RESOURCES-GEOGRAPHY STD: X

QUESTION AND ANSWERS:

1. What is a resource?

Resource means anything that is

• available in nature

• can be used for satisfying the human needs.

• Technologically accessible

• Economically feasible

• Culturally acceptable.

2. Explain the interdependent relationship between nature, technology and

institutions?

• Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to
accelerate their economic development.

• Resources are a function of human activities

• Humans transform material available in our environment into resources to use

them

3. How will you classify resources?

Basis of classification Class Example

Origin Biotic Flora and fauna

Abiotic Soil, Minerals

Exhaustibility Renewable Air, Sun light

Non-renewable Fossil fuels

Ownership Individual Our house, plots

Community owned Public parks, village ponds

National River, mines

International International ocean

territory starts after

200 km of national boundary

Status of Development Potential resources – yet to be exploited Wind and

solar energy

Developed Coal and gold mines

Stock-potential can’t be exploited due to lack of technology

Water in Antarctica region

Reserves – subset of stock Geothermal energy

4. What was the result of human utilization of resources?

• Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.

• Accumulation of resources in few hands,

• Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such

as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

5. What is sustainable development? Why do we need it?

• Sustainable development means development should take place without

damaging the environment

• Development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future
generation

• Sustainable economic development is the way to conserve our resources for the
next generation

6. Write a short note on Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit and Agenda 21.

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit:

• Held in June 1992 in Brazil

• More than 100 states participated

• The aim of the summit was to address the urgent problems of environment
protection

• The summit adopted Agenda 21 – to combat environmental damage, poverty,

disease through global co-operation.

• One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw
its own local Agenda 21

7. What is Resource planning? Why do we need it?

• Due to the unequal distribution of resources, some regions are rich in certain
types of resources and deficient in some other.

• Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks infrastructural

developmental

• Rajasthan has solar and wind energy but lacks water resources

• This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local
levels

• For sustainable development also we need resource planning

8. Explain the complex process involved in Resource planning?

The complex process of resource planning involves:

i. Identification of resources involving surveying, mapping, estimating and

measuring the availability of resources

ii. Planning the utilization with the help of technology and institution accompanied
by human skill

iii. Matching the plans with overall national development plans

9. What does our history reveals about our resources in the past?

• Our history of colonization reveals that the rich resources in India had attracted
the foreign invaders

• With the higher level of technological development, resources are exploited and
supremacy were established

• So, Resource planning in India involves availability of resources and technology,

human skill and historical experiences of the people

10. Why conservation of resources is important?

• Irritational consumption and over-utilization of resources may lead to socio-

economic and environmental problems

• As per Gandhiji there is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s
greed

• He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by
the masses

11. Write about the land resources in India?

Land pattern Land utilized for Determined for

12. What is the total geographical area of India?

• Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km

• Only 93% of the land use data is available

• Data from North-eastern states other than Assam, Pakistan and china occupied
Jammu and Kashmir are not collected

13. Why the land under permanent pasture and forest has decreased?

• Poor quality fallow lands

• High cost of cultivation of fallow land

14. Write a note on Waste Land.

• Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas

• It also includes land used for settlements, roads, railways, industry, etc.

• Continuous use of land without appropriate measures to conserve it leads to land

degradation.

15. List out (any five) reasons for land degradation in India.

• Deforestation

• Over grazing in the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra

• Mining and quarrying activities in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,

Madyapradesh and Orissa
• Over irrigation in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh.

• Mineral processing and Grinding in the cement and ceramic industry

16. Write any five land conservation methods.

• Afforestation

• Proper management of grazing and waste lands

• Stabilization of sand dunes by plantation of thorny bushes.

• By proper irrigation and harvesting methods

• Control over mining activities.

• Proper management of land after completion of mining work.

• Discharge of industrial waste and effluents only after proper treatment.

• Plantation of trees along the road sides.

17. Write a short note on SOIL.

• Soil is the most important renewable natural resource needed for the growth of
living organisms

• It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cm in depth.

• Relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation and time determines the formation of soil

• Temperature, action of running water, wind and decomposers contribute to the

formation

• Soil also consists of organic and inorganic materials

18. Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased
much since 1960-61?

• About 45% of land is used as net sown area, i.e. for farming.

• About 22% of the land is under forest and the rest of the land is used for various
purposes; like housing, recreation and industrial activities.

• Increasing population and subsequent increase in demand for resources is the

main reason that forested land has not increased much during this period.

19. Classify soils of India.

Types of Soils Formation due to States where found Features Crops grown
Rich in:
Alluvial Deposited by the three Mainly found in the Potash and wheat, rice,
Himalayan rivers – plains of Gujarat, Lime sugarcane,
Brahmaputra, Indus and Punjab, Haryana, More fertile soil cotton, jute
Ganga. UP, Bihar, etc.
Black (Regur
soil)

20. Explain the different types of soil erosion.

• Sheet erosion:

It is the fairly uniform removal of soil in thin layers from the land surface

Areas where loose, shallow topsoil overlies compact soil are most susceptible to
sheet

Erosion.

• Gully erosion: A form of water erosion in which gullies are produced by

combination of unattended rills.

• Wind erosion: When wind blows and makes the flat or slope land to lose its soil

• Ploughing in a wrong way in the slope

• Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining.

21. How will you conserve soil resource?

1. Contour farming:

Crops are cultivated along the contour of the land. Even in heavy rain, the runoff is
checked by the plants growing along the contour. Tillage: contour tilling will prevent the
excess run of water.

2. Strip cropping:

This is an agricultural practice of growing plants in suitable strips in the field.

a. Contour strip cropping - This is cultivation of soil protecting crops in strips
alternating with erosion permitting crops. The strips should be across the slope.

b. Field strip cropping - Plants are cultivated in parallel strips across the slopes.
Wind strip cropping: Crops are planted across the slopes to prevent soil loss. These may
be legumes or grasses.

3. Crop rotations:

Alternatively growing a cereal and a legume in the same field will not only increase the
yield, but also increase the fertility of the soil. They also help in checking soil erosion.

4. Shelter belts stabilizes the sand dunes in the deserts

5. Terrace farming restricts erosion

22. How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of
resources?

• Economic development creates demand for various resources

• Technical development gives the knowhow to exploit those resources.

• Thus, technical and economic development together lead to more consumption of

resources.

23. Write a note on regeneration of environment.

• Regeneration of the environment leads to economic well-being

• As more resource are available it improves agriculture and animal care

• People’s management is essential for ecological restoration.

FOREST AND WILD LIFE RESOURCES

1. What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?

• The variety of flora and fauna in a given geographical area is called biodiversity of
that area.

• Each species on this earth lives in a system of interdependencies on various

biotic and abiotic factors.

• Human beings also depend on several biotic and abiotic factors for their survival.

• We directly depend taking some resources from certain species, but we indirectly
depend on many other species.

• Hence, biodiversity is important for human lives.

2. Explain India’s Biological diversity. Or Give an account of Flora and Fauna in India

• Biological diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in

form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network of
interdependencies

• India has 8% of the total number of world species

• 81000 species of fauna and 47000 of flora are found in this country

• At least 10 per cent of India’s recorded wild flora and

• 20 per cent of its mammals are on the threatened list.

3. What is the rate of extinction of flowering plants and vertebrate animals in India?

• 70 species of mammals

• 44 of birds

• 15 of reptiles and 3 of amphibians are threatened

• 1500 plant species are endangered

• Flowering plants and vertebrate animals have become extinct at a rate estimated
to be 50 t0 100 times the average expected natural rate

4. Explain the forest cover of India?

• The forest cover in the country is 78.29 million hectare

• It is 23.81 % of total geographical area

• The dense forest cover has increased to 10098 sq., km

5. How IUCN classifies the species?

1. Normal Species population levels are normal for their survival,

Ex: cattle, Sal, pine

2. Endangered Species are in danger of extinction. he survival of these species

is difficult if the negative factors continue to operate.

Ex: black buck, crocodile.

3. Vulnerable Species population has declined they are likely to move into the

Endangered category

Ex: Blue sheep, Asiatic elephant.

4. Extinct Species are not found after searches of known or likely areas

Ex: Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck.

5. Endemic Species are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by

natural or geographical barriers.

Ex: Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon.

6. Rare species: Species with small population, which may enter in to either

Endangeredor vulnerable category

Ex: Desert Fox, Horn bill

6. Why Asiatic Cheetah is extinct today?

• Due to decline of available habitat

• Due to decline of its prey

• Hunting

7. What are the negative factors that cause such fearful depletion of the flora and
fauna?

• Transforming nature into a resource

• During the colonial period for railways and commercial cropping

• Clearing the forest area for agricultural expansion

• Practicing Slash and Burn agriculture

• Large Scale development projects and mining

8. How colonial forest policies are to be blamed for deforestation?

The Colonial government cleared our forest area for

• Expansion of railway lines

• Commercial and Scientific forestry

• Mining Activities

• Promoting a few favoured species and carrying out “Enrichment planation” policy

• Expanding agricultural land for collecting more revenue

9. Why “The Himalayan Yew” is in trouble?

• The Himalayan Yew is a medicinal plant found in various parts of Himachal
Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh

• A chemical compound called “taxol” is extracted from the bark, needles, twigs
and roots of this tree

• It has been successfully used in the treatment of cancer

• The species is under great threat due to over-exploitation

• In the last one decade thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of
Himachal Pradesh and Andra Pradesh

10. How the biological loss is correlated with the loss of cultural diversity? OR How
the biological loss affects the women and the poor?

• Such losses have marginalized and impoverished many indigenous and other
forest-dependent communities who directly depend on various components of the forest
and wildlife for food, drink, medicine, culture, spirituality, etc.

• Women are affected more, as the biodiversity is depleted, in some places women
have to walk for long distance to collect fuel, water, food. This causes serious health
problems for women.

• Basic family set up is affected the most as women has less time to look after the
home and children because of the increased hours of work. This also

leads to severe social problems

• The indirect impact of degradation such as severe drought or deforestation-

induced floods, etc. also hits the poor the hardest.

• Poverty in these cases is a direct outcome of environmental destruction.

11. Why do we need to conserve our forests and wildlife?

• Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems

• It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of
species and breeding

• We are still dependent on traditional crop varieties.

• Fisheries are heavily dependent on the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity

12. Explain the initiative taken by the Governments in conserving the forests.

• The Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 protects the habitats of species
• The act have banned hunting, gave legal protection to their habitats and restricted
trade in wildlife

• Central and State governments had established national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries and announced various projects for protecting specific animals which were
gravely threatened.

• The conservation projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather than a few of
its components.

• Under Wildlife Act of 1980, 1986 and 1991, several hundred butterflies, moths,
beetles, one dragonfly and six species of flora have been added to the list of protected
species.

13. Explain “Project Tiger”

• Launched in 1973 to increase the number of tigers in India and to protect the
existing ones.

• Tigers are hunted for their skins and bones

• The major threats to tiger were poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of
prey base species, growing human population, etc.

• There were 39 tiger reserves in India

• Corbett national park in uttarakhand, Sunderban national park in west Bengal are
few to mention

14. How forests are classified?

Reserved forests • Are regarded as most vulnerable as far as conservation of

forest and wildlife resources.

• These forests are found in Tamilnadu , Andra Pradesh

• More than half of the total forest land comes under this category

Protected forests • Forest lands are protected from any further degradation.

• One third of the total forest area is protected

• These forests are also known as Permanent forest estates

• These forests are found in MadhyaPradesh.

Unclassed forests • Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government

and private individuals and communities.
• These type of forest are managed by local communities of north-eastern states
and parts of Gujarat

15. Brief the role played by the community in conserving the forest.

• In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan villagers have fought against mining by citing
the Wildlife Protection Act

• The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared
1200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri declaring their own set of rules
and regulations which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any
outside encroachments

• Chipko movement in the Himalayas resisted deforestation in several areas and

proved that the community afforestation with indigenous species can be successful.

• Groups like Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya shown that adequate
levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible

• Joint Forest Management (JFM) launched in 1988 in Odisha formed local village
institutions to undertake protection activities from degrading the forests. In return the
members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber
forest produces

16. How the religious belief does helps in protecting the flora and fauna?

• Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of
nature have to be protected

• Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called sacred
Groves.

• These patches of forests have been left untouched by the local people

• Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and
animals

• People worship trees like Peepal, banyan, kadamba, mahua, tamarind and mango

17. Explain the Factors that have led to the decline in India’s biodiversity.

• Habitat destruction of plants and animals

• Hunting & poaching for commercial purposes,

• Over-exploitation,

• environmental pollution,& poisoning caused by industrial activities

• forest fires
• unequal access and inequitable consumption of resources

18. What are the factors responsible for the large scale depletion of flora & fauna

• The greatest damage done on our forests was during the colonial period During
the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and
scientific forestry and mining activities our forests and wildlife were

damaged

• After Independence : Agricultural expansion is one of the major causes of

depletion of forest resources

• Major parts of the tribal belts, especially in the northeastern and central India,
have been deforested or degraded by shifting cultivation (jhum), a type of ‘slash and
burn’ agriculture.

• Large-scale development projects:Since 1951, over 5,000 sq. km of forest was

cleared for river valley projects. Clearing of forests is still continuing with projects like
the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh, which would inundate 40,000 hectares

of forest.

• Mining activities:Mining is another important factor behind deforestation. The

Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is seriously threatened by the ongoing dolomite
mining. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration
route of several others, including the great Indian elephant.

• Over grazing and fuel wood collection : Many foresters and environmentalists
believe that the factor behind the depletion of forest resources is grazing and fuel-wood
collection .A substantial part of the fuel-fodder demand is met by lopping rather than by
felling entire trees

WATER RESOURCES

Q1. Why water is called as renewable resource?

• ¾ of the earth surface- water –saline and fresh water

• Fresh water is scarce and obtained from runoff & ground water and precipitation.

• Fresh water is renewed and recharged by hydrological cycle.

2. Explain the statement with two areas with water scarcity and explain its reasons.

• Due to the variation in rainfall, drought Regions –low –scarcity of water

• E.g. deserts of Rajasthan

Reason: 1. due to variations in seasonal and annual precipitation

2. Due to over – exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among
different social groups.

3. Write a short note on QUANTITATIVE WATER SCARCITY.

A. OVER EXPLOITATION DUE TO FARMING

• Large and growing population

• Greater demand for water

• Unequal access

• More consumption of water for domestic use & to facilitate higher food grains

• Over exploitation of irrigated area, dry season agriculture

• Most landed farmers have their own wells and tube wells

B. INDUSTRIALISATION

• MNC’s exerting pressure on fresh water

• Industries use water for processing &hydroelectric power. India(22% produce)

• Multiplying urban centre & urban lifestyle require added water and energy.

C. URBANISATION

• Housing societies or colonies in cities their own pumping devices to extract

ground water

• Resulting in fragile water resource being over exploited casing depletion in cities.

4. What was the result of Quantative water scarcity result in?

• Falling ground water levels

• Adversely affecting water availability

• Food security of the people.

5. Write a note on Qualitative scarcity of water.

• Water may be polluted by domestic & industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and
fertilizers used in agriculture making it hazardous.

• Smaller Indian rivers are toxic including big rivers like Ganges and Yamuna – due
to –

i. Population growth

ii. agricultural modernization,

iii. Urbanization& industrialization.

6. Why conservation and management of water is needed?

• Water is sufficiently available but still scarce – due to bad quality

• to safeguard us form health hazards

• to ensure food security

• continuation of livelihoods

• productive activities

• prevent degradation of natural ecosystem

7. What did the ancient archeological and historical records show? Or

Mention the Hydraulic structures in Ancient India

• In ancient times people constructed sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams

built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigations.

• In 1th century. at Sringaverapura, near Allahabad sophisticated water harvesting

system used to channel flood water of Ganga

• During the time of Chandra Gupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems
were built

• In the 11th century, Bhopal lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was
built

• In the 14th century, Tank in Hauz khas, Delhi was constructed by Illttmish for
supplying water to Siri fort area.

• Sophisticated irrigated work is found in kalinga (Orissa), Nagargunakonda (AP)

Bennur (kart), Kolhapur (Maharashtra)
8. What are dams and how do they help us in conserving and managing water?

• A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow,
often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment

• Dams were traditionally built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used
later to irrigate agricultural fields.

• Dams are built electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial
uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.

• Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which or through which it
is intended that water will flow either intermittently or continuously.

9. Why dams are referred as Multi-Purpose River valley project? Give examples

• Dams are referred to as multi-purpose projects where the many uses of the
impounded water are integrated with one another.

• For example, in the Sutlej-Beas river basin, the Bhakra – Nangal project water is
being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.

• Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of

water with flood control.

10. How dams are classified?

• Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height.

• Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams,
embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes.

• According to the height, dams can be categorized as large dams and major dams
or alternatively as low dams, medium height dams and high dams.

11. Why Jawaharlal Nehru called Dams as Temple of modern India?

• Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’;

• It integrated development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid

industrialization and growth of the urban economy.

• Multi-purpose projects, launched after Independence with their integrated water

resources management approach, were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the
nation to development and progress, overcoming the handicap of its colonial past

12. Give reasons why dams in recent years have come under scrutiny?
• Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment
flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier
stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.

• Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate,
especially for spawning.

• The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing
vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.

13. Give reasons why dams in recent years have come under scrutiny? Or what are
the disadvantages of having more dams?

• Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment
flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier
stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.

• Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate,
especially for spawning.

• The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing
vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.

14. Why Multi-purpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many
new social Movements?

• Multi-purpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many new
social Movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’ etc.

• Resistance to these projects has primarily been due to the large-scale

displacement of local communities.

• Local people often had to give up their land, livelihood and their meager access
and control over resources for the greater good of the nation.

• The landowners and large farmers, industrialists and few urban centres are
benefitted than the poor

15. On what problem did Narmada Bachao Andolan focus on?

• Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement is a Non-

GovernmentalOrganization (NGO) that mobilized tribal people, farmers,
environmentalists and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built
across the Narmada River in Gujarat.

• It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be

submerged under the dam water.
• It has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens, especially (displaced people) to
get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.

16. “Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers
shifting to water intensive and commercial crops” - Explain

• This has great ecological consequences like salinization of the soil.

• It has transformed the social landscape i.e. increasing the social gap between the
richer landowners and the landless poor.

• The dams did create conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits
from the same water resources.

• In Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot
over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during
droughts.

• Inter-state water disputes are also becoming common with regard to sharing the
costs and benefits of the multi-purpose project

17. What was the reason behind Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh governments’
dispute?

• It is regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra

government for a multipurpose project.

• This would reduce downstream flow in their states with adverse consequences for
agriculture and industry.

18. Describe the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the
purposes for which the dams were built. ORWhy dams fail to achieve their purpose?

• The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to
sedimentation in the reservoir.

• Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at
the time of excessive rainfall.

• The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused extensive
soil erosion.

• Sedimentation also meant that the flood plains were deprived of silt, a natural
fertilizer, further adding on to the problem of land degradation.

• It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused
waterborne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
19. How rain water harvesting is a good alternative to multi-purpose dams? How in
ancient period rain harvesting was useful?

• Water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socioeconomically and

environmentally.

• In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed
an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system.

• People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed
wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water
in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water.

20. Write about different kinds of rain water harvesting.

• In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or
‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.

• ‘Rooftop rain water harvesting ‘was commonly practiced to store drinking water,
particularly in Rajasthan.

• In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate

their fields.

• In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed
storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’
in Jaisalamar and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

21. Write a note on Genthadur.

• A remote backward village in Mysore, Karnataka, villagers has installed, in their

household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs.

• Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the
rare distinction of being rich in rainwater.

• Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1,000 mm, and with 80 per cent of
collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about
50,000 liters of water annually.

• From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,
00,000liters.

22. Write a note on rain water harvesting in Tamil Nadu.

• Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made roof top
rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state.

• There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

23. Write a note on Bamboo drip irrigation.

• In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using

bamboo pipes is prevalent.

• About 18-20 liters of water enters the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over
hundreds of meters, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute ate the site of the
plant.

• Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower
reaches by gravity

• The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it is
distributed into branches, again made and laid out with different forms of bamboo pipes.
The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions.

• Reduced channel sections and diversion units are used at the last stage of water
application. The last channel section enables water to be dropped near the roots of the
plant.

• If the pipes pass a road, they are taken high above theland.

AGRICULTURE

Q1. What is the importance of agriculture in the Indian economy?

A1. The importance of agriculture in the Indian economy is

1. India is an agriculturally important country.

2. Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities.

3. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we

consume.

4. Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various industries.

Q2. Mention the three characteristics on which the Indian agriculture had been
practiced?

A2. Main three characteristics of Indian agriculture is

1. Physical environment

2. Technological know-how
3. Socio-cultural practices.

4. Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type.

Q3. What are the five types of farming?

A3. 1 .Primitive subsistence farming

2. Slash and burn farming

3. Intensive subsistence farming

4. Commercial farming

5. Plantation agriculture

Q4. Write a short note on Primitive subsistence farming.

A4. 1. This type of farming is still practiced in few interior parts of India.

2. Itis practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, Dao and
digging sticks, & family community labour.

3. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability
of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

Q5. Write a short note on Slash and burn agriculture.

A5. The following are the characteristic features of slash and burn agriculture

1. Itis ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.

. 2. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to
sustain their family.

3. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for
cultivation.

4. This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of soil through natural
processes.

5. Productive is low as farmer uses natural fertilizers & simple tools

Q6. What are the local names of the shifting cultivation?

A6. 1. It isjhummingin north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram

and Nagaland;

2. Pamlou in Manipur,
3. Dipa in Bastar district ofChattishgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar

4. ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in MadhyaPradesh,

5. ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh

6. Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Orissa,

7. ‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats, ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’in South-eastern Rajasthan,

8. ‘Khil’ in the Himalayan belt,

9. ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand,

The ‘slash and burn’ agriculture is known by other name in different parts of the world
such as

1. ‘Milpa’ in Mexico and Central America,

2. ‘Conuco’ in Venzuela, ‘Roca’ in Brazil,

3. ‘Masole’ in Central Africa,

4. ‘Ladang’ in Indonesia,

5. ‘Ray’ in Vietnam.

Q7. Write a short note on Intensive subsistence farming?

A7. 1. This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

2. It is labour intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation
are used for obtaining higher production.

Q8. Why there is an enormous pressure on the agricultural land?

A8. 1. The ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division of land among successive
generations has rendered land-holding size uneconomical,

2. The farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of
alternative source of livelihood.

3. Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land.

Q9. What are the main characteristics of commercial farming?

A9. The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of
modern inputs,

Q10. Can you give some more examples of cropswhich may be commercial in one
region andmay provide subsistence in another region?
A10. The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another.

For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa, it is a
subsistence crop.

Sugarcane is the commercial crop in Tamil Nadu but rice is the staple crop.

Q11. Write a note on the plantation farming.

A11. 1. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single
crop is grown on a large area. (MONOCULTURE)

2. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.

3. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of
migrant labourers.

All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.

4. Example: In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are important plantation
crops.

Other examples are Tea in Assam and North Bengal coffee in Karnataka.

5. Production is for the market so a well-developed network of transport &

communication connecting plantation areas, processing industries & markets plays an
important role in development of plantation.

Q12. Explain the three crop pattern season.

A12. The three crop pattern seasons are Kharif, Rabi and zaid.

A) KHARIF

i) Kharif crops are sown with the onset of Monsoon in different parts of India and
these are harvested in September-October.

ii) Important crops grown during this season are

Paddy, maize, Jowar, Bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and
soyabean.

iii) Some of the most important rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal,
coastal regions

of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the (Konkan

coast) along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

iv) Recently, paddy has also become an important commercial crop of Punjab and
Haryana.

v) In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in
a year. These are Aus, Aman & Boro

B) RABI

i)Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer
from April to June.

ii) Some of the important Rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.

iii) Though, these crops are grown in large parts of India, states from the north and
northwestern parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other Rabi
crops.

iv) Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate
cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

v) However, the success of the green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar
Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of the
Rabi crop.

C) ZAID

i) In between the Rabi and the Kharif seasons, there is a short season during the
summermonths known as the Zaid season.

ii) Some of the crops produced during ‘zaid’ arewatermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,
vegetables and fodder crops.

iii) Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow.

Q13. Explain how the growing population is a serious threat to the Indian agriculture?

A13. As agriculture is practiced in India for centuries this has resulted in:

a) Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes that has

hindered the pace of agriculture development.

b) Even though new sources of irrigational are available still many farmers depend
on monsoon, natural fertility for agriculture.

c) Thus for the growing population it is a very serious threat.

Q14. What were the initiatives taken by the government of India in the 1st five year plan
towards agriculture? Why it was not properly implemented?
A14. 1. Collectivization

2. Consolidation of holdings

3. Cooperation and

4. Abolition of Zamindari

These were the provisions of Land reform as per first 5 year plan but right to inheritance
has fragmented the land holdings needed for consolidation

So, the law on land reform was not implemented properly.

