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Table of Contents
A Good Night’s Sleep by Martha Cheney .................... 5 Keeping Warm for Winter Fun
Life Science—role of sleep in staying healthy by Martha Cheney......................................................... 75
Physical Science—heat conduction and insulation
My Senses by Susan Guthrie ...................................... 10
Life Science—the five senses Marc Hauser: Learning About Animal Minds
by Martha Cheney......................................................... 80
Music to Your Ears by Joanne Mattern .......................15 Science and Technology—higher level thinking in
Physical Science—how sound is produced and animals
interpreted; music
Planetary Almanac: Interesting Facts About Our
Not Just Dirt! by Joanne Mattern ................................ 20 Solar System by Martha Cheney................................. 85
Earth and Space Science—soil composition and type Earth and Space Science—the solar system
Properties by Martha Cheney ..................................... 25 When the Dragon Swallows the Sun
Physical Science—properties of objects by Martha Cheney......................................................... 90
Earth and Space Science—solar eclipse
Playing to Learn by Joanne Mattern ........................... 30
Life Science—role of play in developing survival skills Hailstorms and Hailstones
by Martha Cheney......................................................... 95
Make Your Backyard a Better Habitat for Earth and Space Science—how hailstones form and the
Birds by Martha Cheney .............................................. 35 damage they do
Life Science—bird habitats
The Miracle of Light by Martha Cheney ................... 100
States of Matter by Martha Cheney ............................ 40 Physical Science—natural and artificial light
Physical Science—solid, liquid, gas
A Class by Itself by Joanne Mattern ......................... 105
James B. Eads and His Famous Bridge Life Science—animal classification
by Martha Cheney......................................................... 45
Science and Technology—society and engineering At Home in the City by Joanne Mattern.....................110
Life Science—wild animals adapted to city life
Turned to Stone by Joanne Mattern ........................... 50
Earth and Space Science—kinds of rocks Making Old Things New
by Joanne Mattern .......................................................115
Always Pointing North by Joanne Mattern ................ 55 Science and Technology—recycling
Physical Science—magnetism and compasses
Mountains by Martha Cheney ................................... 120
Fire in the Forest: Friend or Foe? Earth Science—formation of different mountain types
by Martha Cheney......................................................... 60
Life Science—importance of fire in an ecosystem The Magic Eye by Joanne Mattern ............................ 125
Science and Technology—tools; x rays and CT scans
The Story of Oil by Martha Cheney ............................ 65
Earth and Space Science—fossil fuels Petrified Forest National Park
by Martha Cheney....................................................... 130
Sally Fox: Spinning a Life Earth and Space Science—petrification and fossils
by Martha Cheney......................................................... 70
Science and Technology—sustainable agriculture Nature’s Gifts: The Materials of the Earth
by Martha Cheney....................................................... 135
Science and Technology—Earth’s material resources
©2002 by Evan-Moor Corp. 1 Read and Understand, Science • Grades 3–4 • EMC 3304
The Stories t’s S
leep
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A Go
About the Stories
The 27 stories in Read and Understand, Science, Grades
3–4 address science objectives drawn from the National
Science Education Standards for grades K through 4. and
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The Skills Pages

Each story is followed by three pages of activities covering specific skills:
• comprehension
• vocabulary
• a related science or language arts activity
Comprehension activities consist of two types:
• multiple choice
• write the answer
Depending on the ability levels of your students, the activity pages may be done as a group or as
independent practice. It is always advantageous to share and discuss answers as a group so that
students can learn from peer models.
Vocabulary to Teach
The content of the stories in Read and Understand, Science, Grades 3–4 requires that specific science
vocabulary be used. These words and additional words that your students may not know are given
below. It is also advisable to read the story in advance to pinpoint any other vocabulary that should
be introduced.
A Good Night’s Sleep States of Matter

