 47.3300 47.3305 0.0005 0.00415 0.024
16 5 80 47.3300 47.3303 0.0003 0.00415 0.018

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Dina Raheem Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, PP 86- 97(2011)

0.3
0.25
C. R. in gmd 0.2 1 Day
0.15 2 Days
0.1 3 Days
0.05 5 Days
0
20 40 60 80

Concentration in PPM

Fig. 4. Effect of Concentration of Mixture Inhibitor on Corrosion Rate.

3.2. Sodium glocunate effect decreases for 5 days of immersion as shown in

Table (4) and Fig.(4) .
The effect of sodium glocunate as scale
dispersant indicates that the total dissolved solids
(T.D.S.) will be decreased from 3000 ppm and to 3.3. Time effect
300 ppm then minimize the electrochemical
reaction under the deposit and tubes failed. Their The corrosion rate decreases with increasing
effect as sequestering agent forming water time at constant concentration according to the
solution complexes with calcium in alkaline equation of corrosion rate. Time and longer
media and with iron in near neutral solutions is protective layer of mixture will prevent and
shown in the equation: decrease the corrosion rate as shown in Fig.(5).
2C6H11NaO7 + CaCo3 +H2O → Ca(C6H11O7)2 +
∆ ( )
NaHCo3 + NaOH ...(9) = ( )× ( )
The concentration at 30-40 ppm of sodium [11] .
glocunate indicates that the corrosion rate

0.3

0.25 20 ppm
40 ppm
0.2
C. R. in gmd

60 ppm
80 ppm
0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5
Time in Days

Fig. 5. Effect of Time on Corrosion Rate with Different Conc. of Mixture Inhibitor.

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3.4. Temperature effect inhibitors at 100 °C, the temp. effect will be less
on the corrosion rate at 3 and 5 days because of
The corrosion rate increased at temp. (25,50 the passivation film that will reduce heat transfer
and 75) °C for 1and 2 days because temp. on the metal surface as shown in Table(5) and
increasing caused low passivity of corrosion fig.(6).

Table 5,
Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel in Mixture of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Gluconate at 80 ppm
Concentration and at Different Temperature.
Test no. Time /day Temp. in Weight/w1 Weight/w2 ∆w Surface 2 *C.R. in
°C in gram in gram area (cm) gmd

1 1 25 47.1500 47.1511 0.0011 0.00652 0.16

2 1 50 47.1498 47.1415 0.0017 0.00652 0.27
3 1 75 47.1432 47.1445 0.0022 0.00652 0.34
4 1 100 47.1400 47.1414 0.0014 0.00652 0.23
5 2 25 47.2999 47.3008 0.0009 0.00415 0.10
6 2 50 47.2998 47.3014 0.0016 0.00415 0.20
7 2 75 47.1500 47.1539 0.0039 0.00652 0.30
8 2 100 47.1500 47.1515 0.0015 0.00652 0.20
9 3 25 47.2999 47.3007 0.0008 0.00415 0.064
10 3 50 47.1400 47.1417 0.0017 0.00652 0.09
11 3 75 47.1400 47.1429 0.0029 0.00652 0.15
12 3 100 47.3300 47.3312 0.0012 0.00415 0.12
13 5 25 47.3300 47.3303 0.0003 0.00415 0.018
14 5 50 47.1500 47.1506 0.0006 0.00652 0.02
15 5 75 47.1400 47.1409 0.0009 0.00652 0.028
16 5 100 47.2999 47.3002 0.000029 0.00415 0.014

Fig. 6. Effect of Temp. on Corrosion Rate at Different Times and at 80 ppm of Mixture Corrosion Inhibitors
Concentration.

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3.5. Mixture efficiency =

–
× 100%
The efficiency of mixture of sodium
[12]
phosphate and sodium glocunate were (83.3, 87.5,
When carbon steel is immersed in raw water, the
93.8 and 98.1%) at 80 ppm concentration, and at
anodic reaction is:
1,2,3,5 days respectively, the corrosion rate of
makeup water (raw water) were calculated for 1, Fe → Fe2+ + 2e− …(10)
2, 3 and 5 days to compare the efficiency of the
The cathodic reaction is:
mixture by applying the equation of the
efficiency, where the efficiency increases with O2 + 2H2O + 4e− → 4OH− …(11)
time as shown in the Table (6) and Table (7).

Table 6,
The Corrosion Rate of Makeup Water.
Time/day W1( gram) W2(gram) ∆w Surface area cm2 C. R. ( gmd)
1 47.1423 47.1486 0.0063 0.00652 0.96
2 47.1414 47.1558 0.0144 0.00652 1.1
3 47.3200 47.3402 0.0202 0.00415 1.5
5 47.1435 47.2184 0.0749 0.00652 2.3

Table 7,
Efficiency of Mixture of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Glocunate at 80 ppm.
Time (day) C.R.(uninhibited water) C.R.(inhibited water) Efficiency%

1 0.96 0.16 83.3

2 1.1 0.15 87.5
3 1.5 0.092 93.8
5 2.3 0.042 98.1

Then after 5 days the uniform corrosion will chemical analysis of cooling water (inhibited
occur while the protective layer of Fe3 (PO4 ) 2 water) were obtained from Al-doura refinery
formed on the surface of carbon steel specimen as explain the values of alkalinity and pH increased
shown in Fig.(7) and Fig.(8) respectively, The because of mixture effect as shown in Table (8).