Q15. Mention the two reforms initiated by the government of India in the year 1960s
&1970s?

A15. 1. in 1960 & 70 Green revolution was introduced based on package technology

2. White revolution (operation flood), but it had its impact only in few areas.

Q16. Mention the comprehensive institutional and technological reform introduced by

the government in the year 1980s?

A16. In 1980, 90, a comprehensive institutional and technological reform introduced:

1 .Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease,

2. Establishment of grameen bank, for providing loan facilities at low interest. Kissan
credit card (KCC), personal Accidental Insurance scheme (PAIS),

3. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced
on radio and television.

4.Government announced minimum support price, remunerative and procurement price

to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen

Q17. Why Vinobha Bave’s movement is called as Blood less Revolution?

A17. 1. It was a movement where the landless peasants received the agricultural land
from the land owners without any revolt or rebellion.

2. Many of the land owners and zamindars donated lands and villages to the land
less peasants

3. As per Gandhiji’s concept of gram swarajya, Vinobha Bhave was able to reach
the villagers.

Q18. What does the GDP of agriculture shows? Why it is serious concern?
A18. 1. Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy but its share in the GDP show a
declining trend from 1951 and its share in providing employment and livelihood is high
(63%) in 2001.

2. The decline in the share of agriculture in GDP is serious concern

Because: any decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead to decline in other spheres
of economic development.

Q19. What are the efforts made by the Indian government to improve upon the
agricultural development?

A19. Concrete efforts are made by government of India to

1. modernize agriculture

2. Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR),

3. agricultural universities,

4. veterinary services and animal breeding centre's,

5. horticulture,

6. research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast were
given priority for improving Indian agriculture,

7. improving rural infrastructure

Q20. Describe the international challenges faced by the Indian farmers due to
globalization?

A20. 1. At present, Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international
competition

2. Indian government is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in

agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and
mechanization.

3. Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.

4. Moreover, reduction in import duties on agricultural products has proved detrimental

to agriculture in the country.

5. Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the
employment in agriculture
 MAJOR CROPS – AGRICULTURE

Major crops grown in India are rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oil
seeds, cotton and jute etc.

S.NO TYPE OF CROP CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES TEMP. RAINFALL SOIL

TYPE OTHER FEATURES REGION

1.

PADDY/RICE
 1. Staple crop of majority of India

2. India is the largest producer of rice in the world after China

3. It is a Kharif crop

1. High temperature

2. above 25⁰C

3. High humidity 1. Annual rainfall above 100cm

2.areas with less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation North and
North –eastern India

Coastal areas and deltaic regions.

In less rainfall area of Punjab and Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan –
dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells are used for rice cultivation

WHEAT 1.Second most important cereal

2.Main food crop in north & north-western India

3.Rabi crop

1. Cool growing season & bright sunshine at time of ripening. 1.50 to 75 cm of

annual rainfall evenly distributed over growing season 1.Two important
wheat-growing zones a) the ganga- satluj plains in north west, black soil region of
Deccan

2.Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and parts of MP

3. MILLET

A.JOWAR

Jowar, Bajra, Ragi are important millets grown in India

They are called coarse grains

They have very high nutritional value 1.It is a rain fed crop mostly grown in moist
areas which does not need irrigation

Jowar is the third important food crop with respect to area & production
MAHARASHTRA – largest producer of Jowar

Other regions are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, MP

B.BAJRA
 It is a crop of dry region

Sandy soils and shallow black soil

Rajasthan is largest producer of Bajra followed by Uttar Pradesh,

Maharashtra , Gujarat and Haryana

C.RAGI

It is a crop of dry region Red, black,Sand,,loamy and shallow

black soils Karnataka is largest producer followed by Tamil Nadu

4.

MAIZE It is used both as food and fodder

It is a Kharif crop

In Bihar it is grown as rabi crop Temperature between 21⁰C to 27⁰C Old

alluvial soil Modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilizers and irrigation increased
production of maize. Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, MP

5.
 PULSES India is largest producer and consumer of pulses in world

Major pulses of India are arhar(tur), urad, moong, masur, peas,gram Pulses need less
moisture and survive even in dry condition They are major source of
protein in a vegetarian diet

They are mostly grown in rotation with other crops MP, UP,Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Karnataka

6.

FOOD CROP OTHER THAN GRAINS

1.Sugarcane

1. It is a tropical and subtropical crop.

2.India is second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil

1.Hot & humid climate

2. 21⁰ to 27⁰C
1.Annual rainfall between 75cm and 100cm

Irrigation required in regions of low rainfall

1.It can be grown in variety of soil and need manual labour from sowing to harvesting

1.It is the main source of sugar,gur(jaggary)

Khandsari and molasses

UP,Maharash

tra,Karnataka, TN,AP,Bihar

7. OIL SEEDS India is largest producer of oil seeds in 12% of total cropped area

Oil seeds are ground nut,mustard, coconut,sesamum(till),soyabean,castorseeds

They are edible and used for cooking

Some of these are used as raw material in production of soap, cosmetics, ointment

Sesame is a Kharif crop in north

It is a rabi crop in south

Castor seed is grown both as rabi and Kharif crop

Andhra Pradesh is largest producer of groundnut followed by Tamil nadu, Karnataka,

Gujarat and Maharashtra

8
9.

TEA

COFFEE
HORTICULTURE Tea grows in tropical and sub-tropicalclimatesTea is a plantation
agriculture

It is an important beverage crop introduced by British in India

India produces about 4% of world’s coffee

Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality

Arabica variety initially brought Yemen

It was cultivated on Baba Budan Hills

India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world Tea require warm
and moist frost free climate all through the year
India is a producer of tropical and temperate fruits Tea is a labour intensive industry
Deep &fertile well drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter It requires abundant
cheap & skilled labour

India produces about 13 % of worlds vegetables

Pea, cauliflower onion cabbage tomato, brinjal, potato Assam hills of Darjeeling and
Jaipaiguri district, west Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala

Nilgiri in Karnataka, kerala, Tamil nadu

MANGOES – of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and west Bengal

ORANGES – Nagpur

BANANAS – kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Tamil nadu

LICHI – and GUAVA – UP, Bihar

PINEAPPLE – Meghalaya, grapes of AP Maharashtra

APPLE PEARS APRICOTS WALNUT of J&K,HP

RUBBER

FIBRE CROPS
NON FOOD CROPS

1. Equatorial crop but under special conditions grow in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

1.Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are four major fiber crops grown in India

2.first three from soil and silk from cocoons of silk worms fed on green leaves
(mulberry)- silk rearing is called sericulture

COTTON

1.India is original home of cotton plant

2. It is the main raw material for cotton textile industry.

3.India is third largest producer of cotton in world

JUTE

1.Known as Golden Fiber

1.Itrequires moist and humid climate

2.Temperature above 25⁰c

It requires high temperature

High temperature is required during the time of growth

1.Rainfall of more than 200 cm

Light rainfall or irrigation

210 frost free days and bright sunshine for growth

Drier part of black cotton soil of Deccan plateau

1.Grown in well-drained soil in flood plains where soil is renewed every year

It is an important industrial raw material

India ranks fifth among the world’s natural rubber producers

It is a Kharif crop and

Require 6 to 8 months to mature

Making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarns, carpets,

Due to high cost it is losing the market to syntheticfibers and packing material
particularly nylon

Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of
Meghalaya

Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, TN, Karnataka,AP

West Bengal, Bihar, Assam,Orrisa, Meghalaya

ECONOMICS

CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPMENT

Q1. Do all of these persons have the same notion of development or progress?

A1. 1. Most likely persons do not have the same notion of development or progress.
Each one of them seeks different things.

2. They seek things that are most important for them, which can fulfill their aspirations or
desires.

Sometimes two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting.

For example a)A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that
he also shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this.

b) Example Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more

dams.

But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are
displaced –

such as tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to

irrigate their land.

3. Different persons can havedifferent developmental goals

4. What may be development forone may not be development forthe other. It may
even be

Destructive for the other.

Q2. Mention the common desire of every individual.

A2. People desires are

1. regular work,

2. Better wages,

3. decent price for their crops or other products that they produce.
4. In other words, they want more income.

Q3. Mention the factors other than income that are more important than income

A3. People also seek things like:

1. Equal treatment,

2. Freedom,

3. Security, and

4. Respect of others.

5. Resent discrimination.

Q4. Why some of the things are more important than income?

A4. 1. Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our
life depends.

2. But the quality of our life also depends on non-material things and non-measurable.

3. Role of your friends in your life.

4. There are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives.

5. It is concluded that what cannot be measured is more important than income.

Q5. What kind of jobs is preferred by people? What kind neither is nor preferred?

A5. 1. If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it you would try to consider
many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere,
or opportunity to learn.

2. In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment
that enhances your

Sense of security.

3. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time
for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.

Q6. Explain the statement for development,people look at a mix of goals.

A6. 1. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society
increases.

2. If there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater
acceptance of women working outside.
3. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or
run a business.

4. Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better
income but also about

Otherimportant things in life.

Q7. Why income is considered most important attribute in comparing countries?

A7. 1. Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less
income. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things
that human beings need.

2. Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater
income. So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.

Q8. What is an income of the country?

A8. The income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This
gives us the total income of the country.

Q9. Why total income is not useful for measurement? What is per capita income?
What is the other name of percapita income?

A9. 1. Since, countries have different populations; comparing total income will not tell
us what an averageperson is likely to earn.

2. Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country
divided by its

total population.

3. The average income is also called per capita income.

Q10. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? What are the limitations of their criterion?

A10. In World Development Report 20012, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion
is used in

Classifying countries.

1. Countries with per capita income of US $ 12276 per annum and above in 2010 are
called

Rich countries
2. Those with per capita income of US $ 1005 or less are called low-income
countries. India comes in the category of low-income countries because its per capita
income in 2004 was just US $ 1580 per annum.

3. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small
countries are generally called developed countries.

4. Hence, while average income is useful for comparison it does not tell us how this
income is distributed among people.

Example:

Country A 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200

Country B 500 500 500 500 48000

Even though both the countries have identical average income, country A is preferred
because it has more equitable distribution. In this country people are neither very rich
nor extremely poor. On the other hand most citizens in country B are poor and one
person is extremely rich.

Q11. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to
live well. Explain the statement with examples.

A11. 1. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods

and services that

Citizens are able to use.

2. For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment
or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a
community that already has all these things.

3. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the
whole of your

Community takes preventive steps.

Q12. “Actually for many of the important things in life the best way, also the cheapest
way, is to provide these goods and services collectively”. Explain the statement with
examples

A12. 1. It will be cheaper to have collective security for the whole locality or for each
house to have its own security man.

2. What if no one, other than you, in your village or locality is interested in studying?
Would you be able to study? Not unless your parents could afford to send you to some
private school elsewhere. So you are actually able to study because many other children
also want to study and because many people believe that the government should open
schools and provide other facilities so that all children have a chance to study.

3. Even now, in many areas, children, particularly girls, are not able to achieve
secondary level schooling because government/society has not provided adequate
facilities.

Q13. “Kerala with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking
than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be
used to compare states”. Do you agree? Discuss.

A13. Yes, Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of
basic health and

Educational facilities.

2. The people of aware of the medical facilities and about the diseases.

3. The Government and private hospitals are providing all medical care for the people
including infant and the mother.

4. Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well. If some

PDS shop, i.e. ration shop, does not function properly in such places; the people there
are able to get the problem rectified. Health and nutritional status of people of such
states is certainly likely to be better.

Q14. Name the professional who are involved in sustaining the development.

A14. Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which

scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together.

Q15. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What
could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

A15 1. At present India is getting 80% of total energy from thermal plants – coal, gas
and diesel, 17% from hydel project and 3% from nuclear plants

2. However, demand for electricity is far greater than supply.

3. We are facing acute shortage of cooking gas, fuel gas and diesel.

4. Besides huge capital is required for producing electricity form hydel and
nuclear projects.

5. In coming fifty years we expect to produce electricity from non-conventional

source of energy which is abundance like solar, hydel wind and nuclear projects. As
these projects will be cheaper and cleaner.
Q16. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

A16. 1. Development of a country must be continuous and every country wants to

improve the level of development.

2. Many scientists have warned that if the present state of development continues
it will not be able to sustain the future as consumption of both renewable and non-
renewable is high.

3. Rapid industrialization has degenerated the environment.

4. Sustainable development aims at development without damaging the

environment and at the same time conserving for future.

5. Sustainability of development is essential not only for the present generation

but even for future generation to ensure good life.

Q17. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to
satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion
of development? Discuss.

A17. 1. The statement suggests that resources of earth are sufficient for everybody if
there is equitably distributed.

2. However, some of us grab much more than what they need.

3. Their waste causes deprivation for the poorer section and countries thus
hampers the development of the country and world economy as a whole.

Q18. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed
around you.

A18. Industrial waste and other pollutants washed into river basins

Deforestation leads to less rainfall.

Emission of smoke and carbon fuel gas from factories and motor vehicles in
urban areas.

Q19. Why per capita income is calculated in dollars?

A19. Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be
compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of
goods and services in any country.

SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY – QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. What are economic activities?

Economic Activities are such activities which gives income while performing them.
Ex: A shop keeper gets profit while selling his goods.

2. Write a short note on Primary Sector

• Activities that are undertaken by directly using the natural resources

• When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of

Primary Sector.

• This is because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently
make.

• Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing,
forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related sector.

For ex:

For the growth of cotton plant we depend mainly on natural factors like rainfall,
sunshine and climate. The product of this activity, cotton, is a natural product.

In case of an activity like dairy, we are dependent on the biological process of the
animals and availability of fodder. The product, here milk, is also a natural product

3. Write a short note on Secondary Sector

• The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into
other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.

• It is the next step after primary.

• The product is not produced by nature but has to be made and therefore some
process of manufacturing is essential. This could be in a factor, a workshop or at home

• Since the sector gradually became associated with the different kinds of
industries that came up, it is also called as Industrial sector.

For ex:

Using cotton fiber from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth.

Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make sugar or gur

We convert earth into bricks and use bricks to make houses and buildings.

4. Write a short note on Tertiary Sector

• The activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors
are the activities that fall under tertiary sector.
• These activities generate services rather than goods. So this sector is also called
as service sector.

For ex:

The goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be
transported by trucks or trains and then sold in whole sale and retail shops.

It may be necessary to store these in godowns.

We may also need to talk to buyers or sellers over telephone or send letters of
communication or borrow money from banks to help production.

5. Why tertiary sectors include those services which do not have a direct link with
production? Give Examples

• Service sector also includes some essential services that may not directly help in
the production of goods.

For ex:

We need teachers, doctors and those who provide personal services such as
washer men, barbers, lawyers and people to do administrative and accounting works.

Certain new services based on information technology such as internet café, ATM
booths, call centers, software companies etc. have become important.

6. Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors using
examples other than those mentioned in the text.

Activities that are undertaken by directly using the natural resources are known
as primary sector

The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into
other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.

The activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors
are the activities that fall under tertiary sector.

Ex:

• With the help of the natural resources like land, water and climate Wheat crop is
grown. This is Primary sector.

• The wheat thus harvested is taken to the wheat mill where it is processed and
wheat flour is produced. This production is Secondary sector activity.
• This wheat flour is taken to the Weekly market for sale through a bullock cart. This
transportation is tertiary activity.

7. How do we count the various goods and services and know the total production in
each sector?

Not every goods or services that is produced and sold needs to be counted

It makes sense only to include the final goods and services.

Take for example, a farmer who sells wheat to a flour mill for Rs. 10 per kg. The
mill grinds the wheat and sells the flour to a biscuit company for Rs. 15 per kg. The
biscuit company uses the flour and things such as sugar and oil to make four packets of
biscuits out of one kg. It sells biscuits in the market to the consumers for Rs. 20 per
packet. Biscuits are the final goods that are the goods that reach the consumers.

8. Why are only ‘final goods and services’ counted?

The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods
that are used in making the final good.

The maximum retail value of the biscuits – the final good already includes the
value of Flour, other ingredients and other intermediate goods.

To calculate the value of the flour and wheat separately is therefore not correct
because then we would be counting the value of the same things a number of times.

9. What do you mean by GDP?

The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular
year provides the total production of the sector for that year

The sum of production in the three sectors gives the GROSS DOMESTIC
PRODUCTION – GDP.

It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a
particular year.

10. Who measures GDP in India?

• In India the task of measuring GDP is undertaken by a Central Government

ministry.

• This Ministry, with the help of various government departments of all the Indian
states and Union Territories, collects information relating to total volume of goods and
services and their prices and those estimates the GDP.

11. What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have
taken place between sectors?
i. Histories of many developed countries show that at the initial stages of
development primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity.

ii. As the methods of farming changed and agriculture sector began to prosper, it
produced much more food than before.

iii. So, many people could take up non-farming activities.

iv. There were increasing numbers of craft persons and traders - buyingand selling,
more transporters, administrators, more army etc.

v. Because of new methods of manufacturing were introduced, people began to use

many more goods that were produced in factories at cheap rates.

vi. Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and
employment

vii. Thus in a long time – more than hundred years there was a shift from primary to
secondary sector.

viii. In the past 100 years there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary
sector in the developed countries.

ix. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.
Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector.

12. Why is the tertiary sector becoming so important in India?

A. Basic Services:

i. Basic services like hospitals, educational institutions, and post and telegraphy
services, police stations are required for a country.

ii. In a developing country the Government has the take responsibility for the
provision of these services.

B. Service sector:

i. The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services

such as transport, storage, trade.

ii. Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors, more would be
the demand for such services

C. Rise in Income level:

i. As the income level rises, certain sections of people start demanding services like
dining out, tourism, and shopping, private hospitals.

D. New Technology:
i. Certain new services such as those based on information and communication
technology have become important and essential.

13. Why Indian service sector is not growing properly?

• Service sector in India employs many different kinds of people.

• At one end there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as
small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons. etc.

• These people barely manage to earn a living and yet they perform these services
because no alternative opportunities for work are available to them.

• Hence only a part of this sector is growing in importance.

14. Where are most of the people employed?

a) The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even in the year 2010.

b) While there has been a change in the share of the three sectors in the GDP
contribution, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.

15. Why did not a shift out of primary sector happen in case of employment?

• It is because not enough jobs were created in the secondary and tertiary sectors

• Even though industrial output or production went up more than 9 times,

employment went up around 3 times only in this period

• Production in the tertiary sector rose by 14 times employment in the service

sector rose around five times

• Secondary and territory sectors produce three-fourth of the produce whereas they
employ less than half of the people employed in primary sector

• As a result more than half of the working population depend on the primary sector
producing only quarter of the GDP

16. How underemployment and disguised underemployment is connected?

• More people than required are working in the agriculture sector.

• Even if we move few people out, production will not be affected.

• In other words, workers in agricultural sector are under-employed

• This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not

have a job and is clearly visible as unemployed

• Hence, it is also called as disguised unemployment

17. Describe the under employment in Urban sector.

• There are thousands of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who
search for daily employment

• They are employed as painters, plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd
jobs

• Many of them don’t find work every day

• Workers in the service sector like street vendors, vegetable-fruit sellers spend the
whole day but earn very little

• They are doing this work because they do not have better opportunities.

18. How to create more employment in rural sector?

• By providing more loan facilities through’ formal credit sector like Bank

• By providing irrigation facilities as per the need of the area

• The Government should invest in transportation and storage of crops or makes

better rural roads

• To identify, promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas

• To improve the educational and health facilities in the rural areas

• If we are able to implement the above said things, then we can provide
employment not only to local farmers but also to drivers, doctors, teachers, nurses,
health workers and Small scale / cottage-industrialists.

19. In what ways can employment be increased in the urban sector?

• Every state or region has potential for increasing the income and employment for
people in that area

• It could be tourism, regional craft industry or IT industries

• Some of these require proper planning and support from the government

• For ex:

The planning Commission says that if tourism as a sector is improved, every year we can
give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people

20. How and why the employer in an unorganized sector tries to evade law?

• Majority of the employers in the unorganized sectors evade taxes and refust6 to
follow laws that protect labourers
• In rural areas unorganized sector comprises of landless agricultural labourers,
small and marginal farmers, share croppers, artisans.

• In urban areas unorganized sector comprises small-scale industry workers,

casual workers. Rag pickers etc.

• Majority of the workers from scheduled castes, tribes and backward communities.

• Besides getting the irregular and low paid work, these workers face social
discrimination also.

• To earn more profits and to pay less taxes, employers in the unorganized sector
evade rules and regulations.

21. Distinguish between public and private sectors.

PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR

1. The Government owns most of the assets and provides all the services The
assets are owned by private individuals or group of individuals

2. Governments raise money through taxes and other ways to meet the expenses on
the services rendered by it. Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to
earn profits. To get such services common man have to pay money to these companies

3. Ex: Railways, Post offices Tata motors, Ashok Leyland

22. Describe the role of the Government in protecting the small scale industries. OR

Mention the various activities that are the responsibilities of the Government?

• The Government have to undertake heavy spending projects like construction of

roads, bridges, railways, harbours, etc. to ensure that these facilities are available for
everyone

• The Government should sell facilities like electricity, godowns, etc., in a

subsidized rate to support farmers, small-scale industries.

• Providing health and education facilities are the responsibility of the Government.

23. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and
tertiary is useful? Explain how.

The classification of economic activities into primary, tertiary and secondary is useful:

• On account of the information it provides on how and where the people of a

country are employed.
• also this helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes
more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income.

• If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it
implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify
this.

• The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or

regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to.

• Hence it is necessary to classify economic activities into these three sectors for
smooth economic administration and development.

24. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus
on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined?
Discuss.

• One should focus on employment and GDP because these determine the size of a
country's economy.

• A focus on employment and GDP helps determine two important things- per
capita income and productivity.

• Hence, in each of the three sectors, employment rate and status as well as its
contribution to the GDP help us understand how that particular sector is functioning and
what needs to be done to initiate further growth in it.

Yes, the other issues which should be examined are -

→ Balanced regional development

→ Equality in income and wealth among the people of the country.

→ How to eradicate poverty

→ Modernization of technology

→ Self-reliance of the country

→ How to achieve surplus food production in the country.

25. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few
examples.

• The tertiary sector different from other two sectors. This is because other two
sectors produce goods but, this sector does not produce goods by itself.

• But the activities under this sector help in the development of the primary and
secondary sectors. These activities are an aid or support for the production process.
• For example, transport, communication, storage, banking, insurance, trade
activities etc. For this reason this sector is also known as service sector.

26. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.

Open Unemployment Disguised unemployment

When a country’s labour force do not get opportunities for adequate employment, this
situation is called open unemployment. This is a kind of unemployment in which there
are people who are visibly employed but actually they don’t have full employment. In
such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required.

This type of unemployment is generally found in the industrial sector of our country. This
is also found among the landless agricultural labourers in rural areas. This type of
unemployment is generally found in unorganized sector where either work is not
constantly available or too many people are employed for the same work that does not
require so many hands.

27. "Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian
economy." Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.

• No, I do not agree with the statement that tertiary sector is not playing any
significant role in the development of Indian economy.

• The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the
last two decades.

• In the last decade, the field of information technology has grown, and
consequently, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to
more than 50% in 2003.

28. “Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people”. Who are these?

→ The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods.
For example, people involved in the transportation, storage, communication, finance etc.

→ The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of
goods e.g. teachers, doctors, barbers, cobblers lawyers etc. They may be termed as
ancillary workers means those who give services to the primary service providers.

29. “ Workers are exploited in the unorganized sector”. Do you agree with this view?
Give reasons in support of your answer.
Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. This would be clear from the
following points:

→ There is no fixed number of working hours. The workers normally work 10 - 12 hours
without paid overtime.

→ They do not get other allowances apart from the daily wages.

→ Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers are not followed there.

→ There is no job security.

→ Jobs are low paid the workers in this sector are generally illiterate, ignorant and
unorganized. So they are not in a position to bargain or secure good wages.

→ Being very poor they are always heavily in debt. So, they can be easily made to accept
lower wages.

30. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment
conditions?

→ Organized Sector:

This sector covers those enterprises which are registered by the government and have to
follow its rules and regulations.

For example, Reliance Industries Ltd., GAIL etc.

→ Unorganized Sector:

It includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the

government.

Though there are rules and regulations but these are never followed here.

For example, casual workers in construction, shops etc.

In this sector there is no job security and the conditions of employment are also very
tough.

31. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganized
sectors.

• The organised sector has companies registered with the government and hence, it
offers job security, paid holidays, pensions, health and other benefits, fixed working
hours and extra pay for overtime work.
• On the other hand, the unorganized sector is a host of opposites. There is no job
security, no paid holidays or pensions on retirement, no benefits of provident fund or
health insurance, unfixed working hours and no guarantee of safe work environment.

32. Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.

The objectives of implementing the NREGA 2005 are:

→ To increase the income and employment of people.

→ Every state/region can develop tourism, regional craft, IT etc. for additional
employment.

→ The central government made a law implementing the right to work in 200 districts.

→ NREGA aims to provide employment of 100 days. If it fails to do so, it will give
unemployment allowances to the people.

33. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government
has taken them up?

• A few examples of public sector activities are provision of water, electricity and
some modes of transport.

• The government has taken these up because water and power are needed by
everyone. If the work of providing electricity and water is left to private enterprises, the
latter might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot
afford.

• Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all,
the government supplies these at low and affordable rates.

34. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.

In the following ways Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation:

→ It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of

infrastructure.

→ It creates employment opportunities.

→ It generates financial resources for development.

→ It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development.

→ It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries.

→ It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates.

→ Contributes to community development i.e. to the Human Development Index (HDI) via
health and educational services.

POLITICAL SCIENCE :POWER – SHARING

1. What is power sharing?

• Power sharing is a strategy under which all the major segments of the society are
provided with a permanent share of power in the governance of the country.

• It is a potential tool for solving disputes in the society divided by deep ethnic,
cultural or racial differences by giving the parties involved the wide range of power
sharing to ameliorate the tensions through consensus-oriented governance.

• It involves a wide array of political arrangements – usually embodied in

constitutional terms – in which the principal elements of society are guaranteed a place
and influence, in governance.

• It relies on joint exercise of power where all principal groups are given a
permanent share in the governance.

2. Mention the steps taken by the Sri Lankan government to achieve

majoritarianism.

• In 1956, an Act was passed under which English was replaced as the country’s
official language not by Sinhala and Tamil but by Sinhala only.

• The governments followed preferential policies that favored Sinhala applicants for
university positions and government jobs.

• A new constitution was stipulated that the state shall protect and foster
Buddhism.

• Denial of citizenship to estate Tamils.

3. How did the Sri Lankan and the Belgium governments try to solve the ethnic
problem?

• The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting the feelings
and interests of different communities and regions, whereas the Sri Lanka Government
tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism.

• The Belgium solution helped in avoiding civic strife, whereas the majoritarianism
in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

4. Explain the prudential reasons for power sharing.

• Power sharing is desirable because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict

between the various social groups.
• Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing
is a good way to ensure political stability.

• Imposing the will of the majority community over the minority may look like an
attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the
nation.

• Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruin
to the majority as well.

5. Explain the moral reason for power sharing.

• Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy.

• A democracy rule involves sharing of power with those affected by its exercise,
and who have to live with its effects.

• The basic principles of power, sharing include-

1. Government of different political parties, i.e., a coalition government.

2. Protection of minority rights.

3. Decentralization of power.

6. Why is power sharing desirable?

To avoid conflict:

• It reduces the possibility of conflict between the various social groups.

• Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing
is a good way to ensure political stability.

• Imposing the will of majority community over the minority may look like an
attractive option in the short run, but in long run, it undermines the unity of the nation.

• Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority, if often brings ruin
to the majority as well.

Spirit of democracy:

• Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy.

• A democratic rule involves the sharing of power with those affected by its
exercise, and those who have to live with its effects.

• A democratic government is chosen by the people. So they are to be governed.

• A legitimate government is one where groups, through participation acquire a
stake in the system.

7. Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical power sharing.

Horizontal Power sharing

• Under the horizontal power sharing power is shared among different organs of
government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.

• Under horizontal distribution of power, organs of the government are placed at the
same level to exercise different powers.

• Under horizontal each organ checks the other.

Vertical Power sharing

• Under the vertical sharing power, power is shared among the different levels of
the governments.

• The vertical division of power involves the highest and the lower levels of
government.

• Under vertical power sharing the lower organs work under the higher org.

8. Explain the power sharing arrangements among the political parties and pressure
groups.

• In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure

groups and movements.

• Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is
provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such
competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

• In the long run, power is shared among the different political parties that
represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be
direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is
elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.

• In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active.

They also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in
governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process.

9. How is a federal government better than a unitary government? Explain with examples
of Belgium and Sri Lanka.

• Federalism is a system of government under which power is divided between

central authority and its various constituents units.
• The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting communities
and regions by establishing a federal government, whereas Sri Lanka government tried
to solve the problem through majoritarianism.

• The Belgium solution helped in avoiding the civic strife, whereas the
majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

FEDERALISM

Q1. What were the key changes that were made in the constitution of Belgium during
power sharing?

OR

How Belgium shifted from unitary to federal form of government?

A1. (a) According to the amendment of 1993, constitution of Belgium reduced the
power of the Central government and gave the power to regional government.

(b) Though already the regional government had the powers but these powers could not
be withdrawn by central govt. as per the constitution of 1993

(c) The regional government was no longer dependent on central government and the
regional government was not subordinate to central government.

Thus Belgium shifted from UNITARY TO FEDERAL FORM OF GOVT.

Q2. What is the difference between unitary and federal government?

A2. UNITARY GOVERNMENT:

1. In a unitary form of government, the national or central government has all

powers

2. There may be only one power or if there are central and constituent states, in any
country, the central government has the means to withdraw the powers of the state
government.

3. Central government has the power to order or command the state government i.e.
the state government is answerable to the central government.

4. For example in Sri Lanka the Sinhala’s follow the unitary form of government
whereas the Tamils wanted to have federal form of government.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:

1.Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central

authority and various constituent units of the country.
2. A federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire
country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.

3. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after
much of the day-to-day administering of their state.

4. Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of other. For
example Belgium, India, USA.

Q3. Describe the features of Federalism.

A3. 1. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.

2. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own
JURISDICTION in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

3. The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the
constitution and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.

4. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one

level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.

5. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution & power of different levels of
governments. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different
levels of government

6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its
financial autonomy.

Q4. What are the dual objectives of federalism?

A4. The federal system thus has dual objectives:

A) To safeguard and promote unity of the country,

B) At the same time accommodate regional diversity.

Q5. What are the two aspects crucial for the federalism?

Two aspects crucial for the institutions and practice of federalism are

1. Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing.

2. They should also trust that each would abide by its part of the agreement.

Thus an ideal federal system has both aspects: mutual trust and agreement to live
together.
Q6. What is the main factor on which the exact balance of power between the central
and the state government varies from one federation to another?

A6. The exact balance of power between the central and the state government varies
from one federation to another mainly on the historical context in which the federation
was formed.

Q7. Explain the two routes of power sharing. (Difference between holding and coming
together)

A7. COMING TOGETHER

1. It involves independent States (countries) coming together on their own to form a

bigger unit(Country

2. They pool sovereignty and retain identity and they can increase their security.

3. It includes the USA, Switzerland and Australia.

4. All the constituent States usually have equal power and are strong federal
government.

Holding together

1. A large country decides to divide its power between the constituent States and the
national government.

2. India, Spain and Belgium are examples of this kind of ‘holding together’
federations.

3. The central government tends to be more powerful than the States.

4. Very often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers.
Some units are granted special powers.

Q8. Indian constitution has made provision of three tier system. Explain.

A8. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government,

1. The Union Government or the Central Government, representing the Union of

India.

2. The State Government

3. A third tier of federalism in the form of PANCHAYAT & MUNICIPALITIES

Q9. Mention the three fold distribution of legislative powers between union
government and state government.
A9. A) Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the
country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency.

They are included in this list because we need a uniform policy on these matters
throughout the country.

The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the
Union List.

B) State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade,
commerce, agriculture & irrigation.

The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the
state list.

C) Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government
as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage,
adoption and succession.

Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects
mentioned in this list.

If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Govt. will.

RESIDUARY POWERS

1. All subjects that do not fall in union list, state list and concurrent list.

2. Example COMPUTER

3. According to Indian Constitution the union Government has the power to legislate
on these ‘residuary ‘subjects.

Q10. Most federations in holding together do not give equal power to its constitutient
units. Explain.

A10. All States in the Indian Union do not have identical powers.

(A) Some States enjoy a special status. Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution.

(B) Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to this State without
the approval of the State Assembly.

(C) Indians who are not permanent residents of this State cannot buy land or house
here.

B) Smaller states

1. There are some units of the Indian Union which enjoy very little power.
2. These are areas which are too small to become an independent State but which
could not be merged with any of the existing States.

3. These areas, like Chandigarh, or Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi, are
called Union Territories.

4. These territories do not have the powers of a State.

5. The Central Government has special powers in running these areas.

Q11. How to make changes in the power sharing in a constitution?

A11. 1. Sharing of power between the Union Government and the State governments is
basic to the structure of the Constitution.

2. It is not easy to make changes to this power sharing arrangement.

3. The Parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement.

4. Any change to it has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least
two-thirds majority.

5. Then it has to be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total states.

Q12. Who takes care of the dispute between centre & state?

A12. 1.The judiciary plays an important role in implementation of constitutional

provisions and procedures.

2. In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme
Court make a decision.

3.The Union and State governments have the power to raise resources by levying taxes
in order to carry on the government and the responsibilities.

Q13. The real success of federalism is attributed to what aspects?

The real success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic
politics in India.

Q14. What does the real idealthatIndia ensures?

a) Spirit of federalism

b) Respect for diversity

c) Desire for living together as become shared ideal in India.

Q15. What are the major ways or tests in which federalism practiced in India?

A15.LINGUISTIC STATES
LANGUAGE POLICY

CENTRE – STATE RELATIONS

(a) Linguistic states

1. The creation of linguistic state was first & major test for democratic politics in India.

2. The political map of India in 1947 & of 2006 shows that many old states have been
vanished & many new states been created

3. In 1947 boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new
states to ensure that people of same language lived same state.

4. Some states were created not on the basis of language but to recognize differences
based to culture, ethnicity or geography.

5. These include states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand& Jharkhand.

6. In 1947 when demand for the formation of states on basis of language was raised,
some national leaders feared that it would lead to disintegration of the country. Central
govt. resisted linguistic states but experience show that it has actually made India more
united & administration easier.

LANGUAGE POLICY

1. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language.

2. Hindi was identified as the official language.

3. But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there
were many safeguards to protect other languages.

4. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by

the Constitution.

5. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government positions may

opt to take the examination in any of these languages.

6. States too have their own official languages. Much of the government work takes place
in the official language of the concerned State.

Q14. How did the Indian leaders solve the problems of Hindi language?

A14. The leaders of India adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of
Hindi.

According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in
1965.
However, many non-Hindi speaking States demanded that the use of English continue.

In Tamil Nadu, this movement took a violent form. The Central Government responded
by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes. Many
critics think that this solution favoured the English speaking elite.

The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped India.

• CENTRE – STATE RELATIONS

1. Restructuring the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been
strengthened in practice.

2. The constitutional arrangements for sharing power work in reality depend to a large
extent on how the ruling parties and leaders follow these arrangements.

3. In 1950’s, the same party ruled both at the Centre and in most of the States. This meant
that the State governments did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units.

4. As and when the ruling party at the State level was different, the parties that ruled at
the Centre tried to undermine the power of the states. It would misuse the constitution to
dismiss the state government that was controlled by rival parties. This undermines the
spirit of federalism.

5. All this changed significantly after 1990. This period saw the rise of regional political
parties in many States of the country. This was also the beginning of the era of
COALITION GOVERNMENTS at the Centre.

6. Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties
had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form
a government at the Centre.

7. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State
Governments. This trend was supported by a major judgment of the Supreme Court that
made it difficult for the central government to dismiss state govt.

8. Thus federal power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after
the Constitution came into force.

Q15. Why there is a need for a three tier system in India?

A15. (a) A vast country like India cannot be run only through these two-tiers.

b) States in India are as large as independent countries of Europe.

c) In terms of population, Uttar Pradesh is bigger than Russia, & Maharashtra is about as
big as Germany. Many of these States are internally very diverse.

d) There is thus a need for power sharing within these States.

e) Federal power sharing in India needs another tier of government, below that of the
State governments.

f) This is the rationale for decentralization of power. Thus it resulted a third tier of
government.

Q16. What is decentralization? What is the basic idea behind decentralization?

When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local
government, it is called decentralization.

The basic idea behind decentralization is that

A) There are a large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local
level.

B) People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.

c) They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more
efficiently.

d) At the local level it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision
making.

e) This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation.

f) Local government is the best way to realize one important principle of

democracy.

Q17. When was the need for decentralization recognised?

A17. 1. The need for decentralization was recognised in Indian Constitution.

2. Then many attempts have been made to decentralize power to the level of the villages
& towns.

3. Panchayats in villages& municipalities in urban areas were set up in all states.

4. They were directly under the control of state governments.

5. Elections to this local govt. did not have any powers or resources of their own.

6. There was very little decentralization in effective terms.

Q18. What were the major steps taken towards decentralization in1992?

A18. 1. It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government

bodies.
2. Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions
for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

3. At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.

4. An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in
each State to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.

5. The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local
government bodies.

The nature of sharing varies from State to State.

Q19. Describe the Panchayat Raj.

A19. Rural local government is popularly known as Panchayat Raj.

1. Each village, or a group of villages in some states are called Gram Panchayat

2. This is a council consisting of several wards members called Panch or president

or sarpanch.

3. They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village.

4. Gram Panchayat is a decision-making body for the entire village.

5. Panchayat works under overall suppression of gram Sabha.

FUNCTIONS

1. All voters are its members.

2. It has to meet at least twice or thrice I a year to approve the annual budget of gram
panchayat.

3. It meets to review the performance of the gram panchayat.

4. Local government structure goes up to district level.

5. A few gram panchayat are grouped together to form A PANCHYAT SAMITI OR

BLOCK OR MANDAL.

6. The members of block representative body are elected by all panchayat members
in that area

7. All panchayat samitis or mandal in district together constitute the Zilla (district)
parishad.

8. Most members of Zilla parishad are elected.

9. Members of the Lok Sabha & MLA of district, other officials are its members.
10. Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of Zilla Parishad.

Q20. Mention the merits and demerits of decentralization.

MERITS OF DECENTALISATION

1. The system of local government is the largest experiment in democracy

conducted anywhere in the world.

2. There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and
municipalities etc., all. This number is bigger than the population of many countries in
the world.

3. Constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen democracy in our
country.

4. It has also increased the women's representation and voice in Indian democracy.

DEMERITS OF DEMOCRACY

1. While elections are held regularly and enthusiastically, gram sabhas are not held
regularly.

2. Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to the local
governments.

3. Nor have they given adequate resources.

4. We have still long way from realizing the ideal of self-government.

DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY

1. Discuss three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.
OR Discuss the three determiners that crucial in deciding the outcome of politics

• Three factors which determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions:

→ The people's perception of their identities: When this is singular, the accommodation
of other identities becomes difficult.

→ Representation of a community by political leaders: While representing a community,

if politicians raise demands that are constitutional, then it is easier to accommodate
those demands.

→ The government's reaction: If the reasonable demands of a community are

suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten
the integrity of the country.

2. When does a social difference become a social division?

• A social difference becomes a social division when it overlaps with some other
social difference.

• For example:

The Whites were rich and powerful and the Blacks were poor and homeless and
discriminated against. When one kind of social difference becomes more important than
the other, then it leads to division.

3. How do social divisions affect politics? Give two examples.

• In politics, there is competition between political parties. If these political parties

use this

competition in support of some social divisions, it can lead to political divisions. This
can lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.

→ One example is of Northern Ireland where religious divisions led to ethno-political

conflict. Two major sects of Christianity : Protestants and Catholics dominate the
country. The Catholics wanted Northern Ireland to join the Republic of Ireland and the
Protestants wanted to remain with UK. This led to years of violence where thousands
were killed. Only in 1998, peace returned when the UK government and the Nationalists
reached a peace treaty and stopped all violence.

→ The second example is of Yugoslavia where the political parties refused to

accommodate each other. Each ethno-religious group wanted to dominate the other.
Result – disintegration of Yugoslavia into seven independent countries.

4. Explain how social diversity can take different forms in different societies. Pg.no:
31

The examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka show both regional and social divisions

In the case of Belgium, People who live in different regions speak different
languages

But in Sri Lanka there were linguistic as well as religious differences.

Thus social diversity can take different forms in different societies

5. Describe the two factors responsible for origin of social differences?

Social differences are mostly based on:

• Accident of birth – male or female, tall or short

• Based on choice – Religion, occupation, hobby, etc.

6. Explain how every social differences does not lead to social division?
• Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very
different people

• People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities

cutting across the boundaries of their group

• Ex: Citizen A and B may share same religion and nationality but they may differ in
their socio-economic status

7. Justify the statement: “We all have more than one identity and can belong to more
than one social group”

• People from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other

• Rich and poor persons from the same caste often do not keep close relations with
each other for they feel they are very different

• Thus, we all have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social
group

8. Explain what is overlapping and cross-cutting differences in a social group?

OVER-LAPPING:

• When one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and
people start feeling that they belong to different communities

• Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and

tensions

• In Us, Blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against

• In India, Dalits tend to be poor and landless

CROSS-CUTTING:

• If social differences cross cut one another, it is difficult to pit one group of people
against the other.

• Different groups shares a common interest and crosscutting social differences

are easier to accommodate

In Netherlands, Catholics and Protestants are equally likely to be rich and poor.

9. In what way a country can accommodate more than one kind of social divisions.
• Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries.

• It does not matter whether the country is small or big

• Countries which were homogeneous are undergoing rapid change with influx of
people from other parts of the world

• Migrants bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social
community

• In this sense most countries of the world are multi-cultural

10. “Combination of Politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive” –
Explain.

• Democracy involves competition among various political parties.

• Their competition tends to divide any society

• If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make
social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even
disintegration of a country.

11. Explain whether politics or social division together disintegrates the country.

• In a democracy it is only natural that political parties would talk about social
divisions and make different promises to different communities, look after due
representation of various communities and make policies to redress the grievances of
the disadvantages communities

• Social divisions affect voting most countries

• People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others

• In many countries there are parties that focus on only one community

• Yet all this does not lead to disintegration of the country

12. “Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and to accommodate
diversity” – Justify this statement

• In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be

healthy

• Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics results in strengthening

democracy as it reduces the influences of one particular division

• Fight against the injustice take the democratic path, voicing their demands in a
peaceful, constitutional manner and seeking a fair position through elections
o World History shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and
also to accommodate diversity

• GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE

1. What do you mean by Gender?

• Gender is a form of hierarchical social division

• The gender division tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable

• It is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes

2. Explain the factors responsible for low female literacy rate.

• Indian society is basically a patriarchal society where boys are given preference
over the girls.

• The parents do not expense equally for both boys and girls. Boys are given more
attention.

• The literacy rate among women is very less compared to men

• No wonder the proportion of women among the highly paid and valued job still
very small

• Sex-selective abortion led to a decline in child sex ratio

3. What do you mean by secular state?

Give any two provisions that make India a secular state.

• A nation or state which keeps itself equidistant from different religious issues,
and does not give protection to a particular religion.

• India is a country of diverse religions. Constitution accommodate all religion and

does not favour any one in particular

• The constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess

practice and propagate any religion.

4. What do you mean by gender division? How is it linked with division of Labour in
most of the societies?

• Gender division simply refers to the division of work between the men and the
women.

• Some work especially the households such as cooking, washing, cleaning, etc.
are exclusively meant for the women while the man have some other defined areas of
work.
• The gender division between the men and women does not mean that men cannot
do household works.

• They simply think that it is for women to attend the household works.

• The gender division also doesn’t mean that women do not work outside their
home.

5. Give three ill-effects of communalism in the society.

• A communal thought always tends to establish political dominance offer

particular religious community.

• The country weakens when political parties are formed and political activities are
conducted on the communal lines.

• One of the ugliestfaces of communalism emerges out in the form of riots, violence
and homicides.

6. Which factors are responsible for miserable and poor conditions of women in
India? Explain.

(1) Sexual division of Labour. (2) Illiteracy

(3) Lack of Representation in politics. (4) Discrimination in Job.

7. Write two positive and two negative impacts each of caste-politics relation in
India.

(1) Positive Impacts

(i) Caste Politics relationship has helped people from Dalits and OBCs to

gain better access to decision making.

(ii) Now people are making voice for the end of discrimination against

particular castes for more dignity and more access to land, other

resources and opportunities.

(2) Negative Impacts

(i) It can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty,

development and corruption. Sometimes a few underprivileged castes

get more benefit while other underprivileged classes remain deprived.

(ii) Sometimes it also disrupts social harmony.

8. What is feminist movement? What are the results of political expressions of
gender divisions?

• The feminist movement refers to the agitation demanding enhancing the political
and legal status of movement.

• The gender issues or equality of men and women, as a result of feminist

movement was raised in politics.

• The political expressions and political mobilization helped improve women’s role
in public life.

• As a result of the expression of gender division in politics much legislation were

passed by which women were empowered in the social, economic and political feels.

9. Discuss any four facilities are given by the government to the backward classes.

• The people from the backward classes have been given reservation in the
government jobs as per their proportion in the population.

• To give them fair representation in the Vidhan Sabha and the Lok Sabha.

• To help them move forward in the field of higher education. The seats have been
reserved for them.

• The constitution also prohibits any type of caste discrimination.

10. Discuss any four steps taken by the government towards women empowerment
and gender inequality.

• Women have less than 10% representation in the Indian legislature.

• In the State legislature their representation is even less than 5%.

• The provision of equal wages for women without any discrimination has been
made under the Equal Wages Act.

• There is a tendency of female infanticide in many parts of the country.

• Domestic violence against women, their exploitation etc. always have been the
part of daily news.

• In this regards, the government has brought Domestic Violence Act which proves
and effective steps.

11. How caste takes its forms in politics?

• When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste
composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes
• Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiments to
muster support

• Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their
representatives

• Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled

political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilizing and securing political support

12. How caste is not making significance in politics? OR Justify the statement:
“Caste has nothing to do with the election results.”

• No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single

caste

• No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community

• Some voters have more than one candidate from their caste while many voters
have no candidate from their caste

• The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA frequently lose elections in our country
which could not have happened if all castes and communities were frozen in their
political preferences.

• Voters have strong attachment to political parties which is often stronger than
their attachment to caste or community

13. How politics influences caste system and caste identities?

• Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring

castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it

• Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or
communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation

• New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like backward or
forward caste groups

HISTORY- THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD

1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before
the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.

• Examples of the different types of global exchanges which took place before the
seventeenth century:
• Textiles, spices and Chinese pottery were exchanged by China, India and
Southeast Asia in return for gold and silver from Europe.

• Gold and foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, tomatoes and chilies were
first exported from the Americas to Europe.

2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the
colonization of the Americas.

• The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonization
of the Americas because the Native American Indians were not immune to the diseases
that the settlers and colonizers brought with them.

• The Europeans were more or less immune to small pox, but the Native Americans,
having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence
against it.

• These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign
domination.

• Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be
fought against.

3. Write a note to explain the effects of the following:

(a) The British government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws.

• The British government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws was the inflow of
cheaper agricultural crops from America and Australia.

• Many English farmers left their profession and migrated to towns and cities. Some
went overseas.

• This indirectly led to global agriculture and rapid urbanization, a prerequisite of

industrial growth.

(b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.

• The coming of rinderpest to Africa caused a loss of livelihood for countless

Africans.

• Using this situation to their advantage, colonizing nations conquered and

subdued Africa by monopolizing scarce cattle resources to force Africans into the labour
market.

(c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.

• Most of the victims of world war belonged to young generations of working men.
As a result, it reduced the workforce in Europe, thereby reducing household income.
• The role of women increased and led to demand for more equality of status. It
made the feminist movement stronger. Women started working alongside men in every
field.

• Women and youngsters became more independent and free with long-term
effects.

(d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.

• The impact of the Great Depression in India was felt especially in the agricultural
sector.

• It was evident that Indian economy was closely becoming integrated to global
economy.

• India was a British colony and exported agricultural goods and imported
manufactured goods.

• The fall in agricultural price led to reduction of farmers’ income and agricultural
export.

• The government did not decrease their tax and so, many farmers and landlords
became more indebted to moneylenders and corrupt officials.

• It led to a great rural unrest in India.

(e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.

• From the late 1970s MNCs began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian
countries

• New economic policies in China and relatively low wages attracted investments
from foreign MNCs competing to capture world markets

• The re-location of industry to low-wage countries stimulated world trade and

capital flows.

• In the last two decades the world’s economic geography has been transformed as
countries such as India, China and Brazil have undergone rapid economic transformation

4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food
availability.

• Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped transport food more
cheaply and quickly from production units to even faraway markets.

• Refrigerated ships helped transport perishable foods such as meat, butter and
eggs over long distances.
• The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions.

• The technological advances resulted in larger social, political and economic

factors.