pajamas, muscles, command, information, signals, matter, element, atoms, molecules, combination,
mental, multiplication, scientists, confused, compound, liquid, sodium, chloride, hydrogen,
grumpy, clumsy, difficult material, definite, volume, pressure, inhaled,
My Senses expand, water vapor, example, substance,
senses, interact, environment, hearing, sight, observe, gradually, evaporates, oxygen
touch, smell, taste, stomach, hungry, actually, James B. Eads and His Famous Bridge
terrible, engine exhaust, fountain, thirsty, Mississippi, St. Louis, Civil War, engineers,
organism, survive successful, foremost, invented, remarkable,
Music to Your Ears valuable, connected, surface, wealthy, Union,
guitar, guitarist, vibrates, vibration, frequency, transportation, arches, inventor, creative, steel,
high-pitch, low-pitch, frets, tuning keys, melody, vessel, cargo
complex, chords, sound box, connected, Turned to Stone
imagination, sound waves, interprets sedimentary, limestone, skeletons, coral,
Not Just Dirt! dissolves, vinegar, quarries, igneous,
particles, layers, weathering, expand, contract, metamorphic, formation, reacts, magnifying,
burrow, oxygen, earthworms, organic matter, Europe, ancient
temperature, fertile, organisms, bacteria, fungi, Always Pointing North
microbes, silt compass, magnetic, molten, friction, core, cardinal
Properties points, intercardinal point, direction, Chinese
properties, characteristics, objects, substance, navigators, compass card, lightweight, Pacific
physical, chemical, coarse, liquid, answering, Ocean, Mount Everest, magnetic field
describing, traits, observe, measure, compare, Fire in the Forest: Friend or Foe?
appearance fertilizer, nutrients, habitat, naturally, litter, snags,
Playing to Learn fire fighters, community, dangerous, natural,
solitary, prey, stalking, cheetahs, retracts, pounce, lodgepole pine, exposed, non-native species,
special movements, antelope, behavior, practicing, maintain, occur, prevent, advice, ecologists
connection, difference, wrestling, sharpening, The Story of Oil
survival petroleum, remains, material, separated, layers,
Make Your Backyard a Better Habitat for Birds refinery, fuel, gasoline, asphalt, plastics,
habitat, hummingbirds, nectar, identify, provide, medicines, rely, pollution, energy, alternative,
foliage, several, completely, dissolved, refrigerator, renewable
prevents, fungus, appeal, unshelled, element,
ceramic, attracted, accidentally, objects, probably
Sally Fox: Spinning a Life A Class by Itself
Rumpelstiltskin, biology, environment, resist, species, features, classification, taxonomy,
pesticides, organizations, achievement, natural, Aristotle, Carolus Linnaeus, system, mammals,
breed, fibers, dyes, inspects rodents, cheetah, leopard, biologists, identify, traits
Keeping Warm for Winter Fun At Home in the City
insulation, fibers, generates, prepares, chairlift, wilderness, habitat, raccoons, adapt, coyote,
snowboarding, snowboarders, summit, plumes, garbage, predators, prey, rabies
furnace, fiberglass, chickadees, manage, lodge, Making Old Things New
slopes, flitting, Vermont, skiers, powder recycled, recycling, landfills, garbage, decompose,
Marc Hauser: Learning About Animal Minds environment, plastic, pollution, communities,
termites, humans, laboratory, broad, stage, process, recyclables, waste stream, recycling
screen, tamarin monkeys, rhesus monkeys, contractor, remolding, detergent
experiments, results, expected, sorrowful, Mountains
especially crust, plates, erosion, folded mountains, faults,
Planetary Almanac: Interesting Facts About fault-block mountains, glaciers, crevices, dome
Our Solar System mountains, South Dakota, volcanic mountains,
cycle, solar flares, spews, high-energy particles, molten, lava, vent, Hawaiian Islands, Black Hills
satellites, space probe Ulysses, atmosphere, The Magic Eye
sulfuric acid, biomes, climate, conditions, emergency, traditional, radiation, photographic,
temperate forest, exploration, ripples, Europa, dense, computerized tomography, organs, blood
astronomers, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, vessels, Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield, Allan
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto Macleod Cormack, diagnose, tissues, tumors,
When the Dragon Swallows the Sun medical, operation, patient, technology, fracture
ancient, solar eclipse, astronomy, astronomer, Petrified Forest National Park
celestial, Chinese, Babylonia, Babylonian, Arizona, swampy, volcanic eruptions, minerals,
Egyptians, Ptolemy, total eclipse, partial eclipse, petrified, fossils, reptiles, dinosaurs, crystals,
amazement, peaceful, dim, grave, dark, wonder, Jasper Forest Overlook, generations, preserve,
total, completely, tomb, terrified, viewing park ranger
Hailstorms and Hailstones Nature’s Gifts: The Materials of the Earth
Kansas, hailstorm, updrafts, layers, hailstones, weapons, materials, flexible, wander, natual
damage, destroyed, injure, thunderstorms, materials, fiber, copper, iron, machinery, jewelry,
tornadoes, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, alloy, chemicals, petroleum, inventors
Oklahoma, Texas, centimeters, flattened, shatter,
crops, dent, slippery, pelting, hail, tropical
The Miracle of Light
energy, twinkling, lightning, zigzags, glimmering,
aurora borealis, northern hemisphere, southern
hemisphere, aurora australis, chemicals, fireflies,
abdomens, squid, artificial, laser beams,
entertainment, cables, Internet
A Good Night’s Sleep
I
t’s eight o’clock. You’ve had your dinner and finished your homework.
You’ve taken a bath and brushed your teeth. You’re ready to put on your
pajamas and hop into bed with a book.
“Hold it!” you say. “It’s too early to go to bed!” But it probably isn’t. Did you
know that most kids your age need about 10 hours of sleep? If you have to
wake up early, you should go to bed early, too! Does your Mom or Dad have
to wake you up each morning? If you often have trouble waking up on your
own, you may not be getting enough sleep.
Why is sleep important? Sleep gives your body a chance to rest. Your
muscles relax. Your heart slows down. Your body takes a break and builds
energy for the next day. Sleep also helps your body heal when you are sick.
It helps your body grow. And sleep is very important for your brain, too.
Your brain is the command center for your body. All day long your brain is
hard at work. It takes in all kinds of information. It uses that information to
tell your body how to respond. For example, on a hot day you might feel
very warm. Your brain sends signals to your skin to make you sweat so that
you’ll cool off. As you’re playing baseball, your eyes tell your brain that a
ball is flying toward you. Your brain sends signals to your arms. You swing
the bat and hit the ball! Your brain takes charge of mental tasks, too. It
tells you how to spell words on your spelling test. It stores facts like your
telephone number. It remembers the multiplication table. Every moment of
every day, your brain is busy.
When you go to sleep, your brain does not “turn off.” But at least it gets
a break from taking in information. Some scientists think your brain does
an important job while you sleep. They think it sorts the information it has
taken in during the day. Some people believe that your brain can even solve
problems while you sleep. That’s why we say, “Why don’t you sleep on it?”
to someone who is worried or confused.
Your brain also spends some time dreaming every night. Scientists do not
really understand dreams. They think that dreams might help your brain
make sense of things that happen during the day. Dreams can be silly
or scary, happy or sad. Often, they don’t seem to make sense. In the
morning, you may not remember
your dreams at all.
What happens if you don’t get