Table 8,
Chemical analysis for make up(raw water) and cooling tower water.
Water Parameter Make up water Cooling water
Alkalinity as ppm 144 374
Total Hardness as ppm 250 544
T.D.S as ppm 397 1370
pH 7.4 8.27
Conductivity in mmhoms 663 1712
Sodium phosphate as ppm - 80
Sodium gluconate as ppm - 80

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Fig. 7.Uniform Corrosion on Carbon Steel Fig. 8.Protective Layer on Carbon Steel
Specimen. Specimen.

4. Conclusion 6. References

From experimental results using corrosion [1] P.R. Roberge, Handbook of Corrosion
inhibitor mixture (sodium phosphate as corrosion Engineering, McGraw- Hill, 1999.
inhibitor and sodium glocunate as scale [2] R. Wiston, Uhlig’s, Corrosion Handbook,
dispersant)in cooling tower at 20,40,60 and 80
2nd Edition, page 173, John Wiley and
ppm concentration ,one concludes that at 80 ppm
concentration of mixture and at temp. above 75 °C Sons Inc., 2000.
and for 5 days is more efficiently in cooling tower [3] Mario Machado , "Cooling tower
treatment to format passive film and decrease the Technologies and Management – Water
corrosion rate. Minimization", Australian industry
group,2010
[4] John kubis, "power station zero discharge
5. Recommendation
,cooling tower", NACE international
,No.08396,2010.
Some recommendations are suggested to
improve the future work Because of [5] RL Martin, B.A. Alink, T.G. Braga and
microbiological growth in cooling tower such as A.J. McMahon, R.
algae, fugi and bacteria, then: "Weare,Environmentally accepTable
1- The treatment with biocides by adding to water soluble corrosion inhibitors",
sample of cooling water : Corrosion 95, Paper No.36, NACE, 1995.
a. Oxidizing Biocides such as( Chlorine, [6] A. Bhatia, "cooling water problems and
Bromine, Chlorine Dioxide, Ozone, Silver solution",web
Peroxide, etc) [email protected] , 2010.
b. Non-oxidizing Biocides :Organic chemical [7] Dr. E.Moses Road," Inorganic phosphates
compounds .
c. Biodispersants : Surfactant. based corrosion inhibitors for industrial
cooling water system, Ion Exchange India
2- Study the effect of the microbiological growth Ltd. 2010.
in cooling tower and measure the corrosion
[8] Irvin Cotton,”Analyst Spring 2003 –
rate of carbon steel with effect of
microbiological growth. Cooling System – Chemical treatment “ .
[9] DONALD L. BASHAM, P.E, "Industrial
3- Calculate the corrosion rate of carbon steel
water treatment operation and
immersed in corrosion inhibitor ,scale
dispersant and biodispersant mixing . maintenance", by united facilities criteria
(UFC), http://dod.wbdg.org/. 25 may
2005.

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[10] C.C.Nathan “Corrosion [12] C.C.NATHAN, "Studies on the inhibition

inhibitors” National Association and by amines of the corrosion of iron by
Corrosion Engineer, Vol.21,PP.120, No.3, solutions of high acidity ", National
June, (1983). Association of Corrosion Engineer ,vol.9
[11] Annual book of ASTM standard ,p.199 ,1948.
"Corrosivity of water in the absence of
heat transfer (weight loss
method)",Designation :D
2688,Feb.15,1983.

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‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﻮارزﻣﻲ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ ،7‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪ ،3‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(2011) 97- 86‬‬ ‫دﯾﻨﺎ رﺣﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﺜﺒﻄﺎت اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺧﺰان اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬

‫دﯾﻨﺎ رﺣﯿﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‪/‬ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪[email protected]:‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﺜﺒﻄﺎت اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻌﺪن ﻛﺮﺑﻮن ﺳﺘﯿﻞ وﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻮزن ‪ .‬ﻏﻤﺮت ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﺳﺘﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ Na2HPO4‬ﻛﻤﺜﺒﻂ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ وﻛﻠﻮﻛﻨﯿﺖ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ C6H11NaO7‬ﻛﻤﺸﺘﺖ ﺗﻜﻠﺴﺎت وﺑﺘﺮاﻛﯿﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )‪ (٢٠,٤٠,٦٠,٨٠‬ﺟﺰء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﯿﻮن‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪◦ (٢٥,٥٠,٧٥,١٠٠),‬م و ﻟﻤﺪة )‪ (٥-١‬أﯾﺎم ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻤﺜﺒﻄﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺎء ﺑﺪون إﺿﺎﻓﺎت وﻣﻊ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎت وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻔﺎءة‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ‪ 98.1%‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‪ ٨٠‬ﺟﺰء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﯿﻮن‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﺒﯿﻦ أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﯾﻘﻞ ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﺜﺒﻂ اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ‪ ٨٠‬ﺟﺰء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﯿﻮن ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة‪◦١٠٠‬م وﻟﻤﺪة ‪ ٥‬أﯾﺎم‪ ,‬أي إن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ =‪ ٠.٠١٤‬ﻏﻢ ‪/‬م‪ .٢‬ﯾﻮم ‪.‬‬

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