• Colonization stimulated new investments and improvements in transport

5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?

• The Bretton Woods Agreement was finalized in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New
Hampshire, USA.

• It established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to preserve
global economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.

• These institutions also dealt with external surpluses and deficits of member
nations, and financed post-war reconstructions.

6. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic

exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and
write a short account of it.

• The three types of movements or flows within the international economic

exchange are trade flows, human capital flows and capital flows or investments.

• These can be explained as—the trade in agricultural products, migration of labour,

and financial loans to and from other nations.

TRADE FLOW:

• India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and
spices in return for gold and silver from Europe.

• Many different foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies
and sweet potatoes came to India from the Americas after Columbus discovered it.

HUMAN CAPITAL FLOW

• In the field of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines, plantations and
factories abroad, in huge numbers, in the nineteenth century.

• This was an instrument of colonial domination by the British.

INVESTMENTS
• Lastly, Britain took generous loans from USA to finance the World War. Since
India was an English colony, the impact of these loan debts was felt in India too.

• The British government increased taxes, interest rates, and lowered the prices of
products it bought from the colony. Indirectly, but strongly, this affected the Indian
economy and people.

7. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.

• Prosperity in the USA during the 1920s created a cycle of higher employment and
incomes.

• More investment and more employment created tendencies of speculations which

led to the Great Depression of 1929 up to the mid-1930s.

• Stock market crashed in 1929. It created panic among investors and depositors
who stopped investing and depositing. As a result, it created a cycle of depreciation.

• Some of the banks closed down when people withdrew all their assets, leaving
them unable to invest.

• Some banks called back loans taken from them at the same dollar rate in spite of
the falling value of dollar. It was worsened by British change in policy to value pound at
the pre-war value.

8. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen
as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?

• G-77 countries is an abbreviation for the group of 77 countries that demanded a

new international economic order (NIEO);

• A system that would give them real control over their natural resources, without
being victims of neo-colonialism, that is, a new form of colonialism in trade practiced by
the former colonial powers.

• The G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins
(the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) because these two institutions
were designed to meet the financial needs of industrial and developed countries, and did
nothing for the economic growth of former colonies and developing nations.

9. How human societies were interlinked in the ancient times?

• From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast
distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfillment or to escape persecution

• They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and even germs and
diseases
• As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilizations
with present day West Asia

10. Write a short note on: Silk Route:

• The trade route which linked China to the western world and to other countries is
called Silk Route. There were many Silk Routes.

• The Silk Routes existed before the Christian era, and persisted till the fifteenth
century.

• Chinese potteries travelled from China to other countries through the Silk Route.

• Similarly, gold and silver travelled from Europe to Asia through this route.

• Religions; like Christianity, Islam and Buddhism travelled to different parts of the
world through the Silk Route.

11. Give three reasons how Europe became the centre of world trade.

• Until the 18thce, China and India were among the world’s richest countries and
pre-eminent in Asian trade.

• From the 15th ce, China restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation

• China’s reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually move
the centre of world trade westwards

• Thus Europe emerged as the centre of world trade4

12. Why the lands around the world were cleared in the 19thce.

• To meet the food demands for the increasing European population

• To lay railways and to build harbours to trade the commodities

• People had to settle on the lands to bring them under cultivation which meant
building homes and settlements

13. Describe the global agricultural economy.

• By 1890, a global agricultural economy took shape accompanied by the labour

movements, capital flows, ecologies and technology

• Food came from thousands of miles away

• It was grown by a migrant working on a large farm that only a generation ago had
most likely been a forest
• It was transported by railway and by ships, built for that very purpose and manned
by low-paid workers from southern Europe, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean

14. What were canal colonies?

• The British Indian government built a network of irrigation canals to transform

semi-desert wastes into fertile agricultural lands that could grow wheat and cotton for
export

• The Canal Colonies, as the areas irrigated by the new canals were called, were
settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab.

15. Explain the darker side of trade expansion. Or With example describe the
destructive impact of colonialism on the economy and livelihoods of colonized people.

• In many parts of the world, the expansion of trade meant a loss of freedoms and
livelihoods.

• Late 19th ce., European conquests produced many painful economic, social and
ecological changes through which the colonized societies were brought into the world
economy

• For Ex: In late 18th ce., the great rival European powers – Britain, France, Belgium
and Germany demarcated Africa between them

• Later US took some colonies of Spain

16. Write a short note on indentured labour migration from India

• In the 19th ce., hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to
work on plantations, in mines and in road and railway construction projects around the
world

• In India, indentured labourers were hired under contracts which promised return
travel to India after five years of work

• Most labourers migrated from present day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and
dry Tamil Nadu region

• They were forced to migrate due to the declined cottage industries, increased land
rents and their land was cleared for mining or plantations

• The main destinations were Caribbean islands, Mauritius, Ceylon, Malaya and Fiji

17. How indentured labour’s survived in their new land?

• Many of them escaped into the wilds

• Others developed new forms of individual and collective self-expression, blending
different cultural forms, old and new

• In Trinidad, the annual Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous

carnival called “Hosay”

• Rastafarianism is said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migrants to
the Caribbean

• Chutney music is a creative contemporary expression of the post-indenture

experience

18. Explain the role played by Indian Entrepreneurs in abroad.

• The Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were among the groups of
bankers and traders who financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asia

• They used their own funds or borrowed from European banks

• They had a system to transfer money over large distances

• They developed local forms of corporate organization

• Hyderabadi Sindhi traders established flourishing emporia at busy ports

worldwide, selling local and imported stuffs to tourists.

19. Why did Indian exports declined in the 19thCe?

• Due to Industrialization, British cotton manufacture began to expand which

resulted in more raw material export to Britain from India

• As a result the find Indian cotton began to decline

• Britishers also imported fine textiles produced in their industries and saw India as
a vast market for their products

• Indian textiles faced stiff competition in other international markets too

• British government forced Indian farmers to grow opium and indigo and exported
it to China and with the money thus earned, financed its tea and other imports from
China

20. Write a note on Trade surplus.

• Food grain and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world
increased

• But the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British
imports from India
• Thus Britain had a ‘trade surplus’ with India

• Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries.

• This how a multilateral settlement system works – it allows one country’s deficit
with another country to be settled by its surplus with a third country

21. Write a note on First World War. How is it different from other wars?

• First World War was fought between two power blocs of Europe : Allies – Britain,
France and Russia and Central powers – Germany, Austria-Hungry and Ottoman Turkey

• The war began in August 1914 and lasted more than four years

• The use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons on a massive scale
and the products of modern large scale industry makes First world war different from
other previous wars

• To fight the war, millions of soldiers were recruited from around the world

• The scale of death and destruction was unthinkable before the industrial age

22. What were the consequences of First World War? Or How US became an
international creditor?

• The First World War led to the snapping of economic links between some of the
world’s largest economic powers which were now fighting with each other to pay for
them

• So Britain borrowed large sums of money from US banks as well as the US Public

• Thus the war transformed US from being an international debtor to an

international creditor

23. Write a note on the post war recovery.

• While Britain was preoccupied with war, Industries had developed in India and
Japan

• After the war, Britain found it difficult to recapture its Indian market and to
compete with Japan products

• Britain was burdened with huge external debts

• The war led to an economic boom – increase in demand, production and

employment

• But after the war, production contracted and unemployment increased

24. How First World War led to agricultural crisis?

• First World War resulted in crisis in many agricultural economies

• Before the war, Eastern Europe was a major supplier of wheat in the world market.

• When this supply was disrupted during the war, Wheat production in Canada,
America and Australia expanded

• But once the war was over, production in Eastern Europe revived and created an
excess in wheat output.

• Grain prices fell, rural incomes declined and farmers fell deeper into dept.

25. What do you understand by assembly line method or mass production method?

• One important feature of the US economy of the 1920s was mass production

• Henry Ford, a car manufacturer inspired by the assembly line of a Chicago

slaughter house, adapted the same method to his new car plant in Detroit

• He realized that the assembly line method would be faster and cheaper way of
producing vehicles

• At first it was not well received by its employees, but once Henry Ford doubled the
wages, it became the ‘best-cost-cutting method’

26. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Mass production?

Advantages:

• Increased the output per worker

• Considered as profitable and best cost-cutting decision for the employers

• Lowered the costs and prices of engineered goods

• Wages of the employees increased

Disadvantages:

• Forced the workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously

• Workers could no longer afford to delay the motions or take a break or have a
friendly word with a work mate

• Ford banned trade unions

27. What were the consequences of Second World War?

• Second World War was fought between the Axis and Allies
• After the war, the US emerged as the dominant economic, political and military
power in the Western world

• Soviet Union transformed itself from a backward agricultural country into a world
power

28. What were the two lessons learnt from inter-war economic experiences?

• Economists and politicians drew two key lessons from the inter-war economic
experiences

• First, an industrial society based on mass production cannot be sustained without

mass consumption

• To ensure mass consumption, there was a need for high and stable incomes

• Incomes could be stable only with steady, full and stable employment

• Economic stability could be ensured only through the intervention of the

government

29. What was the aim of post-war international economic system?

• The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve
economic stability and full employment in the industrial world

• Its framework was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and Financial
conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA

PRINT, CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

1. How did print culture affect women in the 19th century India?

• Because of printing technique books became cheaper.

• Many hawkers started selling books from door to door.

• This created easy availability of books for majority of women.

• Apart from this many liberal males encouraged women from their families to read.

2. Describe the role of nationalist newspaper in spreading nationalistic feelings

among the people in the early 20th century.

• Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts

of India.
• They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.

• Attempts to throttle nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. This in turn led
to a renewed cycle of persecution and protests.

• When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tikal wrote

with great sympathy about them in his Kesari.

• This led to his imprisonment in 1908, provoking in turn widespread protests all
over India.

• Thus nationalist newspaper played important role in spreading nationalistic

feelings among people in the early 20th century.

3. How did the print culture help scientist and philosopher?

• The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the
common people.

• Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.

• When scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could
influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.

• The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques
Rousseau were also widely printed and read.

• Thus their ideas about science, reason and rationality found their way into
popular literature.

4. “Print did not only stimulate publication of conflicting opinions among different
communities but also connected them in the 19th century India”. Support this statement
with examples.

• From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious
issues.

• Some criticized existing practices and campaigned for reform, while others
countered the arguments of reformers.

• These debates were carried out in public and in print. Printed tracts and
newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature of the debate.

• A wider public could now participate in these public discussions and express
their views.
• Print did not only stimulate the publication of conflicting opinions amongst
communities, but it also connected communities and people in different parts of India.
Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-Indian identities.

5. What do you understand by print revolution?

• With the printing press, a new reading public emerged. Printing reduced the cost
of books.

• The time and labour required to produce each book came down, and multiple
copies could be produced with greater ease.

• Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-growing readership.

• Access to books created a new culture of reading. Earlier, reading was restricted
to the elites.

• People collectively heard a story, or saw a performance.

• Now books could reach out to wider sections of people. If earlier there was a
hearing public, now a reading public came into being.

6. How were ideas and information written before the age of print in India?

• Age of Manuscripts: India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten
manuscripts – in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages.

• Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. Pages were

sometimes beautifully illustrated.

• They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure
preservation.

• Manuscripts continued to be produced till well after the introduction of print,

down to the late nineteenth century.

7. How did the printing technique begin in India? Explain.

• The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-
sixteenth century.

• Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books
had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanada languages.

• Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and in 1713 the first
Malayalam book was printed by them.

• By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them
translations of older works.
8. Explain how Print Culture was connected with French Revolution?

• Print popularized the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau
who gave critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.

• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.

• General public began to discuss the values, norms and institutions and tried to
re-evaluate the established notions.

• By the 1780s, there was a surge in literature which mocked the royalty and
criticized their morality.

• Print helped in creating an image of the royalty that they indulged in their own
pleasure at the expense of the common public.

9. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.

• Print culture helped in developing a culture of dialogue among people.

• Ideas of social reform could be spread in a better way.

• Gandhiji spread his ideas of Swadeshi in powerful way through newspapers. Many
vernacular newspapers came up in India.

• These helped in spreading the message of nationalism to majority of the Indian

masses.

• Even in spite of repressive measures print culture was a revolution which could
not be stopped.

10. Give reasons for the following:

A. Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.

• Marco Polo returned to Italy from China in 1295 and brought with him the
knowledge of woodblock printing.

B. Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.

• Martin Luther’s criticism of Roman Catholic Church reached a large section of

masses because of print.

• Hence he was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.

C. The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of Prohibited books from
the mid-sixteenth century.
• Because of print new interpretation of Bible reached to people and they started
questioning the authority of church.

• Due to this the Roman Catholic Church began keeping and index of Prohibited
books from the mid – sixteenth century.

D. Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the
press, and freedom of association.

• The power of the printed word is most often seen in the way governments seek to
regulate and suppress print.

• The colonial government kept continuous track of all books and newspapers
published in India and passed numerous laws to control the press.

• Because of this Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech,
liberty of the press, and freedom of association.

11. Write short notes on following:

A. The Gutenberg Press

• Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agricultural estate.
From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses.

• Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith,

and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets.

• Drawing on this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his

innovation.

• The olive press provided the model for the printing press, and moulds were used
for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected
the system.

• The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took
three years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was fast production.

B. Erasmus’s idea of the printed book

• Erasmus thought that books were not good for sanctity of scholastic knowledge.

• He was of the opinion that printed books would glut the market with contents
which will do more harm than good to society.

• Because of this the value of good content would be lost in the din.

C. The Vernacular Press Act

• In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws.
• It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials
in the vernacular press.

• From now on the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers
published in different provinces.

• When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the
warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery
confiscated.

12. What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to Women?

• Many liberal males encouraged women from their families to read. Novels
contained interesting descriptions of women’s lives.

• This created interest among women readers.

• Women, who were earlier cocooned inside their homes, could now know about the
outside world thanks to the print technology.

• This created a spurt of many women writers in India.

• It can be said that print culture not only created readers among women but also
writers among them.

13. What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in
nineteenth century India?

• Very cheap small books were brought to markets in nineteenth-century Madras

towns and sold at crossroads, allowing poor people traveling to markets to buy them.

• Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, expanding the
access to books.

• From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be

written about in many printed tracts and essays. This helped in bringing these issues to
the forefront of public consciousness.

• Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the education to write much
about their experiences. But some workers took initiative to write stories about their
conditions.

• These narratives contained issues related to class oppression. So worker’s

problems also came to the fore.

14. What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to
reformers?
• This was a time of intense controversies between social and religious reformers
and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical
priesthood and idolatry.

• In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers proliferated,

circulating a variety of arguments.

• To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in the everyday, spoken
language of ordinary people.

15. Why did some people in eighteenth century Europe think that print culture would
bring enlightenment and end despotism?

• Because of print books became affordable for masses.

• This helped in spreading revolutionary ideas to a vast section of society in a more

efficient way.

• Many contemporary thinkers, like Martin Luther and Monochhio could fire
people’s imagination because of help from print technology.

• Even for scientists it became easier to share knowledge and spread knowledge.

• So, people in eighteenth century Europe started thinking that print culture would
bring enlightenment and end despotism.

16. Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose
one example from Europe and one from India.

• Many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed word
and the wider circulation of books, could have on people’s minds.

• It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then
rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread.

• If that happened the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed.

Expressed by religious authorities and monarchs, as well as many writers and artists,
this anxiety was the basis of widespread criticism of the new printed literature that had
begun to circulate.

• Example from Europe: Erasmus thought that books were not good for sanctity of
scholastic knowledge. He was of the opinion that printed books would glut the market
with contents which will do more harm than good to society. Because of this the value of
good content would be lost in the din.

• Example from India: Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be
widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu
romances.
17. Write a note on the First Printed Books.

• The earliest print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.

• From 594 AD onwards, books were printed in China by rubbing paper against the
inked surface of woodblocks.

• The traditional Chinese ‘Accordion Book’ was folded and stitched at the side
because both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed.

• The imperial state sponsored the large scale printing of textbooks for its civil
service examination.

• The number of candidates for the examinations increased from the sixteenth
century, and this increased the volume of print.

18. How the use of print was diversified in China?

• By the seventeenth century, the use of print diversified in China because of a

blooming urban culture.

• Merchants used print in day-to-day life because they collected trade related
information.

• Fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces

and romantic play became the staple for the reading public.

• Reading acquired the status of a preferred leisure activity.

• Rich women began to read and many of them began publishing their poetry and
plays.

19. How Print spread to Japan?

• The Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into

Japan around 768 – 770 AD.

• The Buddhist Diamond Sutra which was printed in 868 AD was the oldest
Japanese book.

• Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed materials of various

types. These included books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea
ceremony, flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

20. How Print Comes to Europe?

• Marco Polo, the great explorer from Italy, returned from China in 1295 and brought
the knowledge of woodblock printing along with him.

• Thus, printing began in Italy and travelled to other parts of Europe.

• Vellum was still the preferred material for printing the luxury editions because
printed books were considered as cheap vulgarities.

• By the early fifteenth century, woodblocks were widely used in Europe to print
various materials.

• It almost replaced the books made by calligraphy.

21. Give an account of the New Reading Public:

• With the print technology, a new reading public emerged.

• Books became cheaper because of printing.

• This helped in catering to an ever growing readership.

• As access to books increased for the public, this helped in creating a new culture
of reading.

• Popular ballads and folk tales were published which could be listened by even
the illiterates. Literate people read out stories and ballads to those who could not read.

22. What do you mean by Index of Prohibited Books?

• Print created an opportunity of a new debate and discussion.

• People began questioning some established notions of religion.

• For the orthodox people, it was like a challenge as they feared the disturbance in
old order.

• In fact, the Protestant Revolution in Christianity began because of print culture.

• The Roman Church felt troubled by new ideas which raised questions about the
existing norms of faith.

• It started to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

23. Who started with the Reading Mania?

• The literacy levels improved through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in
Europe.

• By the end of the eighteenth century, literacy rates were as high as 60 to 80

percent in some parts of Europe.

• The growth in literacy level created a reading mania among people.

• Booksellers employed pedlars who roamed around villages to sell books.

Periodicals, novels, almanac, etc. formed the staple for the reading mania.
• Ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common
people. New ideas could be debated and shared with a wider target audience.

24. Who was the target of the publishing companies in the Nineteenth Century?

• There was vast leap in mass literacy in Europe in the nineteenth century.

• This brought a large numbers of new readers among children, women and
workers.

• Many books were written and printed keeping in mind the sense and sensibilities
of children.

• Many folk tales were rephrased to suit the children. Many women became
important as readers as well as writers.

• The lending libraries which had been in existence from the seventeenth century
became the hub of activity for white-collar workers, artisans and lower middle class
people.

25. Write a note on Innovations in the printing technology.

• Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the power-driven cylindrical press by the
mid-nineteenth century that could print 8,000 sheets per hour.

• Offset press was developed in the late nineteenth century. This could print up to
six colours at a time.

• Electrically operated presses came in use from the turn of the twentieth century.
This helped in accelerating the printing process.

• Many other innovations took place during this period.

• All the innovations had a cumulative effect which improved the appearance of
printed texts.

26. What were the strategies adapted to sell books?

• Many periodicals serialized important novels in the nineteenth century.

• In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the
Shilling Series.

• The dust cover or book jacket is a twentieth century innovation.

• Cheap paperback editions were brought to counter the effect of the Great
Depression in the 1930s.

27. What led to publish of Indian newspapers in English language?

• From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the weekly magazine, Bengal
Gazette.

• Hickey also published a lot of gossip about the senior officials of the Company.
Governor General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey.

• Warren Hastings encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned newspapers

to protect the image of the colonial government.

• The first Indian newspaper was the weekly Bengal Gazette which was brought out
by Gangadhar Bhattacharya.

28. Who were the Indian reformers used print for their purpose? How?

• Rammohun Roy published Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 to criticize the orthodox
views in the Hinduism.

• The Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to counter his

opinions. In 1822, publication of two Persian newspapers began, viz. Jam – i- Jahan
Nama and Shamsul Akhbar. Bombay Samachar; a Gujarati newspaper appeared in the
same year.

• In north India, the ulama began to publish cheap lithographic prints which
contained Persian and Urdu translations of Holy Scriptures.

• They also published religious newspapers and tracts. The Deoband Seminary was
founded in 1867. It published thousands upon thousands fatwas about proper conduct in
the life of Muslims.

29. How print media was to spread religion?

• Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was printed from Calcutta in 1810.

• From the 1880s, the Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar
Press in Bombay published many religious texts in vernaculars.

• Print helped in bringing the religious texts within reach of the common masses

• It also helped in connecting the people from various parts of India; by carrying
news of one part to another.

30. Write a short note on the emergence of new writers or about new forms of
Publication.

• Many writers emerged who began to write in the Indian context.

• People could correlate with the theme and characters of such novels in a better
way.
• Many other new forms of writing also came into origin; like lyrics, short stories,
essays about social and political matters, etc.

• A new visual culture was taking shape by the end of the nineteenth century.

• Many printing presses started to produce visual images in large numbers.

• Works of painters; like Raja Ravi Varma were produced for mass circulation
through printing

• By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and
newspapers. They commented on various social and political issues.
Nationalism in Indo China

1. What was meant by the ‘civilizing mission’ of the colonizers?

a) The colonizers thought it was the mission of the ‘advanced’ European nations
to civilize the backward people.

b) They thought their culture to be superior than the culture of the natives in the
colonies.

c) They thought since they were the advanced nations of the world, so it was their
responsibility to modernize the people in the colonies.

d) They took for granted that Europe had developed the most advanced civilization.

e) So, it became the duty of Europeans to introduce these modern ideas to the
colony even if this meant destroying local culture, religions and tradition because these
were seen as outdated and prevented modern development

2. Who was Huynh Phu So?

a) Huynh Phu So was the founder of a nationalist movement called Hoa Hao.

b) He performed miracles and helped the poor.

c) His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal.

d) He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium.

e) The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So.

3. How the French Colonial government tried to suppress Huyuh Phu So?

a) They declared him mad, called him the Mad Bonze, and put him in a mental asylum.

b) But the doctor, who had to prove him mad, became his follower.

c) Finally, he was exiled to Laos and many of his followers were sent to concentration
camps.

4. Explain the following:

A. Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving

examinations.

• The French authorities deliberately failed the students in the final year of the
French examination.

• They did not want the Vietnamese to qualify for the higher-paying jobs.

• Due to this, only one-third of the students in Vietnam could pass the school-
leaving examinations.

B. The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta.

• The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong Delta to
increase cultivation.

• Their purpose behind was to export rice & earn profit.

• The vast system of irrigation works-canals and earthworks built mainly with
forced labour increased rice production.

• This was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade,
move military garrisons and control the entire region

C. The government made the Saigon Native Girls School take back the students it had
expelled.

• When one of the girls protested against demeaning of Vietnamese culture, she
was expelled by the School.

• This resulted in large scale protest against the school authorities.

• Faced with such protest, the government made the Saigon Native Girls School to
take back the expelled student.

D. Rats were most common in the modern, newly built areas of Hanoi.

• The well laid sewer system provided a perfect breeding ground and hiding place
for the rats.

• They could also easily slip in the French homes through the sewer system.

• Hence, rats were most common in the modern, newly built areas of Hanoi.

5. Write an evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the point of

A. A porter on the Ho Chi Minh trail

• The Ho Chi Minh Trail was an immense network of footpaths and roads.

• It was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south.

• In spite of repeated bombings to destroy the trail, it was quickly repaired.

• It worked as invaluable lifeline for the Vietnamese during the US occupation of

Vietnam.

B. A woman soldier

• Women took active part in the struggle against US occupation.

• On the one hand, women formed the main part of the supply system for the
Vietnamese fighters.

• On the other, they were also at the battlefront fighting with the US forces.

6. What was Phan Chu Trinh’s objective for Vietnam? How were his ideas different from
those of Phan Boi Chau?

• Phan Chu Trinh strongly differed with Phan Boi Chau.

• He was hostile to the monarchy and opposed the idea of resisting French with the
help of court.

• He was highly influenced by the democratic ideals of the west.

• He accepted the French ideals of liberty.

• He wanted the French to set up legal and educational institutions, and develop
agriculture and industries.

8. Discuss the influence of China on Vietnam’s culture and life.

• Vietnam had traditionally been influenced by the Chinese culture because it fell on
the Silk Route.

• The religious belief in Vietnam was influenced by Buddhism, Confucianism and

local traditions.

• It is important to mention that Confucianism came from China.

• Moreover, Chinese was the working language for the elite classes of Vietnam.

9. What was the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feeling in
Vietnam?

• The religious beliefs in Vietnam were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and

local practices.

• Christianity was introduced by French missionaries.

• They were intolerant of easygoing attitude of the Vietnamese.