enough sleep? For one thing,
you’ll be pretty grumpy. Missing
sleep can make you clumsy, too.
You are more likely to drop things
or trip over your own feet. You
won’t be able to think as well,
either. Even simple tasks are
difficult for a tired brain. If you
don’t get enough sleep, you won’t
be at your best.
If you want to have a good day,

start with a good night’s sleep!
Name d Night’s Sl
oo
ee
AG
p
Questions about
A Good Night’s Sleep
Choose the best answer.
1. Sleep is important because .
❍ it lets your body build energy for the next day
❍ it lets your brain rest
❍ it helps your body grow
❍ all of the above
2. About how many hours of sleep are needed by most people your age?
❍ 7
❍ 14
❍ 6
❍ 10
3. How often do people have dreams?
❍ about once a week
❍ only when they are sick
❍ every night
❍ never
4. If you don’t get enough sleep, you will most likely feel .
❍ cheerful
❍ grumpy
❍ curious
❍ full of energy
5. Which of these things does not happen when you sleep?
❍ your muscles relax
❍ your brain sorts information
❍ your heartbeat slows
❍ your lungs stop working
Name d Night’s Sl
oo
ee
AG
p
Vocabulary
A. Match each word with its definition.
1. mental strength for activity
2. signal people who study science and try to solve problems
3. energy in the mind
4. scientists makes a sign or sends information
5. clumsy not graceful
B. Draw a picture to illustrate each of the following words that describe feelings.
silly
scary
grumpy
Name d Night’s Sl
oo
ee
AG
p
My Sleep Record
A. Keep track of the amount of sleep you get for one whole week.
Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat.
Time I went to sleep
Time I woke up
Number of hours I slept
B. Answer the following questions about your sleep record.
1. On which night did you get the most sleep?
2. On which night did you get the least sleep?
3. Did the amount of sleep you got affect the way you felt the next day? Explain
your answer.
4. Do you find that it is easy or difficult for you to get enough sleep? Why do
you think this is so?
My Senses
“Aaron, time to get up,” called his mother. “It’s
a school day.”
Aaron sat up in bed. He turned on the light.
He pushed the record button on the tape player.
The machine made a low humming sound.
“Today I begin a science project for
Mr. Martin’s class,” said Aaron. “Our assignment is to
keep a ‘sense’ diary for a day. He wants us to record how we use our
senses to interact with our environment. We are to describe how we use
our senses to get what we need.
“The first sense I used today was hearing. I heard my
mom calling first thing. It’s funny, but I was already awake. I
wake up at the same time every morning. I wonder how that
happens? My body must get used to getting up at the same
time every day.
“I used sight next because I couldn’t see anything in the
dark. I turned on the light. And the next sense I will use is
taste. My stomach feels hungry. I need breakfast,” said Aaron.
He clicked off the tape machine. Then he picked it up and
headed into the kitchen.
“Actually, I was wrong,” said Aaron into the machine.
“The next sense I used was my sense of smell. The toast
smelled really good this morning. And it tasted good, too. I
wonder if things smell and taste good when you’re hungry?”
“Turn that off now please,” said Aaron’s mother.
Click.
“Now I’m riding on the bus to school,” said Aaron. “There was a terrible
engine exhaust smell just a minute ago. How can some things smell so bad
and some smell so good?”
Click.
“I see Mr. Martin has moved all
the desks,” whispered Aaron into the tape
machine. “He did the same thing a few weeks
ago. Now my desk is closer to the window.
He says he likes to change things in our
classroom environment. The first time he did
this we didn’t know what to do. Now we know
to look for the desk with our name.
“This got me thinking about my
environment. I looked the word up in the
dictionary. It says that an environment is a
place where an organism lives and survives.
My environment includes several places—
home, school, and my grandma’s house.
I learn about different things in each place.”
“Time to turn off the tape machine, Aaron,” said Mr. Martin.
Click.
“It’s almost time to go home now,” said Aaron. “I’ve
been too busy today to talk. But I wanted to talk about one
more sense that I use all the time—the sense of touch. I pick
up a pencil to write. I push the drinking fountain button when
I’m thirsty. And I kick a soccer ball on the field for fun!
“I’m going to my grandma’s house after school today. We are making
tamales for the holidays. I’m sure I’ll use all of my senses there. And I will
continue using all of my senses to interact with all parts of my environment.
I’m not sure I could stop it, even if I tried.
“The end.”
Click.
Name My Senses
Questions about My Senses

