Scribd
Upload
280 views6 pages

EI Assignment 1 PDF

Data forms provide a convenient way to enter or display rows of information without scrolling horizontally. Data conversion is the process of changing data from one format to another to allow for interoperability while maintaining information. Analog to digital conversion samples an analog signal and converts it to a digital representation using two main steps: sampling and holding the signal, then quantizing and encoding the signal levels into a digital format.

Uploaded by

Firoz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
280 views6 pages

EI Assignment 1 PDF

Data forms provide a convenient way to enter or display rows of information without scrolling horizontally. Data conversion is the process of changing data from one format to another to allow for interoperability while maintaining information. Analog to digital conversion samples an analog signal and converts it to a digital representation using two main steps: sampling and holding the signal, then quantizing and encoding the signal levels into a digital format.

Uploaded by

Firoz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Engineering Informatics

Assignment No. 1
Data forms and Data conversion

Data forms: In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is
efficient for movement or processing. It is acceptable for data to be used as a singular subject
or a plural subject. Raw data is a term used to describe data in its most basic digital format.

A data form provides a convenient means to enter or display one complete row of information in
a range or table without scrolling horizontally. You may find that using a data form can
make data entry easier than moving from column to column when you have more columns
of data than can be viewed on the screen.

Data conversion: Data conversion is the conversion of one data format into another. It is a
technical process mostly done by software, although rarely hardware or human intervention is
used. The sole purpose of the data conversion is to enable interoperability and to maintain all
of the data with embedding as much as information as possible. Data conversion can be
simple or complex based on the environment and data formats involved. Data is handled by
the operating system and different applications in different manners, so in order to use the
same data for other operating systems or applications, data must be converted.

Data conversion is only possible if the target format is able to support the same data
features and constructs of the source data. If the format specifications are not known, reverse
engineering can be used to convert the data. In most cases, this would only lead to a close
approximation of the original specification. In data conversion, information can easily be
removed by application or conversion agent. However adding the information is an uphill task.
Data conversion is performed in most cases in a rule-based fashion. The rules can be established
by the operating system, application, and the programming language or even by the
programmer. Successful data conversion helps in the smooth functionality of applications
dependent on the concerned data. However, data conversion can be a painstaking task,
especially in the case of complex data formats. If not done properly, it could also lead to loss
of information.
Analog signal: An analog signal is a continuous signal that contains time-varying quantities.
Unlike a digital signal, which has a discrete value at each sampling point, analog signal has
constant fluctuations. Analog is best explained by the transmission of signal such as sound or
human speech, over an electrified copper wire. In its native form, human speech is an
oscillatory disturbance in the air. Which varies in terms of its volume or power (amplitude) and
its pitch or tone (frequency)? Analogous variations in electrical or radio waves are created in
order to transmit the analog information signal for video or audio or both over a network from
a transmitter to a receiver (TV set, computer connected with antenna). At the receiving end an
approximation (analog) of the original information is presented.

 Analog signal can have infinite number of values and varies continuously with time.
 Analog signal is usually represented by sine wave.
 As shown in figure each cycle consists of a single arc above the time axis followed by
a single arc below the time axis.
 Example of analog signal is human voice. When we speak, we use air to transmit an
analog signal. Electrical signal from an audio tape, can also be in analog form.

Characteristics of analog signal:


 Amplitude.
 Period.
 Phase.
 Frequency.
Advantages of Analog Signals:

 Best suited for the transmission of audio and video.


 Consumes less bandwidth than digital signals to carry the same information.

 Analog systems are readily in place around the world.


Digital Signal: A digital signal refers to an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern
of bits. Unlike an analog signal, which is a continuous signal that contains time-varying
quantities, a digital signal has a discrete value at each sampling point. Computers are digital in
nature. Computers process, store, and communicate information in binary form, i.e. in the
combination of 1s and 0s which has specific meaning in computer language. A binary digit
(bit) is an individual 1 or O. Multiple bit streams are used in a computer network. Contemporary
computer systems communicate in binary mode through variations in electrical voltage. It can
have only a limited number of defined values such as 1 and O.

 The transition of a digital signal from one value to other value is instantaneous.
 Digital signals are represented by square wave.
 In digital signals 1 is represented by having a positive voltage and 0 is represented by having
no voltage or zero voltage as shown in figure.
 All the signals generated by computers and other digital devices are digital in nature.

Characteristics of Digital signal:


 Bit interval.
 Bit rate.

Advantages of Digital signal:


 Digital transmission certainly has the advantage where binary computer data is being
transmitted.
 Digital data can be compressed relatively easily, thereby increasing the efficiency of
transmission.
Analog to digital conversion:

Analog to Digital Converter samples the analog signal on each falling or rising edge of
sample clock. In each cycle, the ADC gets of the analog signal, measures and converts it into
a digital value. The ADC converts the output data into a series of digital values by approximates
the signal with fixed precision.

Analog to digital conversion process:

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) can be modelled as two processes: sampling and


quantization. Sampling converts a time-varying voltage signal into a discrete-time signal, a
sequence of real numbers Quantization replaces each real number with an approximation from
a finite set of discrete values. Most commonly, these discrete values are represented as fixed-
point words. Though any number of quantization levels is possible, common word-lengths
are 8-bit (256 levels), 16-bit (65,536 levels) and 24-bit (16.8 million levels). Quantizing a
sequence of numbers produces a sequence of quantization errors which is sometimes modelled
as an additive random signal called quantization noise because of its stochastic behaviour. The
more levels a quantized uses, the lower is its quantization noise power.

Two main steps of process:

1. Sampling and Holding.

2. Quantization and Encoding.


 Sampling and Holding:

In electronics, a sample and hold (S/H, also "follow-and-hold") circuit is


an analog device that samples(captures, takes) the voltage of a continuously varying
analog signal and holds (locks, freezes) its value at a constant level for a specified
minimum period of time. A typical sample and hold circuit stores electric charge in
a capacitor and contains at least one switching device such as a FET (field effect
transistor) switch and normally one operational amplifier To sample the input signal
the switch connects the capacitor to the output of a buffer amplifier. The buffer
amplifier charges or discharges the capacitor so that the voltage across the capacitor is
practically equal, or proportional to, input voltage. In hold mode the switch disconnects
the capacitor from the buffer. The capacitor is invariably discharged by its own leakage
currents and useful load currents, which makes the circuit inherently, but the loss of
voltage (voltage drop) within a specified hold time remains within an acceptable error
margin.
The sampling interval is 2.5 milliseconds, with samples being taken at the times
indicated by the red dots on the waveform. The electronic circuit that carries out the
process of sampling the signal and A/D conversion is called an analogue-to-digital
converter (ADC).

 Quantization and Encoding:

Quantization noise is a model of quantization error introduced y quantization in


the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in telecommunication systems and signal
processing. It is a rounding error between the analog input voltage to the ADC and
the output digitized value.

Encoding is the process of converting the quantized signals into a digital


representation. This encoding is performed by giving each quantization level a
unique label. For instance, if four bits are used, the lowest level may be (in binary)
0000, and the next highest level.

 Steps involved in the conversion of Analog-to-Digital signal


conversion:

 Describe the electrical output of the sensor or section preceding the


gain block.
 Calculate the ADC’s requirements.
 Find the optimal ADC + voltage reference for the signal conversion.
 Find the maximum gain and define search criteria for the op amp.
 Find the optimal amplifier and design the gain block.
 Check the total solution noise against the design target.
 Run simulation and validate.

You might also like