• From the eighteenth century, many religious movements turned hostile to the
Western presence.

• Scholars Revolt of 1969 was one of the early movements against the spread of
Christianity.

• Such revolts finally culminated in the rise of nationalism and anti-colonial feelings
in Vietnam.

10. Explain the causes of the US involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect did this
involvement have on life within the US itself?

• The US was apprehensive that establishment of a communist regime would spark

a chain reaction which could lead to formation of similar regimes in the surrounding
parts of the world.

• In order to stop the spread of communism, the US attacked Vietnam.

• Most of the people in the US were highly critical of the US involvement in Vietnam.

• Many contemporary thinkers were of the opinion that the US should not have
involved itself in a war was impossible to win.

• A very high number of casualties for the US services personnel further turned the
public mood against US occupation of Vietnam.

11. What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam? Compare this
with the role of women in the nationalist struggle in India.

• Women took active part in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam.

• On the other hand, women in India mainly restricted themselves to the supporting
role.

• Congress took the services of women more for the symbolic value than for any
substantial cause.

12. Name the countries which constitute Indo-china:

Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

13. Why the French thought colonies necessary?

• Colonies were considered essential to supply natural resources and other

essential goods.

• Like other western nations, France also thought it was the mission of the
advanced European countries to bring the benefits of civilization to backward peoples.

15. What were the fears of the French regarding education?

• Education was seen as one way to civilize the 'native' but in order to educate the
Vietnamese, the French had to solve. a question" How far the Vietnamese should be
educated'?

• The French needed an educated local labour force but they feared that education
might create problems.

• They feared that educated Vietnamese would question colonial

domination/rule/control.

• French citizens living in Vietnam began fearing that they might lose their jobs as
teachers, shopkeepers or policeman if the Vietnamese got educated.

16. What were the two broad opinions on the question of the use of French language in
Vietnam among the policy-makers?

• Some policy makers emphasized the need to use the French language as the
medium of instruction.

• By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to e

culture and civilization of France. This would tie them with European France.

• The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals, see
the superiority of French culture, and work for the French.

• Other policy makers were opposed to French being the only medium of
instruction.
• They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the
higher classes..

• The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with
French citizenship.

17. Explain: "Only one third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving
examination"

• Only the Vietnamese from the elite class which was a small section of the
population could enroll in the schools

• Only a few among those admitted ultimately pass the school leaving examination
because of a deliberate policy of failing students particularly in the final year, so that
they could not qualify for the better paid jobs.

• In 1925, in a population of 17 million there were less than 400 who passed the
examination

18, How did the school text books glorified the French and justified colonial rule?

• The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward.

• They were capable of manual labour but not of intellectual reflection.

• They could work in the fields but not rule themselves.

• They were skilled copyist but not creative.

• The school children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam

19. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin free school. To what extent was it a typical
example of colonial ideas in Vietnam?

• The Tonkin free school was started in 1907 to provide a western style education.

• Education included classes in Science, Hygiene and French.

• The school’s approach to modernization is not only in learning science and

western ideas but also to look modern.

• The school encouraged the adoption of western styles such as having short hair-
cut.

• Since Vietnamese tradition goes for a long hair, this meant a major break in their
identity

20. How the schools reacted to the modernization of colonial ideas?

• Teachers and students did not blindly follow the curriculum

• As there was an increase in the number of teachers in lower classes, it became
difficult to control what they actually taught

• Vietnamese teachers quietly modified the text and criticized what was stated.

• In 1926 a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls School.

• Students fought against the colonial governments efforts to prevent the

Vietnamese from qualifying for white collar jobs.

21. Write a short note on: “Annanese Student”

• In 1920s, the students of Vietnam formed various political parties against the
French and the traditional elite

• They were inspired by patriotic feelings and the conviction that it was the duty of
the educated to fight for the benefit of society.

• One such political party is Party of Young Annan and they published nationalist
journal known as Annanese Student

22. How did the schools became an important place for political and cultural battle under
French rule in Vietnam? What were the fears of Vietnamese intellectuals?

• The French wanted to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of
education.

• They tried to change the values, norms and thinking of the people, to make them
believe in the superiority of French civilization and the inferiority of the Vietnamese.

• Fears of Vietnamese intellectuals:

a) Vietnam was losing not only the control over its territory but its very identity and
its own culture. Customers were being devalued and the people were developing a
master slave mentality. .

b) The Battle against French colonial education became part of the larger battle
against colonialism and for independence.

23. Mention how health and hygiene became one of the ways to fight against colonialism.

• When the French set about creating a modern Vietnam, they decided to rebuild
Hanoi.

• In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague.

• To stem Rat invasion, a rat hunt was started in 1902.The French hired Vietnam
workers and paid them for each rat they caught. Rats began to be caught in thousands.
• On 30 May, for' instance 20,000 were caught put still there seemed to be no end.
For the Vietnamese the rat hunt seemed to provide an early lesson i n the success of
collective bargaining.

• Those who did the dirty work of entering sewers found that if they came together
they could negotiate a higher bounty.

24. What was the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feeling in
Vietnam?

• Vietnam's religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local

practices.

• Christianity introduced by French missionaries was intolerant of this easy going

attitude and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to believe in the supernatural as something
to be corrected.

• An early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity; was the
scholars revolt in 1868.

• This revolt was led by officials at the Imperial Court angered by the spread of
Catholicism and French power. They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien
provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed. The movement was crushed.

• Another movement, known as Hao Hao, was launched by Huynh Phu So. Though
the French declared him mad, put him in mental asylum and sent many of his followers in
the concentration camps, they could not crush the sentiments and the patriotic feelings
of the nationalists.

25. what was Phan Chu Trinh's objective for Vietnam?. How were his ideas different from
those of Phan Boi Chau? What did they share in common?

• Both Phan Chu Trinh and Phan Boi Chau were great nationalists of Vietnam. Both
had the same objective to establish democratic republic in Vietnam.

• Phan Boi Chau: He was a great nationalist He was educated in the Confucian
tradition. He became a major figure in the anti-colonial resistance from the time he
formed the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) with Prince Cuong De as the head. He
was of the opinion that the monarchy should be used and should not be abolished.

• Phan Chu Trinh : He strongly differed with Phan Boi Chau. He was intensely
hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of
the court. His desire was to establish democratic republic influenced by the democratic
ideals of the west he did not want a wholesale rejection of western civilization. He
accepted the French revolutionary ideal, of liberty but charged the French for not abiding
by the ideal. .He demanded that French set up legal and educational institutions and
develop agriculture and industries.
26. Write short note on “Go East Movement”

• In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern

education.

• For many of them the primary objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam,
overthrow the puppet emperor and reestablish the Nguyen dynasty that was removed by
the French

• These nationalists looked for foreign arms and help. They appealed to the
Japanese for help.

• Japan had modernized itself and had resisted colonization by the west

• Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo but

after 1908, the Japanese Ministry stopped them to do so.

• Many, including Phan Boi Chau, wee deported and forced to seek exile in China
and Thailand.

27. Discuss the influence of china on Vietnam's culture and life.

• Vietnam was linked to China by the Silk Route that brought in goods, people and
ideas.

• In ancient times many people in Vietnam lived under the shadow of the powerful
empire of China.

• Even when Vietnam was made independent country, its rulers continued to
maintain the Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture.

• Many preachers of Confucianism visited from time to time and converted many
Vietnamese to their religion.

• The imperialist powers constructed trans-Indo china rail and road network which
brought the two people closure to each other.

28. How the nature of anti-French independence movement changed with the
developments in China?

• In 1911, the long established monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular

movement under SUN YAT SEN.

• A Republic was set up

• Inspired by these developments, Viethnamese students organised the Association

for the Restoration of Vietname (Viet-Nam Quan Phuc Hoi).
• Now the objective was no longer to set up a constitutional monarchy but a
democratic republic.

• Thus, the nature of anti-French independence movement changed with the

developments in China.

29. What was the impact of the Great Depressions of the 1930s on Vietnam?

• The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and
rural uprising, such as the provinces of NghaAn and He Tinh.

• These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have
been called the electrical fuses of Vietnam when the system was under pressure they
were the first to blow.

30. How was the Indo-Chinese community party established?

• In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together few nationalist groups to

establish the Vietnamese communist party. [Vietnam Cong San Dang] later renamed the
Indo-China Communist Party.

• He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European Communist

parties.

• When in 1940, Japan occupied Vietnam, the nationalists had to fight against the
Japanese as well as the French.

• The League for the Independence of Vietnam known as Vietminh fought the
Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in 1945

• The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became its
Chairman

31. What were the challenges faced, by the New Republic of Vietnam?

• The French tried to regain control by using the emperor Bao Dai, as their puppet
faced with the French offensive.

• The Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting the
French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

• In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the
Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and South were
split. Ho Chi Minh and the communist took power in the North while Bao Dai's regime
was put in power in the South.

• This division set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battle field
bringing death and destruction to its people as well as the environment.
• The Baa Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem. He
built a repressive and authoritarian government.

32. Explain the causes of the U-S involvement in the war in Vietnam.

• The USA worried about the spread of communism which it considered as a

potent danger to the capitalist world.

• USA was ready to fight against communism in any part of the world. So when
communism raised in Vietnam, USA entered the war

• So the war grew out of a fear among US policy planners that the victory of Ho chi
Minh Government would start a power domino effect and communist govt. would be
established in other countries of the World.

• They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most

technologically advanced country in the world

33. What role did the US media and films play during the US Vietnam war?

• The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as well as
criticizing the war.

• Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John's Wayne's “Green
Berets” (1968).

• This has been cited by many as an example of an unthinking propaganda film that
was responsible for motivating many young men to die in the war.

• Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reason for this war.

• John Ford coppolo's” Apocalypse Now” (1979) reflected the moral confusion that
he war had caused in the U.S.

34. What effect did the involvement of US in the war have on life within the US itself?

• The effect of the war was felt within the US as well.

• Many were against the government for getting involved in a war as they saw as
indefensible.

• When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread.

• Compulsory service in the armed forces meant that many of those sent to fight
did not belong to the privileged elite but were minorities and children of working class
families.

• The US media and films played a major role in supporting as well as criticizing for
the war.
35. Write short note on the evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the
point of a porter on the Ho Chi- Minh trail.

• The US - Vietnamese war (165-75) was one of the most disastrous for both the
countries as regard, money, men and materials.

• The US bombers destroyed the villages of Vietnamese and killed them in

thousands.

• But with the spirit of nationalism the Vietnamese fought bravely against the
mighty and super power of the world.

• They used the Ho Chi Minh trait - the immense network of roads and footpaths
most heroically.

• The trail had support bases and hospital along the way.

• Supplies were transported and carried by porters, who were mostly women.

• These porters carried about 25 kilos on their backs or about 70 kilos on their
bicycles.

• The US regularly bombed the trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy
this important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were re- built very
quickly.

• Most of the trail was outside Vietnam neighboring Loos and Cambodia with
branches lines extending into South Vietnam.

36. What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam. Compare this
with the Indian Women.

1. Vietnamese WOMEN AS WARRIORS

• In the 1960, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave

fighters. There were picture of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed
as brave and dedicated

• Nguyen Thin Xvan was reputed to have shot down a jet with just twenty bullets.

• As casualties in the war increased in 1960s women were urged to join the struggle
in large numbers.

• Many women responded and joined the resistance movement.

• They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and

tunnels and fighting the enemy.
• Along the Ho Chi Minh trail young volunteers kept open 2195 km of strategic
roads and guarded 2500 key points.

• They built six air strips, neutralized tens of thousands of bombs, transported
cargo and shot down 15 planes.

2. COMPARISON BETWEEN VIETNAMESE WOMEN & INDIAN (VBQ)

• The Vietnamese women displayed great- heroism and patriotism in their fight
against imperialist power.

• Indian women equally proved their bravery against British rule.

• Rani Laxmi Bai, Vijaya Laxmi Pandit, Aruna Asif Ali, Smt. Indira Gandhi, Sarojini
Naidu, Kamla Nehru and many others whose names cannot be forgotten and who adorn
the pages of the history' of national struggle for independence.

• Rani Gaidilu at the very young age of 13 raised revolt against the British rule but
was captured in 1932 and remained in jail up to 1947.

• Women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, picketed foreign cloth

and went to jail.

37. Write short note on the end of US-Vietnam war. Or How did the war came to an end?
Or

Why the war was called as first television war?

• The long war created strong reactions even within the US. It was clear that the US
had failed to achieve its objectives.

• The Vietnamese resistance had been crushed, the support of the Vietnamese
people for US action had not been won.

• In the meantime, thousands of young US soldiers had lost their lives, and
countless Vietnamese civilians had been killed.

• This was war that has been called the first television war. Battle scenes were
shown on the daily news programs.

• Many became disillusioned with what the US was doing and writers such as Mary
McCarthy, and actors like Jane Fonda even visited North Vietnam and praised their
heroic defense of the country.

• The scholar Noam Chomsky called the war 'the greatest threat to peace, to the
national self-determination, and to international cooperation.

• The widespread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to

negotiate an end to the war. A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974.
This ended conflict with the US but fighting between the Saigon regime and the NLF
(National Liberation Front) continued.

• The NLF occupied the presidential palace on Saigon on 30th April 1975 and
unified Vietnam

38. Explain the role of Vietnamese women as Rebels:

• Women in Vietnam traditionally enjoyed greater equality than in China.

• As the nationalist movement grew, a new image of womanhood emerged.

• Writers and political thinkers began idealizing women rebelling against social
norms

• In 1930, a famous novel by Nhat Linh showed women leaving a forced marriage
and marrying someone of her choice, someone who was involved in nationalist politics

• The rebellion against social conventions marked the arrival of the new woman in
Vietnamese society

39. How the Rebel women were celebrated?

• In 1913, the nationalist Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on the lives of the Trung
Sisters who had fought against Chinese domination in 39-43 CE.

• In the play, he depicted these sisters as patriots fighting to save the Vietnamese
nation from the Chinese.

• After this play, they came to be idealized and glorified. They were depicted in
paintings, plays, and novels as representing the strong will and the intense patriotism of
the Vietnamese.

• Trieu Au who lived in the third century, organised a large army and resisted
Chinese rule. She became a sacred figure who fought for the honour of the country

• Nationalists popularized her image to inspire people to action

40. What the women did in the times of peace?

• When the peace talks began in 1970s, women were no longer represented as
warriors

• The image of women as workers begins to predominate.

• They were shown as working in agricultural cooperatives, factories and

production units, rather than fighters

NATIONALISM IN INDIA
Q1. Explain how nationalism in Europe is different from the nationalism in India.(pg
53)

A1. Nationalism in Europe:

1. Modern nationalism in Europe is associated with formation of nation state.

2. It meant change in people’s understanding –who they were, what defined their identity,
sense of belonging, new symbols & icons, new songs, ideas forged new links, redefined
boundaries of communities.

3. Many European countries it was a long process.

Nationalism in India:

1. Growth of nationalism in India is linked with anti-colonial movement.

2. People began discovering their unity process of their struggle with colonialism.

3. Sense of being oppressed under British provided shared bond that tied many different
groups together.

4. Each class, group felt effects of colonialism different, their experience varied, their
notion of freedom was not always the same.

Q2. The political and economic condition of Indians during the IWW (1914-1919).(pg
54):

• WWI led to huge increase in defence expenditure financed by war loans &
increased taxes.

• Custom duties raised & income tax introduced.

• During war period, Prices increased – doubled 1913-1918 – led to hardship

• In Villages there was forced recruitment which led to a wide anger.

• 1918-1919 & 1920-1921 crops failed led to acute shortage of food, accompanied by
an influenza epidemic.

• According to census 1921, 12-13 million people perished due to famine &
epidemics.

Q3. Satyagraha: (pg 54-55):

• Satyagraha is said to be passive resistance and that it is the weapon of the weak,
but the power which is used can only be used by the strong, it calls for intense activity.

• Satyagraha is pure soul-force where truth is the very substance of the soul.
• The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love.

• Idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth & need to search for truth.

• Satyagraha suggested that If the cause was true, if the struggle was against
injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight oppressor

• Without vengeance or aggressive a satyagrahi could win battle through non

violence by appealing conscience of oppressor through persuasion of see truth and
being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.

Q4. What are 3 experiments of Gandhiji? (pg 55)

• 1916 – CHAMPARAN in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against

oppressive plantation system.

• 1917, he organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of KHEDA district of

Gujarat as they were affected by crop failure & plague epidemic & they were not able to
pay revenue wanted redemption.

1918 Gandhi went to Ahmadabad to organized a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton

mill workers

Q5. Rowlatt act: (pg 55)

• Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 by Imperial legislative council.

• It gave British enormous power to repress political activities

• It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

• Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against Rowlatt act that started with
a hartal on 6 April.

• Rallies orgainsed in various cities.

• Workers went on strike on railway workshops

• Shops closed down

6. BRITISHERS REACTION TOWARDS INDIAN – AGAINST ROWLATT ACT:

• British were alarmed & scared that lines of communication -railways, telegraph
were disrupted

• British administrative officials clamped down nationalist by:

local leaders picked up form Amritsar

Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi

 10th April police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession which provoked
attacks on Banks, Post offices & railway station.

As a result Martial law imposed in Amritsar

7. Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.: (pg 56)

• On 13 April crowd of villagers came to Amritsar to attend the annual Baisakhi fair
unaware of martial law imposed in Amritsar

• Some came to protest against the governments new repressive measures.

• They gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh

• General Dyer entered , blocked exit points & opened fire on crowd killing
hundreds

• With an aim to produce a moral effect to create in minds of satyagrahis a feeling

of terror & awe.

• As news of massacre spread, crowds took to streets in many north Indian towns.

• There were strikes, clashes with police &attack on government buildings.

• The British government responded with brutal repression, seeking humiliation &
terrorizing people

• Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets &
do salam (salute) to all sahibs

• The result was that Gandhi called off the Rowlatt satyagraha

8. Non cooperation with Khilafat movement: ( pg 56)

• Gandhi wanted to organize a movement with the support of Hindu & Muslims

• Ottoman Turkey was defeated in the First World War.

• A harsh peace treaty was signed on the sultan of Turkey - the khalifa

• To defend the khalifa’s powers , a Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in

March 1919 by two young Muslim brother leaders called Muhammad Ali & Shaukat Ali

• Gandhi used this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a

unified national movement.

• At Calcutta session of the congress in September 1920 he convinced INC leaders

to start non-cooperation movement , in support of Khilafat & swaraj
• ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ Khilafat committee
joined with the Gandhi’s Non cooperation movement called NON-COOPERATION
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

9. Name the book written by Mahatma Gandhi. What did he believe? (pg 56)

• The famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi was “HIND SWARAJ”

• He declared that The British rule was established in India with the cooperation of
Indians & had survived only because of his cooperation.

• If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year
and swaraj would come.

10. The three fold stages of non cooperation movement of Gandhi: (pg 57)

• 1st stage : It should begin with the surrender of titles that government awarded

• 2nd stage: Boycott of civil services, army, police, court & legislative councils,
schools & foreign goods.

• 3rd stage : Introduction of national school, colleges, indigenous industries –In

case Govt. repressed then full civil disobedience movement to be launched.

11. Why members of congress were against Gandhi’s non cooperation movement? (pg
57)

• Reluctant to boycott the November 1920 council elections

• Feared that the movement may lead to popular violence.

• Finally at Nagpur Congress session in December 1920, a compromise was worked

out and NCP adopted

12. Non cooperation movement: (pg 58)

• Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement began in January 1921.

• Various social groups Participated in the movement.

• Each group had its own specific aspiration.

• The entire group responded to call of swaraj but the term meant different to
different people.

• In cities:

The movement started with middle class participation.

Thousands students left govt. controlled schools, colleges.

 Headmasters & teachers resigned

Lawyers gave up their legal practices.

Council elections were boycotted in most provinces except in Madras.

On Economic Front:

Foreign goods were boycotted

Liquor shops picketed

Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire.

Import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 & 1922

Many places merchants & traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance
foreign trade.

Indian discarded imported clothes & wore only Indian one

The production of Indian textile mills & handlooms went up.

13. Why only in Madras presidency the congress leaders decide to participate in
Council election? (pg 58)

• Justice party (non-Brahmin Party) felt that entering the council was one way of
gaining some power where only Brahmin had access.

14. Why did non cooperation movement slow down in cities? (pg 58)

• Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth & poor
Indian could not effort to but it.

• Boycott of British institution posed a problem. Alternative Indian institution had

to be set up to replace the British. This was slow to come up due to lack of fund.

• The teachers & students trickled back to govt. schools; lawyers joined back work
in govt. courts.

15. Countryside rebellion: (pg no: 58 -60). / Gandhiji message re-interpreted

BABA RAMCHANDRA – AWADH

• He was a sanyasi who had been to Fiji as an indentured labour.

• His movement was against talukdars & landlords who demanded from peasants’
high rents & variety of other cesses.

• Peasants had to do the work at landlord’s farms without payment.

• Peasants as tenants had no security of tenure; they were regularly evicted so that
they do not acquire any right over the leased land.

• The peasants demanded for a reduction in revenue, abolition of beggar and social
boycott of oppressive landlords.

• In many places na-dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayat to deprive

landlords of the services of even barbers and washer men.

• By October, Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by J. Nehru, RamChandra &
few others.

• Within a month 300 branches set up in villages

• In 1921, houses of talukdars & merchants were attacked

• Bazaars looted, grains hoarded were taken

• Many places local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared NO TAXES
were to be paid & land was to be redistributed among poor.

GUDEM HILLS OF ANDHRA PRADESH (pg 60)

• In the forest region, colonial government:

• closed large forest areas,

• Prevented tribal’s from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or

• Collect fuel wood & fruits which enraged hill tribals.

• Their livelihood affected

• traditional rights were denied

• Govt. forced begar for road construction, so tribal’s revolted.

• ALLURI SITARAM RAJU OF AP claimed that he

• had a variety of special power

• could make correct astrological predications

• can heal people

• Could survive even bullet shots.

• spoke greatness of Gandhi & inspired by NCM, persuaded people to wear Khadi
and give up drinking
• At the same time he believed that India could be liberated only by use of force, not
non-violence.

• Tribal’s attacked police station, ,attempted to kill British officials and carried on
guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj

• Raju was captured, executed in 1924 - became a folk hero

16. SWARAJ IN THE PLANTATIONS: (PG 60)

• For Assam plantation workers freedom or swaraj meant that they had the right to
move freely in & out of the confined space in which they were enclosed

• For them swaraj meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

• According to INLAND EMIGRATION ACT 0F 1859 plantation workers were not

permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.

• When they heard of Non-Cooperation movement, thousands of workers defied the

authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

• They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming & everyone would be given land in
their own villages.

• But they never reached their destination as due to railway & steamer strike.

• They were caught by the police & brutally beaten up.

17. “Different social groups interpreting swaraj in their own way – still helped in
obtaining swaraj”. Explain.

• The Indian imagined it to be a time when all suffering and all troubles would be
over.

• When tribal’s chanted Gandhiji name & raised slogans demanding “swatantra
bharat” they were emotionally relating to an all-Indian agitation

• When they acted in the name of Gandhiji’s or linked their movement to that of
congress, they were identifying with a movement which went beyond limits of their
immediate locality.

18. Why Gandhi decide to withdraw the non cooperation movement? (pg 62)

• Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent in many places.

• He felt the satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready
for mass struggle.

19. Why Indian National congress leaders wanted to participate in election? (pg
62)
• Some leaders were tired of mass struggles & wanted to participate in elections to
provincial councils set by Govt. of India Act 1919.

• They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue
for reform, and demonstrate that these councils were not democratic.

• C.R.Das & Motilal Nehru formed the swaraj Party within congress

• J.Nehru &SubashChnadra Bose – wanted more radical mass agitation & full
independence.

20. What are the 2factors shaped the Indian politics after late 1920’s? (pg 62)

• The effect of the world wide economic depression.

• Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 & collapsed after 1930, due to which
demand for agricultural goods fell & export fell and peasants found it difficult to sell
harvest & pay for their revenue.

21.SIMON COMMISION ( pg 62 )

• Tory Government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under John

Simon with 6 members.

• It was set up to look into the working &functioning of the constitutional system in
India & suggest changes as desired by nationalist.

• It was boycotted by Indians because commission did not have single Indian
member, all were British

• When Simon commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan
“GO BACK SIMON”

• All parties including INC, Muslim league demonstrated.

• In October 1929, Lord Irwin in order to win these nationalist, announced

DOMINION STATUS for India in unspecified future & ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE to
discuss future constitution.

• But this did not satisfy Congress, and radials leaders like J. Nehru & SC Bose
wanted complete independence.

22. Lahore session. (pg 63)

• In December 1929 under presidency of J.Nehru, Lahore session formalized the

demand of PURNA SWARAJ for India.