1. How did Aaron know that breakfast was ready?
2. Tell at least four ways Aaron used his sense of touch.
3. Aaron used a tape recorder and the sense of hearing to tell his story. How might
he have used the sense of sight to tell the same story?
4. Tell how you use each of your senses in your school environment.
sight
hearing
touch
smell
taste
Name My Senses
Vocabulary
A. Use the words in the box to best complete the sentences below.
Word Box
interact environment organism
sense survive
1. I used my of sight to experience the lovely sunset.
2. A polar bear would not thrive in a tropical .
3. The scientist examined the under the microscope.
4. I with my friends at school.
5. Wild animals must know how to find food in order to .

B. Illustrate two of the sentences listed above. Write each sentence on the lines
below the picture.
Name My Senses
Use Your Sense of Taste
sour salty
sweet
Write the name of each food under the correct heading above.
pretzel cake lemon
french fries cookie pickle
Sugar Salt
sugar salt vinegar
Music to Your Ears
High Frequency Wave
Low Frequency Wave
Y ou have probably heard a guitar

playing. Maybe you heard a
guitarist at a concert. Or maybe you
frequency and produces a low-pitch
sound. A truck engine has a low
frequency.
listened to a song on the radio. Do you
Now let’s look at a guitar. A guitar
know how the guitar created the music?
usually has six strings. A person plays
The answer is waves of sound.
the guitar by plucking the strings.
A sound is created when an object Plucking makes the strings vibrate.
vibrates, or moves back and forth. These vibrations create sounds.
These vibrations make sound waves
If you look closely at a guitar’s strings,
that move the air around the object.
you’ll see that they are not all the same.
When the sound waves enter our ears,
Some are thin. Some are thick. The
our brain interprets, or understands,
thick strings vibrate slowly. The thin
them as different sounds.
strings vibrate quickly. This means that
Every sound has a different frequency. the thick strings make a lower-pitch
Frequency is the number of sound sound than the thin strings.
waves that are created in one second.
A guitar’s strings are connected to
If there are a lot of waves, the
tuning keys. These keys let the
sound has a high frequency. A high
guitarist change how tight the strings
frequency creates a high-pitch sound.
are. A tight string vibrates more quickly
For example, a whistle has a high
than a loose string. This means the
frequency. If the sound produces few
tight string will make a higher-pitch
waves per second, it has a low
sound.
But a guitar with six strings can make Peg head
a lot more than six sounds! Making a Tuning keys
string shorter can change the sound

it produces. A guitarist does this by Finger board
pressing his finger on the frets. Frets
are special ridges on the neck of the Sound box
Frets
guitar. Now the string will vibrate at a
different frequency. That means it will
make a different sound.
A guitarist can pluck each string Sound hole

by itself. This plucking creates a
series of notes that can form a
Bridge
melody. A melody is simple, but it
isn’t always very interesting. To make Sound board
more complex music, a guitarist plays