• It was declare that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as Independence Day

• People were to take pledge to struggle for complete independence.

23. BEGINNING OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT / “Gandhi found salt a powerful
symbol to unite nation”. HOW? (pg 63 -64)

• On 31 Jan 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating 11 demands - some were
general interest, other specific demands of different classes, from Industrialist to
peasants.

• The idea was to make demand wide ranging by including every class for united
campaign.

• The most stirring demand was abolition of salt tax

• Gandhi considered Salt as an important as it was consumed by rich & poor alike,
one of the most essential items of food.

• The tax on salt & govt. monopoly over its production was most oppressive face of
British rule.

• Gandhi’s letter was an ultimatum as it stated that if the demands not fulfilled by 11
march, INC would launch a civil Disobedience campaign

• Lord Irwin was unwilling to negotiate; So Gandhi started his famous salt march
accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers from Sabarmati ashram to Gujarat coastal
town of Dandi.

• The volunteers walked for 24 days about 10 miles a day.

• Gandhi stopped to meet thousands to explain what is swaraj & satyagraha

• On 6 April he reached Dandi, ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing salt

by boiling sea water.

• This marked the beginning of Civil disobedience movement.

24. How CDM different from NCM? (pg 64)

Non-Co-operation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement

• It should begin with the surrender of titles that government awarded • During
CDM people asked not only to refuse cooperation but also to break colonial laws.

• In many places forest people violated forest laws by going into Reserved Forest to
collect wood & graze cattle.

• Boycott of civil services, army, police, court & legislative councils, schools &
foreign goods. • Thousands in different parts of India broke salt law,
manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of govt.
• In case of repression, introduction of national school, colleges, indigenous
industries were planned • Liquor shops picketed.

• Peasants refused to pay revenue & chaukidari taxes

25. MENTION INCIDENTS MARKING THE VIOLENT CLASHES IN VARIOUS PART

DURING CDM (pg 64)

• British govt. arrested INC leaders that led to violent clashes in many places.

• The arrest of Abdul Ghaffar Khan, made angry crowd to demonstrate in streets of
Peshawar facing armoured cars & police firing

• The arrest of Mahatma Gandhi made industrial workers in Sholapur to attack

police posts, municipal buildings, law courts & railway stations – all structures which
symbolized British rule.

• Frightened British followed brutal repression like satyagrahi attacked, women,

children beaten & 100000 arrested.

26. GANDHI - IRWIN PACT / re launch of CDM: (pg 64 - 65)

• Gandhi called off CDM & entered Irwin pact on 5 march 1931.

• According to Gandhi Irwin Pact:

Gandhi accepted to participate in the 2nd Round Table conference in London

British Government agreed to release the political prisoners.

• But Gandhi was disappointed in the conference as other nationalist like Muslim
league, Hindu maha sabha, Anglo Indian, Sikhs, & Dalit group leader Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
was present with the issue of their own specific interest but not about the nation as such.

• After his return, In British - India Government followed new cycle of repression.

• Ghaffar Khan & Jawaharlal Nehru in jail

• INC declared Illegal

• Political Meetings, demonstrations & boycott were banned

• Gandhi once again relaunched CDM

27. PARTICIPANTS SAW THE MOVEMENT: ( pg 65 - 67)

A. Rich peasant community:

• The rich peasant communities – the Patidars of Gujarat & the Jats of UP were
active in the movement.
• They were producers of commercial crops, hit by the trade depression and falling
prices.

• They found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue

• These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the CDM organizing their
communities, and at times forcing reluctant members, to participate in the boycott
programmes.

• For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.

• But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931
without the revenue rates being revised, So when the movement was restarted in 1932,
many of them refused to participate.

B. The poor peasants: ( pg 65 )

• The poorer peasantry wanted to lower the revenue demand, remit the unpaid rent
to the land lord for their cultivating lands.

• They joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and

Communists.

• But the congress did not want to upset the rich peasants and landlords, & was
unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places.

• So the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained
uncertain

C. The Indian merchants and industrialist: ( pg no: 66)

• They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling

foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.

• Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla, the

industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported the Civil
Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.

• They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

• Most businessmen saw swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business

would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.

• But after the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no
longer uniformly enthusiastic.

• They were concerned of the spread of militant activities, prolonged disruption of

business, and the influence of socialism among the young Indians.
D. The industrial workers

• Workers participated in the CDM, selectively adopting some ofthe ideas of the
Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements
against low wages and poor working conditions.

• There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932.

• In 1930 thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and
participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns

• Congress reluctant to include workers demands as part of programme of struggle.

• As it felt this would alienate industrialists & divide the anti imperial forces.

E. women’s participation (pg 67 )

• In salt march, thousands of women participated in the protest marches,

manufactured salt.

• They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.

• In urban areas these women were from high-caste families; in rural areas they
came from rich peasant households.

• Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty
of women.

• But Gandhi was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and
hearth, be good mothers and good wives.

• For a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of
authority within the organization but It was keen only on their symbolic presence

28. Which social groups did not participate in CDM? Why Congress ignored the dalits ?
What was the idea of Gandhi regarding dalits? ( pg 67 )

• The ‘untouchables’, called as dalit or oppressed.

• For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis,
the conservative high-caste Hindus.

• But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if
untouchability was not eliminated.

• He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan or children of God.

• He organised Satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public
wells, tanks, roads and schools.
• He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers), and
persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’.

29. Why dalit leaders were keen on different political solution to the problems of their
community?

• They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational

institutions

• A separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.

• They believed Political empowerment, would resolve the problems of their social
disabilities.

• Dalit participation in the CDM was strong in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region.

• Dr B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into the Depressed classes Association.

30. Poona Pact: ( Pg 68)

• When the British government approved Ambedkar’s demand for separate

electorates for dalits,

Gandhiji began a fast unto death.

• He believed that would slow down the process of their integration into society.

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position.

• The result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.

• It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes)

reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils,

• But they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

31. Congress - Muslim league - civil obedience movement : ( Pg 69 )

• After the decline of the NCKM, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the
Congress.

• From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated openly with
Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.

• Hindus and Muslims organised religious processions with militant fervour,

provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities, deepening the
distance between them

• In 1927 The Congress & Muslim league made efforts to renegotiate an alliance.
• Jinnah the leader of Muslim league was willing to give up the demand of separate
electorate if Muslims were assured reserved seats in central assembly & representation
in proportion to population in Muslim dominated provinces (Bengal & Punjab)

• Negotiation failed in 1928 when M R Jayakar of Hindu Maha Sabha opposed

efforts to compromise.

• When CDM began, Many Muslim did not respond to call for united struggle.

• The Muslim leaders & intellectuals were concerned about status of Muslims as a
minority .

• They feared their culture & identity would be submerged under domination of
Hindu majority.

32. SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING:

A. Nationalism in India: ( 70-71)

• People began to believe that they are all part of the same nation when they
discovered some unity that binds them together experienced through united struggles.

• Variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s

imagination like history, fiction, folklore, songs, popular prints, symbols, all played a part
in making of nationalism

• Symbolizing a nation using a figure helped to create an image with which people
can identify the nation.

• With the growth of nationalism, the identity of India came to be visually associated
with the image of Bharat Mata.

• The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in his

novelAnandamathwhere he had written ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.

• Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore is portrayed Bharat

Mata as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.

B. Revival of Indian folklore. ( Pg 71 )

• In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by

bards

• They toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.

• These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been
corrupted and damaged by outside forces.
• It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national
identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.

• In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes

and myths, and led the movement for folk revival.

• In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk

tales, The Folklore of Southern India.

• He believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most trustworthy
manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.

C. Icon & symbols ( Pg 72)

• During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow)
was designed.

• It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of BritishIndia, and a crescent

moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

• By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag with a tricolour (red, green and
white), a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

• Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

D. REINTERPRETATION OF HISTORY:

• The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing

themselves.

• In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great
achievements.

• They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and
architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts
and trade had flourished in India.

• These re-interpretated histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great
achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable condition under British.

33. HOW CONGRESS UNDER GANDHIJI TRIED TO UNITE DESPITE VARIED

ASPIRATIONS & EXPECTATION? ( Pg 73 )

• The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to channel people’s
grievances into organized movements for independence.

• Through NCKM & CDM movements the nationalists tried to forge a national unity.
• But diverse groups and classes participated in these movements with varied
aspirations and expectations., freedom from colonial rule also meant different things to
different people.

• The Congress continuously attempted to resolve differences, and ensure that the
demands of one group did not alienate another..

• Thus it helped India to emerge as a nation of many voices wanting freedom from
colonial rule.

=====================================THE END
==================================

3. MONEY AND CREDIT ( ECONOMICS)

1. Make a list of transactions involving money in a single day.

• Goods are bought and sold with the use of money

• Services are being exchanged with money

• There might not be any actual transfer of money taking place but a promise to pay
money later.

2. Why transactions are made in money?

• Money can be easily exchanged for any commodity of service required

• Everyone prefers to receive payments in money and then exchange the money for
things they want

• As money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process, it is called as medium

of exchange

3. Explain double coincidence of wants:

• Let us imagine the barter system or transactions not involving money:

In the case of a shoe manufacturer – who wish to sell his shoes and buy wheat

He would have to look for a wheat growing farmer who not only wants to sell
wheat but also want to buy shoes in exchange.

That is both parties must agree to buy and sell their respective commodities to
each other.

This is known as Double Coincidence of Wants.

This is an important feature of Barter System

4. MODERN FORMS OF MONEY:

A. Currency –

Made up of paper notes and coins

It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorized by the

government of the country.

In India, RBI issues currency notes on behalf of the Indian Government

As per law, no other individual or group is allowed to issue currency.

Law recognizes currency as a medium of payment that cannot be refused.

B. Bank Deposits

The extra cash the people has will be deposited with the banks

Banks will pay an amount as interest for these deposits

People’s money will be safe in the bank and can be withdrawn when needed.

As the money can be withdrawn when demanded it is also known as demand

deposits.

Demand Deposits can be paid thro cheque – a paper instructing the bank to pay a
specific amount from the persons account to the person in whose favour the cheque has
been issued.

Demand deposits settle payments without the use of cash.

5. What banks do with the deposits they accept from the public?

• Banks keep only a small proportion (15%) of their deposits as cash with
themselves

• The remaining amount is used to provide loans for various economic activities.

• Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds and those who are in need
of it.

• Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans to its borrowers than what they pay
to their depositors

• The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to
depositors is their main source of income.

6. Credit:
• Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with
money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.

• Credit plays a vital and positive role when thro credit a person meet his expenses
of production, complete production on time and thereby increase his income. ( Ex: A
textile shop keeper during festival season)

• Sometimes credit pushes the borrowers into a situation from which recovery is
very painful or it lead to a Debt trap when the borrowed sum is not utilized properly or
loan repayment became impossible ( Ex: A farmer during a drought season)

7. Terms of Credit:

• Loan Agreement which specifies the Interest rate which the borrower must pay to
the lender and the Repayment schedule of the principal along with the interest

• Collateral Security – an physical asset that the borrower owns and uses as a
guarantee to lender until the loan is repaid

• If the borrower fails to repay, the lender gets the right to sells the collateral asset.

• Land and buildings, Bank Deposits, Live stock are some collateral assets

• Terms credit includes interest rate, collateral and documentation required, mode
of repayment together

8. Source of Credit:

Small Farmer Medium Farmer Landless Agricultural Worker

1 Money Lender Bank loan Employers

2. Agricultural Trader Land owners

9. Co-operative Banks:

• Cheap credit source in rural areas

• Members pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas

• Ex: Farmers cooperatives, Weavers cooperatives, industrial workers cooperatives

• It raises funds from its members as deposits and from big banks

• Then these funds are given as loan to its own members

• Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place.

10. Formal Sector Credit in India

• Loan from Banks and Cooperative societies

• RBI of India supervises the function of formal sources of loans

• RBI monitors the banks in actual maintenance of cash balance

• RBI sees that the banks give loans not for big profit making alone but also to
small scale industries, small borrowers.

• All the banks have to periodically submit its details of borrowers, defaulters,
depositors, its interest rate, etc., to RBI

• Banks have to come out with more flexible regulations for lending the money to
small borrowers / rural areas as Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s
development.

11. Informal Sector Credit:

• Loan from money lenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends

• Absence of collateral pave the way for informal credit sectors

• There is no organization that supervises the informal credit sector

• Interest rate charged and the means to get back their money are not regulated

• Interest rate in informal sector is high

• As a result, borrower uses a large part of his earnings for repaying the loan, which
leads him to debt trap p again.

12. Self Help Groups:

• SHGs organizes rural poor, in particular women and pool their savings

• A typical SHG has 15-20 members belonging to one neighborhood who met and
save regularly depending on their ability

• Members can take small loans from the groups for an interest charged less than
moneylenders

• After a year or two, the group becomes eligible for availing loan from the banks.

• SHGs create self employment opportunities for the members, act as building
blocks of the rural poor

• Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan act ivies are taken
by the group members who decides to whom and for what purpose a loan can be given.

• The SHGs are also responsible both for the repayment of the loans borrowed from
the banks and by its own members
13. Grameen Bank of Bangladesh:

• Started in 1970s in Bangladesh by Prof. Muhammad Yunus.

• Gave loans to the poor to meet their credit needs at reasonable rates

• Almost all of the borrowers are women and belong to the poorest sections of the
society.

• Proved that poor can start and run a variety of small income generation activities
successfully

• The values that Grameen Bank supports are: Removal of poverty, Women
empowerment and self-sufficiency.

• The founder was the recipient of 2006 Noble Prize for peace.

============================================THE
END=================================================

GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY ( Economics)

1. GLOBALISATION: ( pg no: 54, 55, 62)

• Integration process between countries through foreign trade and foreign

investments by MNCs.

• Integration of production and integration of markets is a key idea behind the

process of globalization and its impact

• Globalisation connects the countries through

Movements of goods and services

Investments and technology

Movement of people

• It has been facilitated by:

rapid improvements in technology,

liberalization of trade and

investments policies and pressures from international organizations like WTO.

2. MNC ( Pg no: 56)

• A MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation
• MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get
cheap labour and other resources

• So that the cost of production is low and MNCs can earn greater profits

• Production process is divided into small parts and spread out across the globe.

• Ex:

China provides cheap manufacturing location

India has high skilled employees and technicians

Mexico and Eastern Europe is very close to USA market.

3. INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES: ( pg no: 57 - 58)

• Investment - The money spent to buy assets like land, building, machines and
other equipments is called investment. Investments are made with an aim to gain profit

• Foreign investment – Investment made by MNCs is called foreign investment.

• Route adopted by MNCS:

A. MNCs and Local Companies:

MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies of the countries.

In this both the local company and MNC is benefitted.

MNC provides funds for additional investments

MNC brings with them latest technology for production

Ex: Ford Motors of USA tie up with Mahindra and Mahindra company of India

B. MNCs buy local companies:

This is the most common route for MNC to expand production

MNCs with huge wealth acquire local companies

Ex: Cargill Foods of USA bought Parakh Foods of India to expand its market

C. MNCs place orders to local companies:

Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small
producers.

These products are supplied to the MNCs which then sell these under their own
brand names
 These MNCs have the power to determine price, quality, deliver and labour
condition for the distant producers

Ex: Garments, footwear and sports items.

4. FOREIGN TRADE: ( Pg 59)

• The main channel connecting countries

• Trade routes connect India and South Asia to markets in East and West along sea
routes and silk routes.

• Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the
domestic markets.

• Producers can sell their products both in the domestic and international markets

• Similarly the buyers will have more choice of goods to select

5. FACTORS THAT HAVE ENABLE GLOBALISATION

• Technology

Rapid improvement in technology led to faster delivery of goods at lower costs

The developments in information and communication technology enable the

access to information and communication even to remote areas

Internet and satellite devices allows to send instant electronic mail and talk across
the world at negligible costs

Ex: A London based news magazine is designed and printed in New Delhi thro
instructions received via internet. Then it is sent back to London thro Air. Payment for
the work is paid thro e-banking.

• Liberalisation of Foreign trade and foreign investment policy

A) Trade Barriers – before 1991:

Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier

Government use trade barriers to increase or decrease or regulate foreign trade

Trade barriers also help the Government to decide what kinds of goods and how
much of each should come into the country.

It was considered necessary to protect the producers from foreign competition.

All developed countries during their initial stage of development have used trade
barriers.
B) Liberalisation - After 1991:

Liberalisation refers to removal of barriers or restrictions set by the Government

for trade

By 1991, Government decided that Indian producers can compete with the
producers around the globe

It was felt that competition would improve the performance

This was supported by international organizations

Removing of trade barrier meant that goods could be imported and exported
easily

Now MNCs can set up factories and offices in India

6. WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION:

• International organization that aims to liberalise international trade

• WTo establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that it is followed

• Developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers

• But WTO forces the developing countries to remove trade barriers

• Ex: Trade in agricultural products.

7. POSITIVE IMPACT OF THE GLOBALISATION ON INDIA:

• Availability of variety of products which enable the consumers to have greater

choice

• Improved quality and lower prices for several products

• This led to higher standard of living

• Increase in foreign direct investment

• Creation of new jobs in certain industries

• Indian companies are benefited by new technology and production methods with
successful foreign companies collaboration

• Enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals

• Created new opportunities for companies providing services

8. NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE GLOBALISATION ON INDIA:

• Small producers failed to compete and got perished

• Rising competition had led to close down of small companies, unemployment

among unskilled workers

• Globalisation and pressure of competition have changed the lives of workers.

• Flexibility leads to insecurity in jobs

9. FAIR GLOBALISATION:

• Create opportunities for all

• Ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better

• The Government should play a vital role in making of fair globalisation

• Its policies should protect the interests of both rich and poor

• The Government should ensure that labour laws are implemented.

• The Government can negotiate at the WTO for ‘fairer rules’

===============================THE END
==========================================

CONSUMER RIGHTS

1. Active participant in a market place:

A. Producers: As producers of goods and services, people could be working in any

of the three sectors

B. Consumers: Consumers participate in the market when they purchase goods and
services that they need. These are the final goods that people as consumers use.

2. Various tricks played by Money lenders:

★ They make the producer sell the produce to them at a low rate in return for a
timely loan

★ They could force a small farmer to sell their land to pay back their loan

★ The workers in the unorganized sector may be forced to work at a low wage or
unfair conditions or harmful environment.

3. Need for Consumer rights:

★ Individual consumers find themselves in a weak position

★ Whenever there is a complaint with regard to the goods or services that had been
purchased or paid by the consumers, sellers shed their responsibility

★ Large companies or big manufacturers manipulate the market place with their
wealth and power

★ Rules and regulations are needed to ensure protection for consumers against
such producers

★ Ex: To fight against a milk powder company which claimed falsely or cigarette
company that produces cancer

4. Exploitation in the market place:

★ Traders indulge in unfair trade practices like weighing less

★ Traders add charges that were not mentioned before

★ When adultered or defective goods or sold

5. Origination of Consumer Movement:

★ The consumer movements arouse out of dissatisfaction of consumers because of

the exploitation they undergone.

★ There was no legal system to protect them from such exploitation

★ Consumers either avoided the particular brand or stop purchasing from the
particular seller in case of dissatisfaction

★ It was always believed that it was the responsibility of the consumers to be

careful while buying a product.

★ It took many years for organizations to evolve.

6. Consumer movement in India:

★ The consumer movement as a social force originated with the necessity of

protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against exploitation

★ Rampant food shortages

★ Unethical and unfair trade practices

★ Hoarding,

★ Black marketing
★ Adulteration of food and edible oil

gave birth to the consumer movement in an organised form in the 1960s.

7. Initial years of Consumer Movement / organizations in India:

Till 1970s:

★ Engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions

★ Formed consumer groups to look into the mal practices in ration shops and

★ Overcrowding in the road passenger transport

Recent years:

★ India Witnessed an upsurge in the number of consumer groups

★ The movement succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms and

government to correct unfair business practices.

★ In 1986 Indian Government enacted the Consumer Protection Action 1986 known
as COPRA

8. Consumers International:

★ In 1985 United Nations adopted UN Guideline for Consumer Protection.

★ A tool for nations to adopt measures to protect consumers and

★ For consumer advocacy groups to press their governments to do so

★ This become the foundation for consumer movement

★ Consumers International has become an umbrella body

★ There are 220 member organizations over 115 countries.

9. Consumer Rights

A. Right for Safety:

While using the goods and services consumers have to right to be protected
against the marketing of goods and delivery of services that are hazardous to life and
property

Producers need to strictly follow the required safety rules and regulations
 Public or government action must ensure good quality and regulate safety
measures

Ex: While purchasing a pressure cooker the safety valve must be of good quality.
Or else it may cause a serious accident

Due to the weak rules and inadequate supervision, we still find bad quality
products in the market

B. Right to receive Information about goods and services:

The details about ingredients used,

Maximum Retail Price,

batch number,

date of manufacture and expiry,

address of the manufacturer,

directions for use,

risks associated,

information’s with regard to side effects

must be provided in the package of the goods or services that the consumer purchase

In case of defective products or services, this will enable the consumers to

complain for compensation or replacement

In October 2005, the Government of India enacted Right to Information Act which
ensures the citizens that all the information about the functions of the Government
Departments

C. Right to Choose:

★ Any consumer who receives a services in whatever capacity, regardless of age,

gender and nature of service has the right to choose whether to continue to receive the
services

★ Many a times consumers are forced to buy things that they may not wish to but
they are left without any choice

★ Ex: Gas supply dealers insist to buy a stove for a new gas connection

D. Right to seek redressel:

★ Consumers have the right to seek redressel against unfair trade practices and
exploitation

★ If the damage is done to a consumer, he / she have the right to claim

compensation depending on the degree of damage.

★ Ex: When a doctor, by mistake have removed left leg instead of the right for a
patient for which he charged, then the patient can approach the consumer forum for the
damage done to him by the doctor

E. Right to represent:

★ Consumer movements in India has led to the formation of consumer forums or

consumer protection councils

★ They guide the consumers right from filing a case till getting compensation

★ They represent individual consumers

★ These organizations receive financial support for creating consumer awareness

★ Sometimes various other associations also represent on behalf of their members.

★ COPRA enabled consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts

10. A Three-tier quasi Judicial machinery:

Judiciary Level Cases dealing with the claim amount

District level court Upto 20 lakhs

State level court Between 20 lakhs and Rs. 1 crore

National level court Exceeding Rs. 1 crore

If a case is dismissed in district level court, the consumers can also appeal in state and
then in National level courts.

11. Well – informed consumers:

★ While purchasing a consumer should look for special logos

★ Consumer should acquire the knowledge and skill about the products they
purchase
★ For the products that affect the health and safety of consumers or of products of
mass consumption certification from ISI , Agmark and Hall mark organizations are
compulsory

★ Special logos:

ISI – Consumer durables like Electric Stabilizers, Gas Cylinders

Agmark – Food products – Ghee, Food products

Hall mark – Gold jewel’s

12. Consumer Movement in Future:

24th December : National Consumers Day – Indian Parliament enacted the

Consumer protection Act in 1986 on this day

More than 700 consumer groups were formed

20-25 well organized and recognized forums

13. Draw backs of Consumer redressel forum in India:

★ Cumbersome and expensive

★ Time consuming for filing and attending the court proceedings

★ Need to engage lawyers

★ In most cases, cash memos / receipts are not issued properly – evidence is not
easy to gather

★ No clear law on the issue of compensation

★ Slow progress in spreading the awareness about COPRA

★ Rules and regulations don’t govern unorganized sectors

=====================================THE
END==================================================

CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY

1. Challenge:

A challenge is only those difficulties which can be overcome and also carries
within it an
opportunity for progress

Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before

Democracy does not have a challenger but that does not mean that it does not
face any challenge

2. Types of Challenges

A. THE FOUNDATIONAL CHALLENGE:

From non-democracy transition to democratic government.

It involves bringing down the existing non-democratic government.

Keeping military away from controlling government.

Establishing a sovereign & functional state

B. Challenge of expansion:

It involves applying the basic principle of democratic government across all the
region, social groups and institution.

Ensure greater power to local government.

Expansion of federal principle to all state , women and minority groups.

Decisions are taken within democratic arena.

Most countries face this challenge of expansion like India and USA

C. Deepening of democracy:

This is faced by every democracy.

It involves strengthening of institution and practice democracy.

People realize their expectation in democracy

It helps strengthen democracy through people’s participation.

Attempt is made to bring down the control and influence of rich and powerful in
making government decision.

3. Political or democratic reform:

All suggestions or proposals to overcome various challenges to democracy.

Proposals for reforms must be at the national level, state and local levels

4. Guideline devised for political reform:

A. Through legal ways:

New laws can help to stop undesirable things in politics

Changes in the law help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage
good ones.