chords. A chord is created when
several notes are played at the same not vibrate hard enough to move a lot
time. To play a chord, a guitarist places of air. Since only a small amount of air
his fingers in different places on the moves, the sound is hard to hear.
neck of the guitar. Then he plays all
To solve this problem, guitar strings
the strings together. Each string makes
are connected to a wooden sound
a different sound. These sounds blend
box. When the strings vibrate, the box
together to make music.
vibrates, too. This creates a bigger
Have you ever held a rubber band vibration. That bigger vibration creates
between your fingers and plucked it? a louder sound.
If you have, you know that the sound
Next time you are listening to a
it makes is not very loud. The same is
guitar, think about those sound waves
true of guitar strings. A vibrating guitar
moving through the air. If you use your
string does not make a loud sound.
imagination, you can almost feel the
This is because the guitar string does
music playing!
Name Music
Questions about
Music to Your Ears
1. What creates a sound?
2. What is the frequency of a sound?
3. What kind of pitch does a sound with a low frequency create?
4. How does a person create sounds from a guitar?
5. How do tuning keys change the sound produced by individual strings?
6. What is the difference between a melody and a chord?
7. What does a sound box do?
Name Music
Vocabulary
A. Read the dictionary entries for each vocabulary word below.
Then choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
chord (KORD) Noun. A combination of musical notes played at the same time.
frequency (FREE-kwuhn-see) Noun. The number of sound waves created
in one second.
fret (FRET) Noun. A ridge on the neck of a guitar.
interpret (in-TUR-prit) Verb. To understand or figure out.
melody (MEL-uh-dee) Noun. A series of notes.
sound wave (SOUND WAVE) Noun. A series of vibrations that can be heard.
vibrate (VYE-brate) Verb. To move back and forth quickly.
1. Jean placed one finger on a on the guitar.
2. The gong will when you hit it.
3. I couldn’t his secret message.
4. Will played a with three notes in it.
5. A travels to your ear.
6. My mother hummed a pretty .
7. A whistle has a high .
B. Look up the word guitar in a dictionary. Then answer the questions.

1. What definition does your dictionary give for guitar?
2. What part of speech is the word guitar?
3. Does your dictionary have a picture of a guitar?
Name Music
The Parts of a Guitar

Study the diagram of the guitar. Then fill in the blank in each sentence.
Peg head
Tuning keys
Finger board
Sound box
Frets
Sound hole
Bridge
Sound board
1. The strings attach to the at the bottom of the

guitar.
2. The strings pass over an opening called the .
3. The neck of the guitar is called the .
4. The strings attach to the at the top of the guitar.
5. are ridges on the neck of the guitar.
Not Just Dirt!
Earnest Earthworm here.
I want to tell you about my
favorite subject—soil. It’s a
whole lot more than dirt!
A ll soil starts as rock. Over many

years, rocks are worn away. This
process is called weathering. Many
make a crack bigger as they burrow, or
dig, in the dirt around it. As the crack
becomes bigger, more pieces of rock
things cause weathering. One cause break off.
is temperature changes. When the
Water can also cause weathering when
temperature is hot, rocks expand.
it flows over a rock. Flowing water
That means they get bigger. When
slowly wears away layers of rock. All of
the temperature is cold, rocks
these changes break rocks into smaller
contract. That means they get
pieces called rock particles.
smaller. Expanding and contracting
breaks off pieces of the rock. Rock particles mix with the organic
matter (the remains of dead plants
Sometimes water gets into cracks in
and animals), water, and air to form
the rock. When the water freezes, the
soil. Soil also contains some living
cracks get bigger. Sometimes tree roots
organisms such as bacteria, fungi,
grow into cracks in rocks. Animals can
and microbes.
• It can take more than 500 years to form one inch of topsoil.
• There are over 70,000 kinds of soil in the United States.
• Up to 10 tons of animal life can live in an acre of soil.
• The spaces between soil particles are called pores—just like on your
skin.
Soils can be classified by the size of
the rock particles they contain. Clay soil Earthworms Are Helpful
has the smallest rock particles. Sand
has the largest rock particles. The size I may be small
but I do a big job!
of rock particles in silt is larger than
clay and smaller than sand. Soil with
smaller particles can hold more water.
Soil with larger rock particles can hold
less water.
A soil’s color can tell you a lot about Earthworms spend almost all
it. In general, dark soil is more fertile, their lives digging through soil.
or richer, than light soil. Fertile soil can As they travel through the soil,
support more life than infertile soil. If they move little pieces of it
soil is red, it has a lot of iron. Most around. This creates new spaces
plants grow well in this type of soil. in the soil. These spaces allow
If soil is yellow, it may mean that water the soil to hold more water. They
does not drain well from the soil and also allow more air to move
the land is probably poorly drained. through the soil. Soil that is full
Gray soil is usually poor, too. The gray of earthworms is almost always
color shows that the soil has little iron healthy.
or oxygen.
Soil may look like just a pile of dirt.

But life on Earth, including yours truly,
couldn’t survive without it!
Name Not Just Dirt !
Questions about Not Just Dirt!

1. Tell what part each of the following might play in weathering.
a. temperature:
b. water:
c. animals:
2. What four things are found in soil?
3. How does the size of the rock particles in soil affect the amount of water it
can hold?
4. Which of the kinds of soil mentioned can hold the most water?
5. How do earthworms make soil healthy?
6. If you wanted to plant a vegetable garden, which kind of soil would you choose?
❍ yellow ❍ gray
❍ light-colored ❍ dark-colored
❍ red
Vocabulary
A. Write the bolded word from the story on the line beside its meaning.
1. small pieces
2. soil that can hold a lot of water
3. to get smaller
4. wearing away
5. rich, productive
6. soil that can hold little water
7. the “hotness” or “coldness” of something
8. to get bigger
9. to dig a hole in the ground
B. Write a sentence using each word in the box.
Word Box
earthworm soil rock
1.
2.
3.
True or False?
Read each statement below. Then write a T next to the statements that are true.
Write an F next to the statements that are false.
1. All soil starts out as rock.
2. Only changes in weather cause weathering.
3. Water is an important cause of weathering.
4. Soil includes rock particles, water, air, and nutrients.
5. Clay soil has large rock particles.
6. Sand can hold little water.
7. Plants can’t grow in fertile soil.
8. Gray soil is the best soil for plants.
9. Dark soil is usually more fertile than light soil.
10. Earthworms are good for the soil.
11. An earthworm spends most of its life above the ground.
Properties
Every object on Earth Is it heavy or light?
Can be simply described Is it thick? Is it thin?
By color or weight, Is it hot, warm, or cold?
By shape or by size. Can it wiggle and bend?
These characteristics Is it liquid or gas?

We call properties, Is it silky or coarse?
And they help us explain Is it as small as an ant
Everything that we see. Or as big as a horse?
We can ask a few questions Is it round? Is it square?

To help us define Is it red, blue, or green?
The traits that belong Is it as hard as a rock
To each object we find. Or as soft as a dream?
When you are answering

Questions like these,
You are describing
Properties!
Properties Can Change
Investigate Properties
Did you know that the properties of an All objects have certain properties
object can change? Some changes are that we can observe, measure, and
physical. These changes make the object compare. Work with a small group of
classmates to do this investigation.
look different, but do not change the
makeup of the substance the object is Gather these items:
made of. For example, paper can be torn • a coin
• a marble
into shreds, but it is still paper. Metal can
• a bottle cap
be bent or flattened, but it is still metal. • a key
Wood can be sliced into boards or sawed • a leaf
into sawdust, but it still is wood. A physical • a rock
• a pencil
change affects the shape or appearance
• a jar lid
of an object. A physical change does not • a paper clip
affect the makeup of an object. • an orange
• a rubber ball
But some changes are chemical. This • a postage stamp
means that the substances that make up • a sheet of paper
• a wooden block
an object are changed, and one or more
• a safety pin
new substances are formed. When wood • an empty plastic bottle
is burned, it is completely changed. When
Examine the properties of each of the
a piece of wood burns in the fireplace,
objects you found. Sort the objects into
some of it turns into gases. These gases groups by color. Sort again, this time
escape up the chimney. The rest of the for shape. Find all the objects that are
wood turns into ashes. The makeup of made of metal. Which ones are made of
wood?
the wood, as well as its appearance, has
changed. This is a chemical change. Find two objects that are made of
wood and compare them. Which one is
Notice all the things around you. What are larger? Use a ruler to find out. Which
the properties of the things you see? How one is heavier? Measure their weights
with a scale if you have one.
can you use these properties to describe
the different objects? Use your senses to
explore the properties of things in your
world.
Name Propertie
s
Questions about Properties

1. Properties can be .
❍ observed
❍ measured
❍ compared
2. A scale is a device that is used to measure .
❍ length
❍ temperature
❍ weight
❍ height
3. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
❍ bending a paper clip
❍ burning wood
❍ tearing paper
❍ sawing wood
4. A ruler or tape measure is a device that is used to measure .
❍ weight
❍ temperature
❍ length
❍ none of the above
5. When wood burns, some of the substance of the wood turns into .
❍ ice
❍ gas
❍ paper
❍ metal
Name Propertie
s
Vocabulary
Characteristic means a quality, trait, or property of a particular thing.
A. Complete each sentence.
A characteristic of carrots is that they are .
A characteristic of kittens is that they are .
A characteristic of fire is that it is .
A characteristic of snow is that it is .

B. Draw a picture to illustrate each of the following characteristics.
bent flattened
sliced shredded
Name Propertie
s
Scavenger Hunt
List as many objects as you can that have both properties given
in each example.
green and smooth long and thin
short and thick round and yellow
small and cold rough and bumpy
Playing to Learn
H ave you ever watched kittens play?