But legal constitutional laws cannot overcome challenges to democracy.

For e.g. LBW decision is a rule of cricket that help to reduce negative batting
tactics. But quality of cricket does not improve due to LBW rule. It helps players,
coaches.

Similarly democratic reforms are to be carried by political parties, movements

groups, conscious citizen

B. Counterproductive:

Any legal change or law must produce good results in politics.

Sometimes it may be counterproductive for e.g. states have banned people having
more than 2 children for contesting panchayat elections which have denied democratic
opportunity to many poor and women.

Laws must help politician to do good things and best laws empower people to
carry out democratic reforms.

The Right to information Act empowers people to find out what is happening in
government and act as watchdogs of democracy.

It helps to control corruption and impose strict penalties.

C. Participation of people:

Democratic reform are must be through political practice to strenghten democracy

The important concern should be to increase and improve quality of political

participation by ordinary citizen.

Legislature should not pass laws against the interest of all the political parties
and MP

Reforms depends on democratic movement, citizen organization and media.

5. Democracy:

Rulers elected by people must take all the major decisions

 Elections must offer a free and fair choice to the people

This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal
basis

The elected Government is limited by the basic rules of constitution

=================================THE
END======================================

POPULAR STRUGGLES AND MOVEMENTS

★ Movement for Democracy in Nepal:

• When it started? April 2006

• What was its aim? Restoring democracy

• Who participated in the movement? Seven Party Alliance (SPA),

Maoist insurgents or

Nepalese Communist Party, all major labour

unions and federations, other organizations like indigenous people, teachers, lawyers
and human rights groups

• What is the other name of this struggle? Nepal’s Second Movement for
Democracy

• What led to the rise of the movement?

Nepal – third wave country – Got its independence in 1990

Initially it had Monarch form of Government under King Birendra

King accepted the Government transition from Absolute to Constitutional

Monarchy

But after his death, the new King Gyanendra rejected this transition

In February 2005, King Gyanendra dismissed the then Prime Minister and
dissolved the elected Parliament.

• What was their demand?

Restoration of Parliament

Power to an all party government

 A new constituent Assembly

• How the struggle was organized?

All major political formed a SPA

SPA called for a 4 day strike in Kathmandu which turned into an indefinite strike

People defied curfew and protested in the streets

The 3 – 5 lakh protesters served an ultimatum to the king on 21 April 2006

The King accepted only a few demands and rejected other demands

• What was the result of the protest?

On 24 April 2006, the King was forced to concede all the three demands

The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim
government

The restored parliament met and passed laws

It took away most of the powers of the king

The SPA and the Maoists decided about the new Constituent Assembly.

★ Bolivia’s Water War:

• The Problem:

A country in Latin America

The World Bank forced the Government to give up its control of Municipal Water
Supply.

The Government Sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a MNC

• What the MNC did after getting the rights?

Increased the price of water by four times

People received monthly water bill of Rs. 1000 where their average income is
around Rs. 5000 a month.

This led to a protest

• Who participated in the protest?

A new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders were formed
 The protest was led by an organization called FEDECOR comprised local
professionals, engineers and environmentalists

The protest was supported by a federation of farmers, factory workers’ union,

middle class students from the University of Cochabamba, home less street children and
Socialist party

• How was it organized?

In January 2000, the participants called for a four day general strike.

Seeing its success, the Government agreed to negotiate

So the strike was called off. But nothing happened

In February and April, again the strike was called for.

Government resorted brutal repression and imposed martial law

• What was the result?

The power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city

The Government agreed to all the demands of the protesters

The contract with the MNC was cancelled

Water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates

This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war

★ Similarity between Bolivia and Nepal Movement:

a) Both are examples of political conflict that led to popular struggles

b) Both the struggle involved mass mobilization and critical role of political
organisations

c) In both places, Public demonstration of mass support resolved the dispute.

★ Difference between Bolivia and Nepal Movement:

a) Nepal movement was to establish democracy but Bolivia’s water war was against
an elected, democratic government.

b) Bolivia’s water war was about one specific problem but Nepal movement was for
the entire country

c) Nepal faced foundational challenge to democracy whereas Bolivia faced the

challenge of expansion of democracy.
★ How democracy evolved all over the world?

Democracy evolved through popular struggles

Defining moments of democracy come when the country is going through

transition to democracy, expansion of democracy or deepening of democracy

Democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilization

The conflicts and mobilizations are based on new political organizations

Public participation becomes effective with the help of agencies of organised

political groups, pressure groups and movement groups

★ Mobilization and organizations:

Direct Participation:

Parties or different kinds of organizations work behind any big struggle

They influence the decisions in a democracy by creating parties, contesting

elections and forming Governments

They are called as Political Parties

Indirect Participation:

Every citizen may not have the desire, the need or the skills to take part in direct
political activity other than voting

They could draw the attention of the Government by forming an organization

They undertake activities to promote their interest or their view points

They are called interest or pressure groups

Sometime people act together with forming organisations

★ Pressure groups and movements:

★ A pressure group:

Pressure groups are organization that attempt to influence Government policies

They do not aim to control or share political power

These groups are formed by people with common occupation, interest,

aspirations or opinions to achieve a common goal

Ex: Strikes led by Trade unions

★ What are people’s movements?

A movement group attempts to influence politics without participating in elections

Movements have a loose organization

The decision making is more informal and flexible

They depend much more on unplanned mass participation

Ex: Narmada Bachao Andolan, Anti-liquor movement

★ Explain Sectional interest groups:

They represent a particular section of society – workers, industrialists, etc.

Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members

They represent some common or general interest that needs to be defended

Ex: Bolivia’s FEDECOR

★ Public interest groups:

They are also called as promotional groups

They promote collective rather than selective good

They aim to help groups other than their own members

Ex: BAMCEF – Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation –

organization made up of Government employees that campaigns against caste
discrimination – it address the problems of its members who suffer discrimination –
principal aim – to provide social justice and equality for the entire society

★ Movement Groups:

Issue – Specific movements:

seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame.

Ex: Nepalese movement with a single objective of reversing the King’s orders that
led to suspension of democracy

Generic movements

seek to achieve a broad goal in the very long term

Ex: Narmada Bachao Andolan became a wider movement that questioned all such
big dams and model of development that required such dams.
 Difference between Issue specific and Generic movements:

Issue specific Generic Movements

1 Single Objective with in a time frame Broad objective carried over for a long
duration

2 Single leadership with a focused policy They have separate organizations,

independent leadership and different policy related matters

3 Various issue specific movements can form a Generic movement group.

Generic movement group stand as an umbrella group

Ex: Movement started for planting 1000 trees in a village with in a year EXNORA –
an organization having the goal to create a clean environment

★ How do pressure groups and movements Influence politics?

They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and activities by
carrying out campaigns, rallies, filing petitions, etc.

They influence the media

They organize protest activities like strikes, bandh

Business groups employ profession lobbyists or sponsor expensive

advertisement

Members of these groups participate in official bodies or committees that offer

advice to the governments

★ RELATION SHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL PARTIES AND PRESSURE GROUPS:

a. The pressure groups are either formed or led by the leaders of the political parties
or act as extended arms of political parties

b. Leaders of pressure groups are usually activists and leaders of party

c. Political parties grow out of movements

d. Pressure groups and movement groups oppose political parties

e. Movement group raise issues that are taken up by political parties

f. New leadership of political parties comes from interest or movement groups

★ Is their influence healthy?

Not healthy:

a. As group promotes interest of one section to have influence in democracy

b. These groups exercise power without responsibility

c. These groups are not accountable to people

d. Pressure groups with small public support but lots of money can hijack public
discussion favour of their narrow agenda

Healthy:

a. Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy by countering the

undue influence by rich and powerful people

b. They remind the Government of the needs and concerns of the ordinary citizens

c. The government gets to hear about what different sections of the population
wants

d. If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour,

another will bring counter pressure not to make policies in the way the first group
desires

e. This leads to a rough balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interest.

===================================THE END
=========================================================

8. POLITICAL PARTIES

1. What are political parties?

• A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and
hold power in the government.

• They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to
promote the collective good.

2. What are the three components of the political parties?

• A political party has three components

the leaders

the active members

the followers
3. What does a political party do?

• Basically, political parties fill political offices and exercise political power.

• Parties do so by performing a series of functions

4. Explain the various functions of the political parties.

★ Parties contest elections:

a. In most democracies election are fought mainly among the candidates put up by
political parties.

b. Parties select their candidates in different ways.

c. In some countries, such as the USA, members and supporters of a party choose
its candidates.

d. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.

★ PARTIES PUT FORWARD DIFFERENT POLICIES & PROGRAMMES

a. The parties put their policies and programmes, the voters choose from them.

b. Each has different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the
society.

c. But no government can handle such a large variety of views.

d. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions are grouped together to

provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments.

e. A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it
supports.

★ Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

a. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature.

b. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the
party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.

★ PARTIES FORM & RAN GOVERNMENT

a. Parties form and run governments - The big policy decisions are taken by
political

executive that comes from the political parties.

b. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then make them ministers to run the
government in the way they want.

★ PARTIES AS OPPOSITION:

a. Opposition parties voice different views and criticize the ruling government for its
failures or wrong policies.

b. Opposition parties also mobilize opposition to the government

★ PARITES SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION:

a. Parties shape public opinion as they raise and highlight issues.

b. Parties have lakh of members and activists spread all over the country.

c. Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among
different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for the
resolution of problems faced by people.

d. Often opinions in the society crystallize on the lines parties take.

★ ACCESS TO GOVT MACHINERY & WELFARE

a. Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes

implemented by governments.

b. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a

government officer as they feel close to parties.

c. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands, otherwise people

can reject those parties in next elections

4. Why political parties are necessary in the democracy?

To understand the need for political parties, let us imagine a situation without
parties:

• Every candidate in the elections will be independent.

• So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy
changes.

• The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain.

• Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they do

in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country run.

• For E.g.in village panchayat election, village is spilt into more than one faction in
whom each puts an panel of its candidates.
So, we need more than one political parties in a country to overcome the above said
problems.

5. What are the implications of the rise of the political parities?

• The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative

democracies.

• Large scale societies need representative democracy

• As societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency (political
parties or pressure group) to gather different views on various issues and to present
these to the government.

• They needed ways to bring various representatives together (election)so that a

responsible govt is formed.

• They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies,

justify or oppose them(ruling parities or opposition)

• Political parities fulfill these desires.

6. What is one party system? Give example

• In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government.

• In China, only the Communist Party is allowed to rule.

• The electoral system does not permit free competition for power.

DISADVANTAGES

• Single party system is not a democratic option.

• Any democratic system must allow at least two parties to compete in elections to
provide a fair chance for the competing parties to come to the power.

7. What are two party systems?

• In some countries, power usually changes between two main parties even though
several other parties may exist, contest elections and win a few seats in the national
legislatures.

• But only the two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority of seats
to form government. Such a party system is called two-party system.

• For e.g The United States of America and the United Kingdom are examples of
two-party system.

Q8. What is multi party system?

• In a multi party system, several parties compete for power and more than two
parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in
alliance with others.

• In India, we have a multi-party system, the government is formed by various

parties coming together and form a coalition (parties joining to form a government after
election).

• When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of
contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance or a front.

• For example, in India there were three such major alliances in 2004 parliamentary
elections– the National Democratic Alliance, the United Progressive Alliance and the Left
Front.

• The multi-party system often appears very messy and leads to political instability.

• This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political

representation.

9. What are the factors that led to the evolvement of party system in different
countries?

• Party system evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its
social and regional divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections.

• These cannot be changed very quickly.

• Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special

circumstances.

• No system is ideal for all countries and all situations

• Ex: Multi party system evolved in India due to the social and geographical
diversity.

10. What is national party?

• The parties have their units in various states.

• All these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that are
decided at the national level.

• Ex: Indian National Congress, BJP

11. What are regional parties?

• Parties that is present in only one or few of the federal units

• Ex: AIADMK
12. Which parties are recognized by the election commission? On what basis are they
recognized?

• Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission,

• All parties are equally treated but offers some special facilities to large and
established parties.

• Recognized parties are given a unique symbol – only the official candidates of
that party can use that election symbol.

• Parties that are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission are called as ‘recognised
Political parties’.

13. Distinguish between regional and national parties.

Regional Party National Party

A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative
Assembly of a state

A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or
Assembly elections in four States

wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party wins at least four seats in the Lok
Sabha is recognized as a national party.

Ex: Indian National Congress DMK

14. How state party contribution has deepened democracy and federalism?

• Over the last three decades, the number and strength of the state parties has
expanded.

• This made the Parliament of India politically more and more diverse.

• No single national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a
result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.

• Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a
part of one or the other national level coalition government.

• This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in India.

15. What are the challenges of political parties?

A. Lack of internal democracy:

There is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one

or few leaders at the top.
 Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organizational meetings,
and do not conduct internal elections regularly.

The ordinary members do not influence the decisions and also unaware of the
internal matters of the party.

As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of
the party.

Those who disagree withthe leadership find it difficult to continue in the party.

More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader
becomes more important.

B. DYNASTIC SUCESSION:

As most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for
their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a
party.

The leaders use unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their
family members.

In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one
family.

This is unfair to other members of that party.

This is also bad for democracy, since people who do not have adequate
experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power.

C. Money and Muscle Power:

Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to
win elections.

They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.

Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties influence on the
policies and decisions of the party.

In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.

Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people
and big companies in democratic politics.

D. MEANINGFUL CHOICE:

Parties do not seem to offer ameaningful choice to the voters.

 Those who want really different policies have no option available to them.

Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the
same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

In recentyears there has been a decline in theideological differences among

parties inmost parts of the world.

For example,the Labour Partyand the Conservative Party in Britain agree on more
fundamental aspects but differ only in details on how policies are to be framed and
implemented.

In India too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies
have reduced.

16. What are the various political reforms implemented by the government?

1. By DEFECTION:

o The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing
parties. because many elected representatives were indulging in DEFECTION in order to
become ministers or for cash rewards.

o To bring down defection, the constitution says that if any MLA orMP changes
parties, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature.

o This has made the MPs and MLAs to accept whatever the party leaders decide
whether they like it or not

2. By filing AFFIDAVIT:

As per the instructions passed by Supreme Court,now it is mandatory for every

candidate who contestin the elections to filean AFFIDAVIT giving details of his property
and criminal cases pending against him.

This has made a lot of information available to the public and to check the
influence of money and criminals.

But there is no system of check if the information given by the candidates is true.

3. By filing INCOME TAX:

The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political

parties to hold their organizational elections and file their income tax returns.

The parties have started filing the income tax return but sometimes it is mere
formality.

17. Mention the suggestions made by the people to reform the political parties.
 A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.

It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its

members, to follow its own constitution, to have an independent authority, to act as a
judge in case of party disputes, to hold open elections to the highest posts.

It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of

tickets, about one-third, to women candidates or there should be a quota for women in
the decision making bodies of the party.

There should be state funding of elections where the government gives parties
money to support their election expenses like petrol, paper, telephone etc or in cash on
the basis of their last election results.

People can put pressure on political parties through petitions, publicity and
agitations.

Ordinary citizens, pressure groups and movements and the media can play an
important role in this. If political parties feel that they would lose public support by not
taking up reforms, they would become more serious about reforms.

The problem of bad politics can be solved by more and better public participation
in politics.

==============================================THE
END==============================================

OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

1. Why democracy was better?

• Promotes equality among citizens

• Enhances the dignity of the individual

• Improves the quality of decision-making

• Provides a method to resolve conflicts

• Allows room to correct mistakes

2. What are the common features and different features of democracy?

COMMON FEATURES:
1. They have formal constitutions.

2. They hold elections,

3. They have parties and they guarantee rights of citizens.

• DIFFERENCES:

1. These democracies are very much different from each other in terms of their
social situations,

2. their economic achievements and their cultures

3. What may be achieved or not achieved under each of these democracies will be
very different.

4. But is there something that we can expect from every democracy.

3. What can be expected from a true democratic form of Government?

• The government must be accountable to the citizens, responsive to the needs of

the country and legitimate

• Good democratic government should produce economic growth and development

• It should reduce the inequality and poverty

• Accommodate social diversity

• Dignity and freedom of the citizens must be promoted

4. How can be a Government becomes accountable and responsive to its citizens?

• A Government in a democratic country implies that the government is elected by

its people

• The representatives elected by the people are accountable to those who elected
them

• If the people are not satisfied with the work of the representatives, they can
change the leaders in the next election

• So this fear of losing the leadership will enable them to be more answerable to the
people
5. What is meant by a legitimate government?

• A democratic government is legitimate government

• It may be slow, less efficient and not always very responsive.

• But a democratic government is people’s government

• People always wish to rule by representatives elected by them

• This is the reason why more number of countries are changing itself to
democratic form from other forms of government

6. What is the role played by democratic government in its economic development?

• Economic development of a country depends upon several factors like:

Countries population size and its quality

Global situation

Cooperation from other countries

Economic priorities adopted by the country

• In the matter of economic development, not all the democracies get developed.

• In the last 50 years, the countries under dictatorships shows higher rate of
economic growth when compared with the democratic

• Democracy does not guarantee economic development

• There is a difference between the share of income between the rich and the poor.

7. “Our interest in and fascination for democracy often pushes us into taking a
position that democracy can address all socio-economic and political problems.”
Explain

• If some of our expectations are not met, we start blaming the idea of democracy
and doubt whether we are living in a democracy or not

• The first step towards thinking carefully about the outcomes of democracy is to
recognise that democracy is just a form of government.

• It can only create conditions for achieving something.

• The citizens have to take advantage of those conditions and achieve those goals
8. Do democracy reduces the inequality and poverty in real life?

• Democracies are based on political equality

• All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.

• Due to the slow economic growth rate, most of the democratic countries face
poverty

• People in several poor countries are now dependent on the rich countries even for
the food supplies

• The poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party will like to lose
their votes

9. Do democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens?

• No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups

• Democracy is best suited to produce the outcome of respecting these differences

and evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences

• Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus
point of democratic regimes

• Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion as majority and minority

opinions are not permanent

• Democracy remains intact only as long as every citizen has a change of being in
majority at some point of time.

10. How democracy promotes dignity and freedom of its citizens?

• The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy.

• This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies

• Dignity of the women, disadvantaged and discriminated castes have been

promoted and they gained equal status and equal opportunity

• There are instances still of caste based inequalities and atrocities, but these lack
the moral and legal foundations

• It is the recognition that makes ordinary citizens value their democratic rights.

11. How expectations from democracy function as the criteria for judging any
democratic country?

• The most distinctive about democracy is that its examination never gets over.
• As the democracy passes one test, it producers another test

• As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make
democracy even better.

• The fact that people are demanding more itself a testimony to the success of
democracy

• People’s continuous demand shows their awareness and the ability to expect
more from the powerholders

12. Is the democratic government efficient? Is it effective?

• Some people think that democracy produces less effective government.

• It is true that non-democratic rulers do not have tobother about deliberation in

assemblies or worry about majorities and public opinion.

• So, they can be very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation.

• Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. So, some delay is
bound to take place.

13. “The cost of time that democracy pays is perhaps worth it”. Explain

• A government may take decisions very fast but it may not be accepted by the
people and may therefore face problems.

• The democratic government will take more time to follow procedures before
arriving at a decision, butmay be both more acceptable to the people and more effective.

• So, the cost of time that democracy pays is worth it.

14. What is transparency?

• Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and

procedures.

• So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct
procedures can find this out.

• He/ She has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making.

• This is known as transparency which is missing in non democratic countries.

==================================THE
END===============================================

10. MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

1. Minerals :

• Rocks are combination of homogenous substances called minerals

• Minerals are naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure

• Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to
the softest talc

• A particular mineral that will be formed from a certain combination of elements

depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the materials forms

• Geographers study minerals as part of the earth’s crust for a better understanding
of landforms

2. Where are minerals found?

• Minerals are found in ores which are accumulation of any mineral mixed with
other elements. Ex: iron ore

• In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals occur in the cracks, crevices, faults
or joints – Smaller occurrences called veins and the larger called lodes. Ex: Copper, Zinc

• In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers as result of

deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. EX: Coal

• In some sedimentary rocks, minerals like gypsum, potash salt, sodium salt are
formed due to evaporation in arid regions

• Sometimes decomposition of surface rocks and residual mass of weather material

may lead to formation of minerals like Bauxite

• Placer deposits or alluvial deposits are found in the sands of valley floors and
base of hills. Ex: Gold, silver

• Minerals like magnesium, manganese, common salt and bromine are derived from
ocean beds

3. Classify minerals:

REFER TEXT BOOK PAGE NO: 51 FLOW CHART

4. Rat-hole mining:

• All minerals in India are nationalized and can be extracted after obtaining due
permission from the Government

• But in tribal areas of north-east India, minerals are owned by individuals or

communities
• In the places like Meghalaya, Jowai and Cherapunjee - coal, iron ore, limestone
and dolomite extracted by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel

• This is known as “Rat Hole” mining

5. Minerals found in India:

Rocks States / Regions Minerals found

Peninsular rocks Reserves of coal,

Metallic and non-metallic minerals

Mica

Sedimentary rocks Gujarat

Assam Petroleum deposits

Rajasthan Reserves of non-ferrous minerals

6. Ferrous minerals:

• 3/4th of the total value of the production of metallic minerals

• Provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries

• India exports ferrous minerals

A. IRON ORE:

• Basic mineral and backbone of industrial development

• Types of Iron ore:

Magnetite ore – finest iron ore-70% iron content – Excellent magnetic qualities and
valuable for electrical industry

Hematite ore – 50-60% iron content- important industrial iron ore.

• Major iron ore belts in India

Odisha-Jharkhand belt:

a) High grade hematite ore found

b) Belt covers the area of Badampahar mines in Mayurbhanj – Kendujhar districts of

odisha

c) Singbhum district of Jharkhand, Gua and Noamundi

 Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt:

a) 14 deposits of super high grade hematite ores

b) Best physical properties needed for steel making

c) Iron ore from this belt is exported to Japan and South Korea

d) Belt covers the areas of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra

Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur Belt:

a) Area Covers the region of Karnataka state

b) Large reserves of iron ore with 100% export quality

c) Kudremuk deposits are one of the largest in the world

d) The ore is transports as slurry through a pipe line to a port near Mangalore

Maharashtra-Goa belt:

a) Not of high quality

b) Covers the area of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.

c) Exported through Marmagao port

B. MANGANESE:

• Used in manufacturing of steel and Ferro-manganese alloy

• 10 Kg of manganese is required to manufacture one ton of steel

• Used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints

• Orissa is the largest producers accounting for one-third of countries coproduction

• Found in Madhyapradesh and Karnataka also

7. Non-Ferrous minerals

• Includes copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold

• Play an important role in metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries

A. Copper:

Malleable, ductile and a good conductor of heat

Used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries

 The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and
Singhbhumdistrict of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper

B. Bauxite:

Aluminum is obtained from Bauxite ore

Aluminum combines the strength of metals like iron, Extreme lightness with good
conductivity and great malleability

Found in Amarkantak plateau, maikalhills and Bilaspur-Katni plateau region,

Odisha, Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput districts

8. Non-Metallic minerals: Mica

Made up of series of plates or leaves, splits into thin sheets

Clear, black, green, red yellow or brown in colour

Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating
properties and resistance of high voltage, mica is used in electric and electronic
industries

Found in Chota Nagpur plateau, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Nellore

9. Rock Minerals: Lime Stones:

Found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates and magnesium

carbonates

Found in sedimentary rocks

Basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in
the blast furnace

Karnataka is the leading producer followed by Andhra Pradesh

10. Hazards of mining:

o The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to
pulmonary diseases

o The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coal mines are a
constant threat to mines

o The contaminated water sources, dumping of waste and slurry leads to

degradation of land, soil and increase water pollution.
11. Conservation of minerals:

The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow but the rates of its
consumption is very fast

A concentred effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a

planned and sustainable manner

Strict rules and regulations monitoring the amount of extraction, improved

technologies, recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are the steps
in conserving the mineral resources for our future

12. Energy resources:

Can be generated from fuel minerals

Energy resources are needed for all domestic and industrial purposes

Classified as conventional and non-conventional energy sources

• Energy requirement in domestic sector is met by fire woods and dung cakes
which led to decrease in forest area and shortage of dung cakes which are used as
natural manure for agriculture

13. Conventional sources of Energy

A. Coal:

Name / Types % of coal Used in Found in

B. Petroleum or mineral oil:

• Provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for
manufacturing industries

• Act as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical
industries

• Found in anticlines and fault trap, regions of folding or domes, in between the
porous lime stone or stand stone.