They chase their tails. They jump
and pounce on each other. They grab
When kittens play, they show many
things that are also done while hunting.
One kitten might see its mother’s tail
a hanging string. They climb on each waving back and forth. The kitten
other and bite ears or paws. crouches down. Then it begins to creep
forward. It is stalking Mom’s tail! When
All this play is a lot of fun. But it is also a
the kitten gets close enough to the tail,
way to learn. Playing teaches important
it pounces. It lands on the tail and
skills. The kittens will need these skills
rolls over. Its paws are wrapped around
later, when they hunt for their food.
the tail to hold it. It might even bite
A pet cat usually doesn’t have trouble the tail. These movements—stalking,
finding food. But cats that live in the pouncing, grabbing, and biting—are
wild have to hunt. Hunting is probably very important. They are the same
the most important skill kittens have to ones the kitten will use later when it is
learn. One way they learn this skill is hunting.
by playing.
Pet kittens also play with toys. Have
Most cats are solitary hunters. That you ever seen a kitten chase a ball
means they hunt by themselves. A cat or smack a rolled-up piece of paper?
catches its prey by stalking it. It creeps This behavior teaches skills that the
slowly toward its prey, hiding so the kitten could use to catch a mouse or a
prey can’t see it. When the cat gets cricket. Some kittens like to jump high
close enough, it pounces. Then it bites to catch a feather on a string. If that
its prey to kill it. Small cats eat mice, kitten wanted to catch a bird, it would
birds, lizards, and insects. Large cats do the same jump.
eat bigger animals, such as wild pigs.
Some wild cats use special movements paw. Retracting the claws keeps one
when they hunt. Cheetahs sometimes cat from hurting the other. Cats also
use one paw to hit their prey in the pretend to bite each other when they
side and knock it down. Scientists have play. But their teeth don’t break the
watched cheetah kittens play. They skin. Just like people, playing is best
saw the playing kittens use this same when no one gets hurt!
paw-slap.
A lion cub often knocks another cub

down by placing one paw on the other
It’s Not Just Cats
cub’s shoulder. Adult lions sometimes
catch antelope the same way. The
lion places one paw on the antelope’s
shoulder. Then it pulls the antelope
down. Once again, a play behavior
teaches the lion a hunting skill.
Digital Stock
Kittens aren’t the only cats that play.
Adult cats also play. You may have Cats aren’t the only animals
seen two adult cats wrestling. One cat who like to play. Many wild
will bite the other. Or it might smack the animals also play. Some
other cat with its paw. The cats look monkeys play hide-and-seek
like they are fighting. But they are not. or king-of-the-mountain.
They are practicing their fighting skills Beavers wrestle and splash in
and keeping their muscles in shape. the water. Seals play keep-
Cats may also play together to make a away and tag with balls of
connection with other members of their seaweed. Bears chase and
family or group. wrestle each other. A kind
of bird called the kea hangs
Cats seem to know the difference upside down from a branch
between playing and fighting. When and swings. All of these
a cat plays, it retracts its claws. behaviors help animals by
This means it pulls its claws into its sharpening their survival skills.
Name ying to Lear
Pla
n
Questions about
Playing to Learn
1. It is important for animals to play 5. Another reason cats play is
because . to .
❍ it is fun ❍ have fun
❍ it helps them get along with ❍ keep in shape
each other ❍ get attention
❍ it keeps them from getting bored ❍ find food
❍ it teaches important skills 6. Bears practice fighting skills
2. One of the most important skills by .
predator animals need to learn ❍ swimming
is .
❍ biting
❍ fighting ❍ climbing
❍ playing ❍ wrestling
❍ hunting
❍ sleeping
3. Which food is not eaten by small
cats?
❍ birds
❍ wild pigs
❍ mice
❍ insects
4. A paw-slap in the side is most often
used by .
❍ cheetahs
❍ lions
❍ tigers
❍ pet cats
Name ying to Lear
Pla
n
Vocabulary
A. Write the number of each word on the line in front of its definition.
1. pounce to pull in
2. solitary hunting quietly and sneakily
3. prey making better
4. stalking alone
5. retract doing an act again and again
6. behavior the ability to stay alive
7. connection a coming together
8. sharpening an animal that is hunted by another animal
9. survival to jump
10. practicing a way of acting
B. Illustrate two of the words listed above. Label your drawings.
Name ying to Lear
Pla
n
Learn About Cats
There are many different kinds of cats. Here are pictures and information
about four different cats. Write the name of the correct cat on the blank.
©
Digital Stock Digital Stock Digital Stock David R. Bridge
tiger lion cheetah bobcat
1. I live in Africa. Males, females, and cubs all live together in a large group
called a pride. We hunt together, too. Males have long manes of hair, but
females don’t have a mane. I am a .
2. I am the fastest cat in the world. I can run about 60 miles an hour! I have
very long legs and a long body. My fur is covered with dark spots. I am a
3. I live in North America. My tail is very short. I live in many places
including deserts, woods, and swamps. I am not as big as other wild
cats. I hunt small animals such as rabbits, squirrels, and mice. I am a
4. My stripes help me hide in the long grass when I am stalking prey.
I usually live by myself. I am the largest wild cat, and I can be more
than 9 feet (2.7 m) long. Most cats don’t like water, but I like to swim!
I am a .
Make Your Backyard
a Better Habitat for Birds
A n animal’s habitat is the place
where it lives. The habitat supplies
all the things the animal needs to
survive. These things are food, water,
shelter, and a place to raise young.
Would you like to make your backyard