• 63% production is from Mumbai high, 18% from Gujarat and 16 % from Assam

• Ankeleshwar, Assam,Digboi, Naharkatiya and moran-Hugrijan are important oil

fields of the country

C. Natural Gas:

• Clean Energy resource found in association with or without petroleum

• Used as a sources of energy and industrial raw materials in the petro chemical
industry

• Considered as environmental friendly because of low carbon dioxide emissions

• Large reserves of natural gas is discovered in the Krishna – Godavari basin

• Mumbai High, Gulf of Cambay, Andaman and Nicobar islands are important
sources of natural gas

D. Electricity:

• Its percapita consumption is considered as an index of development

• Electricity is generated mainly in two ways – Hydro electricity and Thermal power

• Hydro electricity is produced by running water which drives hydro turbines -

renewable resource – Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley produce hydro electric power

• Fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas drive turbines to produce thermal
power – Non – renewable resource – 310 thermal power plants in India
14. Non-Conventional sources of Energy

• Alarming way of exploiting non-renewable energy resources arouses the need to

use renewable energy sources - non-conventional energy sources

A. Nuclear or Atomic Energy:

Obtained by altering the structure of atoms

During such alteration, much energy is released in the form of heat and is used to
generate electric power

Uranium and thorium available in Jharkhand and Aravalli ranges used for
generating nuclear power

There are six nuclear power stations in India

The monazite sand of Kerala is also rich in Thorium

B. Solar energy:

• Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity

• Big solar power plants are established to minimize the dependence of rural
households on fire woods and dung cakes.

C. Wind power:

• The largest wind form cluster is located in Tamil nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai

• Andrapradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala and Maharashtra and Lakshadweep

have important wild farms

• Nagarcoil and Jaisalamar are well known for effective use of wind energy in the
country

D. Bio gas:

• Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce bio gas for
domestic consumption

• Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency

• Bio gas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels

• The plants using cattle dung are known as “Gobar Gas plants”

• The benefits of bio gas are:

a) Form of energy
b) Improved quality of manure

c) Prevents the loss of trees

E. Tidal energy:

• Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity

• Floodgate dams are built across inlets.

• During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is
closed

• The water so retained flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a
power-generating turbine

• In India the Gulf of Khambhat, The Gulf of Kuchch in Gujarat on the western coast
and Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions of west Bengal provide ideal condition for
utilizing tidal energy

F. Geo Thermal energy:

a. Refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of
the Earth

b. Geothermal energy exists because as the earth grows progressively hotter with
increasing depth

c. Groundwater in such places absorbs heat from the rocks and hot water rises to
the earth surface, turning to be a hot spring or stream.

d. These steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity

e. Two experimental projects – one at parvati valley near manikarn in Himachal

Pradesh and other in Puga Valley, Ladakh are set up to generate geo-thermal energy

15. Conservation of Energy resources:

• Economic development of a country is dependent on its energy resources

• There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.

• Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy

sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.

• India has to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious used of limited energy
resources

• Switching off the unwanted electric equipments, using non-conventional sources

of energy, using public transport or car pooling method are the steps to save the energy
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11. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Q1. What is manufacturing? Give 3 examples. What is the other name of manufacturing
sector?

Q2. How people help in manufacturing industries?

Q3. How is economic strength of a country measured ?

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

Q4. Describe the importance of manufacturing? (5 pts)

Q5. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand? Explain (5 points)

Q6. How globalization helps in development of industrial sector?

CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY TO NATIONAL ECONOMY

Q7. Explain the contribution of the Industry to National economy.

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

Q8. Mention the factors that influence industrial locations.

Q9. “Industrial locations are complex in nature” Explain. OR Industrialisation and

Urbanisation go hand in hand.

Q10. What are agglomeration economies?

Q11. In pre-independence where were most manufacturing units located?

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

Q12. Explain the classification of Industries in detail.

AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES

Q13. Explain the agro based industries.

TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Q14. Describe the importance of textile industry.

COTTON TEXTILE

Q15. How cotton textile suffered a setback during colonial period?

Q16. When and where was the first textile mill established?
Q17. Mention the influence of world war on Indian industries.

Q18. Mention the cotton textile mills of India.

Q19. Mention the factors that were responsible for the concentration of cotton mills in
Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Q20. How cotton textile contributes agriculture and other industries?

Q21. “At present the spinning is centralized but weaving is decentralized”. Explain.

Q22. Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?

Q23. Name the exporter of Indian yarn.

Q24. Name the countries that import cotton goods from India.

Q25. India produces world class yarns but garment production very low. Explain it in
detail the drawbacks of the garments manufacturing sector.

Q26. What are the drawbacks of cotton textile industries?

JUTE TEXTILE

Q27. Describe the importance of jute industries.

Q28. Explain the factors responsible for the location of Jute Industry in Hugli basin.

Q29. are the challenges faced by the Jute industry?

Q30. What are the ways that has increased demand of Jute once again?

Q31. Name the states where jute products are exported by India.

SUGAR INDUSTRY

Q32. Mention the importance of sugar industry in India.(5 pts)

Q33. Why there is a shift in sugar industry from western states to southern states?

Q34. What are the major challenges to sugar Industry?

MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES

Q35. What are mineral industries?

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

Q36. Why Iron and Steel industry is called basic industry?

Q37. “Production and consumption of steel is often called as the index of a country’s
development” Explain.
Q38. What is a mini steel plant, how is it different from integrated steel plant?

Q39. SAIL and TISCO Explain.

Q40. How many primary integrated and mini steel plants are in India?

Q41. What are the reasons for India consumption of steel too low as compared to china?

Q42. Mention the reasons, why Chotanagpur plateau region is considered has maximum
concentration of iron and steel industries.

Q43. Why India is not able to perform to full potential in Iron steel Industry?

Q44. How globalization has helped to boost the Iron and steel Industry?

ALUMINIUM SMELTING

Q45. Explain the importance of Aluminium smelting in India. Mention its properties and
its uses, how aluminium has gained importance. Which mineral has it substituted?

Q46. Name the 8 aluminium smelting plants in India. How many tones aluminium was
produced in India

in 2004?

Q47. Name the raw material used in aluminium smelting. Mention its characteristics.

Q48. What are the two prime factors for location of the aluminium smelting?

CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

Q49. Describe the 5 characteristics of chemical Industries.

Q50. Explain the organic and Inorganic chemicals Industries.

Q51. “Chemical Industry is its own largest consumer” explain.

Q52. Fertilizer Industry centers on production of which fertilizers?

Q53. Write a note on Fertilizer Industry.

Q54. Mention the states were fertilizer industry has expanded after Green Revolution.

CEMENT INDUSTRIES

Q55. Name the construction activity which uses cement.

Q56. Name the raw material used by cement Industry.

Q57. Where is cement industry mostly located? Name the market it is accessible to?

Q58. When and where was cement plants set up?

Q59. Explain the expansion of cement Industry.

Q60. What are the reasons for good quality of cement? Mention the countries were
cement is exported.

Q61. What are the efforts made to generate cement industry?

AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

Q62. Write a short note on Automobile Industry. (5 pts)

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY

Q63. Answer the following questions

What are the wide varieties of electronics products?

Name the electronic capital of India.

Name few centres of electronic goods

Name the 18 software technology

Q64. What is the contribution of Information Technology in India? (5 pts)

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMNETAL DEGRADATION

Q65. Mention in detail the different types of pollutions.

Q66. Mention some suggestions to control environmental degradation.

Q67. Mention the three phases in which treatment of industrial effluents can be done.

CONTROL OF ENVIRONMNETAL DEGRADATION

Q68. Explain how to control air pollution and noise pollution.

NTPC SHOWS THE WAY

Q69. What is the main objective of NTPC? What is NTPC and how it is certified?

Q70. Mention five ways in which NTPC helps to preserve environment and resources.

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LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

Q1. Why there is a need for transport?

Q2. Who are traders?

Q3. “Efficient means of transport are pre-requisite for fast development”. Explain.

Q4. Mention the three important domains of Earth where movement of goods and
services takes place?

Q5.Classify the means of transport in a flow chart?(3)

Q6.How science and technology has helped transport, communication and trade to be
complementary to each other?(3 points)

Q7. “Transport and communication serves as life line of India and its modern economy”.
Justify the statement. (5 points)

TRANSPORT

Q8. Mention the three importance of roadways.

Q9. Road ways are much advantageous than railways. Mention 5 merits and one demerits
of roadways.

Q10. Explain Golden quadrilateral super Highways.

a) Six-lane super highways b) North-south and east –west corridor

Q11. What are the objective of super Highways? Who has implemented the super
highways projects?

Q12. Explain National Highways a) What is National Highways b) Who maintains it c)

Routes or directions taken by this highways d) one example of national highway NH1

Q13. Name the longest national highways, the distance covered, regions covered.

Q14. NH8 connects which two metropolitan cities.

Q15. What are state highways? Who construct and maintains it .

Q16. What are district roads? Who maintains it.

Q17. Write a note on other roads

a) What are other roads?

b) The road has received special impetus under which programme

c) What is the special provision under this programme

Q18. What are border roads? Who undertakes construction and maintains of border
road? When was the organization established? Why it has been established?

Q19. How road are classified on the basis of type of material used?
ROAD DENSITY

Q20. Define road density.

Q21. Give example to prove that density of all roads is not same.

Q22. What are the various problems faced by the road transportation of India?

RAILWAYS

Q23. Mention the importance of railways.

Q24. When and where did the first train steamed off in India.

Q25. Explain the favourable and unfavourable conditions for the distribution pattern of
the railways network in India.

Q26. Mention the problems faced by the railways.

PIPELINES

Q27. Explain the importance of pipelines in the past and at present.

Q28. Name the regions where refineries have benefited because of pipelines

Q29. Mention the advantages of pipelines.

Q30. Describe the three important networks of pipeline transportation in India.

Q31. Write three advantages of waterways.

Q32.Mention the various national waterways by the government.

Q33. What is the length of the Indian coastline? Mention of the major and minor ports
handled by India?

Q34. Kandla Port: 1. Why Kandla port was constructed? 2. What type of port is it? What
is its importance?

Q35. MumbaiPort : 1. What are the importance of this port? 2. Which port has
decongested Mumbai por?

Q36. Marmagao Port: 1. What does it export? 2. How much is imported?

Q37. New Mangalore Port: What does it cater?

Q38. Kochhi Port: What is the importance of Kochhi port?

Q39. Tuticorin Port: What is the importance of Tuticorin port?

Q40. Chennai Port: What is the importance of Chennai port?

Q41. Vishakapatnam Port: What is the importance of Vishakapatnam?

Q42. Paradip Port: What is the importance of Paradip port?

Q43. Kolkata port: What is the importance of Kolkata port?

Q44. Haldia Port: What is the importance of Haldia port?

AIRWAYS

Q45. What are the advantages of airways?

Q46. Why is air travel preferred in the north-eastern states?

Q47. When was the transport nationalized? Name various air ways operating in India.

Q48. What is personal and mass communication?

Q49. Write a note on Indian postal network in India. Mention the first and second class
mail.

Q50. Mention the six mail channels . why are they introduced?

Q51. Write a note on telecom networks in Asia.

Q52. Write a short note on All India Radio, Doordarshan, Newspaper and feature films in
India.

Q53. What is trade? What is market? What is international trade? What is local trade?

Q54. What is a barometer?

Q55. What is balance of trade? What is favourable balance of trade? And Unfavourable
balance of trade?

Q56. Mention few goods that is imported and exported by India.

Q57. How tourism is considered as trade? Describe features of India’s tourism as an

Industry?

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SA II WHOLE TERM ONE MARK REVISION WORKSHEET

I. Choose the correct answer:

1. Who among the following is the founder of the BahujanSamaj Party?

a) Kanshi Ram b)SahuMaharaj c)B.R. Ambedker

2. What is the guiding philosophy of the BharatiyaJanata Party?

a) Bahujan party b) Revolutionary democracy c) Modernity

3. In the context of democracies, which of the following ideas is Correct Democracies

have successfully eliminated.

a) The ideas of political inequality

b) Economic inequalities among people.

4. Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that

a) Democracy and development go together

b) Inequalities exist in democracies

c) Dictatorship is better than democracy

5. ____________costs of borrowing increase the debt burden.

6. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on _____________.

7______________is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the
loan is repaid to the lender.

8.Formal sources of credit does not include a)Banks b) Employers c) Cooperatives

9.Globalization has led to improvement in living conditions

a) Of all the people b) of people in the developing country c) of workers in the developing
countries.

10.The past two decades of globalization has seen rapid movement in

a)Goods, services and people between countries

b)Goods, services and investment between countries

c)Goods, investment and people between countries.

11. The most common route for investment by MNC s in countries around the world is to

a) Buy existing local companies

b) Set up new factories

c) Form partnerships with local companies.

12. Say True or False

(i) COPRA applies only to goods ( )

(ii) India is one of the many countries in the world which has exclusive counts for
consumer redressal.

( )

(iii) When a consumer feels that he has been exploited, he must file a case in the District
consumer court.

( )

13. Which one of the following was not an impact of the Great Depression of 1930’s on
Vietnam?

a) Vietnam was occupied by Japan

b)The price of rice and rubber fell

c) There were rural uprising and increases in unemployment.

14. When did conflict with the US and in Vietnam and how?

a) Peace settlement in Nuremberg in April 1974.

b) Peace settlement in Hanoi in December 1972.

c) Peace settlement in Vietnam in September 1869.

15. Why did the US enter the war in Vietnam between the North and South Vietnam?

a) To establish US rule in Vietnam.

b) To capture the rice and rubber cultivation.

C) Toinfluenced by Liang Qichao

16. Which of the following is true about Phan Chu Trinh?

a)He wanted Vietnam to be democratic republic

b) He was influenced by Liang Qichao.

c) He was educated in the Confucian tradition.

17. The French troops landed in Vietnam in

a)1985 b)1585 c)1885 d)1858

18. What is the significance of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

a) It marked the defeat of Vietnam and the victory of France.

b) It marked the defeat of France and the victory of Vietnam.

c) None of the above.

19. Why was the Tonkin free school started in 1907 in Vietnam?

a) To provide modern education

b) To provide western style education

c) To provide education to Vietnamese only.

20.A French citizen living in Vietnam was called

a) Colons b)Domino c)Obscurantist

21. Who among the following took power in the southern part of Vietnam after the
division of the country?

a) Ngo Dinh Diem b) NLF c)Bao Dai

22. Who among the following were known as “colons”.

a) French citizen living in Vietnam

b) French

c) Elites of Vietnam

23. Who among the following wrote ‘VandeMataram’.

a) AbanindranathTagore b) Rabindranath Tagore c)Bakim Chandra

Chattopadhyay

24. Which pact resolved the issue of separate electorates for dalits between Gandhi and
Ambedkar in 1932?

a)Poona pact b) Nagpur pact c)lucknow pact

25. Which one of the following viceroys announced a vague offer of dominion status for
India in October 1929?

a) Lord Mountbatten b) LordIrwin c) Lord Dalhousie

26.In which of the following regions was Dalit participation limited in the civil
disobedience movement?

a)Maharashtra and Nagpur b)Awadh and Maharashtra c)Kerala and Karnataka.

27. Why were the Dalits ignored by the congress for a long time?
a) Fear from Dr.B.R.Ambedkar

b) Fear from offending the Sanatanis

c) Fear from socialism

28. Whichwere the following acts did not permit plantation workers to leave the tea
gardens without permission?

a) Indian Independence Act

b) Inland Emigration Act of 1859

c) Impaired legislative council Act.

29. Which one of the following states has the largest wind farm cluster?

a) Tamil Nadu b) Himachal Pradesh c) Rajasthan

30. What for Moron Harijan famous?

a) Atomic Energy b) Oilfields c) Coal Reserve.

31. Which one of the following states is the oldest oil producing state in India?

a) Assam b) Bihar c)Manipur

32. Kudremukh is an important iron ore mine of

a)Kerala b)Karnataka c)Andhra Pradesh

33. Which one of the following is the non-metallic mineral?

a) Limestone b)Tin c) Copper

34. Which one of the following fuels is considered environment friendly?

a)Coal b)Petroleum c)Firewood d) Natural gas

35. Kodarma Gaya Hazaibagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of which of the
following minerals

a)Mica b) Bauxite c) Iron-ore.

36. Which one of the following state are the largest producers of Manganese in India.

a)Orrisa b) Karnataka c)Jharkhand.

37. Which one of the following countries is giving stiff competition to India with regard to
jute industry?
a) Thailand b) Brazil c) Bangladesh

38. Which one of the following public sector plants is located in Chhattisgarh?

a) Bokaro steel plant b) Bhuli steel plant c) Durgapur steel plant

39. Which one of the following factors plays the most important role in the location of an
industry in a particular region?

a) Least production cost b) Raw Material c) Transport.

40. Which one of the following cities has emerged as the electronic capital of India?

a) Delhi b)Bengaluru c)Kolkatta

41. On what basis is the industrial sector classified in to public and private sector?

a) Employment conditions b) The nature of the economic activity c) Ownership of

enterprises.

42. Which one of the following industries generates the largest amount of employment?

a) Cotton industry b) Jute industry c)Textile industry.

43. Which one of the following agencies market steel for the public sector plants?

a) HAIC b) SAIC c)TATA steel

44. TISCO is

a) Joint sector Industry b) Private sector industry c) Cooperative sector industry

45. The first class mail includes which one of the following?

a) Book packets b) Periodicals and journals c) Envelopes and cards

46. Which one of the following is an Inland Riverine Port?

a)Kolkata b) Mumbai c) Tuticorin

47. Which one of the following states has the highest road density?

a)Goa b) Kerala c) Karnataka

48. Which of the following states has the lowest density or roads?

a) Jammu and Kashmir b) Rajasthan c) Goa

49. Which port was developing as a subsidiary port in order to r retrieve the growing
pressure on the Kolkata port?

a)Haldia b)Paradeep c)Kandla c)Tuticorin

50. Backward and Minorities community employees federation (BAMCEF) is an example
of which one of the following

a) Public interest group, b) a monument for equality, c)a sectional interest group.

51. Which one of the following is not the quality of democracy?

a)It promotes equality among citizens b) It takes quick decisions

c) It improves the quality of decision making.

52. Which among the following led the struggle against ‘privatization of water in Bolivia?

a)Political parties b) Farmers c) FEDECOR

53. How did king Gyanendra take advantage of the weak democratic elected
government?

a) He dissolved the parliament b) He dismissed the prime minister c) Both a

and b

54. What did the leaders of the movement in Nepal reject in April 2004?

a) Half- hearted concessions made by the king.

b) Democratic Elections.

c) Restoration of parliament.

55. To which one of the following continents, Bolivia belongs?

a) South America b) Africa c) Europe

56. Which one of the following political parties seeks to represent and secure power for
Dalits, OBC’s and Adivasis?

a)BahujanSamaj Party b) BharathiyaJanatha Party c)Janata Dal

57. The political party which believes in Maximum Leninism is

a) Nationalist congress party b) Communist party of India c)

Bahujansamaj party

58.Which one of the following is considered the best form of government?

a) Democracy b) Dictatorship c) Monarchy

59. Political parties are allotted symbols by

a) The government of India

b)The Party leaders

c) The Election commission

60. Under whose leadership was the Bahujansamaj Party formed?

a) Mayavati b) Kashi ram c)Ambedkar

61. Which one of the following facilities is offered by the election commission to a
recognized political party

a) Party name b)Election commission c)Election symbol

62. Womennot allowed taking part in public activities, no freedom to religion for
minorities. Which type of challenge to democracy?

a) Expansion of democracy b)Deepening of democracy c) Foundational

challenges.

63. Which one of the following are the 2012 criteria to recognize as a national political
party in India?

a) 6% votes in assembly election in 4 states

b) 6% votes in Lok Sabha

c) A party that secures at least 6% vote in Lok Sabha elections and at least 4 seats in
Lok Sabha

64. Which one of the following does not cause any broad challenge to democracy?

a) Foundational challenges b)Deepening of democracy

c) Challenges of expansion d) giving equal treatment to all citizens.

65. Why do banks keep a small proportion of the deposits as cash with themselves?

a) To extend loans to the poor

b) To extend loans facility

c) To pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money.

66. Professor Mohammed Yunusis the founder of which one of the following banks?

a) Grameen Bank b) Commercial Bank c)Co operative Bank

67. Which one of the following is a modern form of currency?

a) Gold b) Paper notes c) Silver

68. The informal source of credit does not includes which one of the following

a) Traders b) Co operative societies c) Money-lenders

69. What percent of their deposits do bank hold as cash?

a) 50% b) 15% c) 85%

70. Banks provide a higher rate of interest on which one of the following accounts?

a) Saving Accounts b) Fixed deposits for very short period c)Fixed deposits for very
long period

71. Which one of the following terms is not included against loan?

a) Collateral b)Lenders Land c) interest rate

72. Which one of the following is the new way of providing loans to the rural poor?

a) Traders b)SHG’s c)Co operative societies

73. In a barter system

a) Goods are exchanged for money b) Goods are exchanged for credit
c)Goods are exchanged for without use of money.

74. How many members a typical a SHG should have?

a)14-19, b) 15-20,c) 20-25

75. Liberalization involves which on the following

a) Removal of trade barriers b) increasing subsidy on fertilizers

c) Increasing import duties on goods.

76. Removal of barriers set by the government is known as

a)Globalization b) Liberalization c)Privatization

77. Which one of the following type of countries has been benefited from globalization?

a) Developing countries b) poor countries c) Developed countries

78. Which one of the following Indian industries has been hit hard by globalization?

a)IT b) Toy making c) Jute

79. Investment made by MNC’s are termed as,

a) Indigenous investments b) Foreign investments c) Entrepreneurs investment

80. Cargill Food’s is the largest producer of which of the following in India

a) Medicines b) Edible oil c) Garment

81. Which one of the following organization lays stress on liberalization of foreign trade
and foreign investment?

a) International labour organization b) World trade organization c) World

health organization

82. Which one of the following is an example of trade barriers?

a) tax of exports b)Free trade c) tax on imports

83. Removal of barriers set by the government is known as

a) Liberalization b) Globalization c) Privatization

84. When did the United Nations adopt the guidelines for consumer protection?

a) 1984 b) 1985 c) 1986

85. Which one of the following logos is used for standardization of agricultural products

a) ISI b) Agmark c) Hallmark

86. Hallmark is used as a logo for which one of the following?

a)Jewellery b)Electrical goods c)Agricultural products

87. The District court deals with the cases involving claim up to

a)Rs.1 crore b)Rs.20 lakhs c)Rs.40 lakhs.

88. In which year one of the following years was the right to information act
implemented?

a) 2004 b) 2005 c)2006

89. Which of the following rights related to availing details of ingredients of a product?

a) Right to safety b) right to be informed c) right to be represented d) right to be

redressal

90. Which one of the following countries is facing the foundational challenge?

a)Nigeria b)Libya c)South Africa

91. The non cooperation movement began on which of the following dates?

a)Jan 1921 b)Dec 1921 c)Nov 1921

92. Which one of the following country has one party system?

a)China b)Japan c)Germany.

93. ISI mark can be seen on which of the following items?

a)cereals b)Edible c)Jewellery

94. Which one of the following features is common to most of the democracies?

a)They have formal constitution, b)they have regular election, c)both.

95. India is referred to as a super power in the world in which one of the following non
conventional sources of energy?

a) Bio gas b) Wind power c) Tidal

96. Which one of the following countries has a two party system?

a)United kingdom b) China c)Indo-china

97. Who among the following led the scholars’ revolt of 1868 in Vietnam?

a)Professionals b) Teachers and students c) The Elites

98. Which one of the following minerals is obtained from veins and lodes?

a) Copper b) Gypsum c) Potash

99. Which one of the following agencies develops standards for goods and services in
India?

a) Bureau of Indian standards b) District consumer courts c) consumer

protection council.

100. MahatmaGandhi organized Satyagraha for the first time in India?

a) Dandi b)Champaran c)Ahmadabad

101. Which one of the following is an example of outcomes of a democracy that produces
an accountable government?

a) Open to public debates on major policies and legislation

b) Open in promoting economics regulations c) open to rulers elected by the people.

102. Who among the following was the head of the revolutionary society formed by
PhaBoiChau?

a)Prince cuong de b)Phanchutrinh c)Liang Qichao.

103. Which one of the following days is being observed as national consumers’ day in
India?

a) 24 Dec b) 25 Dec c) 10 Dec

104. Which one of the following refers to investment?

a) Money spent on religious ceremonies b) the money spent on social customs c) the
money spent to buy assets such as land.

105. Which one of the following is the most popular form of government in the
contemporary world?

a)Military rule b)Monarchy c)Democracy

106. Which one of the following is the deepest land locked and well protected part of
India?

a)Vishakhapatnam b)Tuticorin c)Paradip

107. Which one of the following is the main aim to deposit money with the banks?

a) To get interest b) To enhance the status c) To save the money

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