them good hiding and nesting places?
into a better habitat for birds? You don’t
Look at the chart on this page to find the
need a lot of space, or a lot of money.
names of plants and trees that birds use
Start by looking over the outdoor space
as homes or sources of food. Add some
around your house or apartment. Make
of these plants to your yard if possible.
a list of the kinds of plants and trees
Some of the plants can even be grown
you find there. Ask an adult to help
in pots on a small deck or patio.
identify them.
Provide more food for birds by setting
Do some of the plants or trees make
out several kinds of bird feeders.
berries that birds like to eat? Are there
bright flowers that provide nectar for Hummingbirds feed on sweet nectar.
hummingbirds? Do any of the shrubs You can make a sort of “homemade
or trees have thick foliage that makes nectar” for them to eat. You will need
to buy a hummingbird
Tree or Plant Food Cover Nesting
feeder. Wash and
rinse it well. Ask an
Cedar X X X
Cherry X adult to help you make
Mulberry X the nectar. Place 4
Holly X X X cups (950 ml) of water
Pine X X X
in a saucepan and
Crab Apple X X X
Serviceberry X bring it to a boil. Add
Spruce X X X 1 cup (200 g) of sugar
Elderberry X X X and stir until sugar is
Honeysuckle X
completely dissolved.
Bee Balm X
Let the mixture cool to
room temperature. Fill the clean feeder Fasten apple or orange halves to the
with the cool nectar. Store extra nectar feeding station in the same way.
in the refrigerator.
Water is another important element of
At least once a week, ask an adult to habitat. You can easily make a birdbath.
help you clean the feeder using water, A large ceramic saucer that is used
a little bit of bleach, and a bottlebrush. to catch water underneath a flowerpot
This prevents the growth of fungus that makes a fine birdbath. Or use an
can harm the hummingbirds. upside-down garbage can lid balanced
on rocks. Hang a plastic milk jug filled
Purchase or build a simple seed feeder.
with water above your birdbath. Poke a
Black oil sunflower seeds appeal to
tiny hole in the bottom of the milk jug.
many birds, so they are a good choice.
Birds will be attracted by the sound of
Hang the feeder from a tree so that
the dripping water.
squirrels and other animals cannot steal
the seeds. Clean these feeders with Birdbaths and bird feeders need to be
water and bleach as well. Do this every up off the ground so that birds can
few weeks. more easily spot cats that might try to
catch them.
Here are some other
interesting ways to feed Place feeders away from picture
the birds: windows so that birds will not
accidentally fly against the glass. Many
Tie a string to the top
birds are injured or killed in this way.
of a pinecone. Spread
Ribbons, stickers, and hanging objects
peanut butter all over the
help show the birds that they cannot fly
pinecone, pressing it into
through.
all the spaces. Hang from
a tree branch. If you follow these steps, you will
probably have many new bird visitors.
Purchase a whole coconut. Ask an
Make sure to clean and fill the feeders
adult to help you crack it into large
often. Your feathered friends will
pieces. Tack a piece of the unshelled
thank you.
coconut to a board or tree branch.
Name
Questions about Backyard

Habitat
Make Your Backyard

a Better Habitat for Birds
1. What is a habitat?
2. What are the four important things that a good habitat must supply?
3. What do hummingbirds eat?
4. Why shouldn’t birdbaths and bird feeders be placed on the ground?
5. Why is it important to keep hummingbird feeders clean?
6. What makes a shrub or tree a good hiding place for birds?
7. Name two plants that provide food, cover, and nesting places for some birds.
Name
Vocabulary Backyard
Habitat
Label the items in the picture using the words in the box.
Word Box
berries shrub patio
birdbath branch foliage
Name
Be a Birdwatcher Backyard
Habitat
Be a birdwatcher for one week. Spend time every day looking for birds near your
home. Write the name of each kind of bird you see. If you do not know the name
of the bird, draw a picture.
Sunday Monday
Tuesday Wednesday
Thursday Friday
Saturday
States of Matter
solid liquid gas

What Is Matter?
Matter is the material that makes up you combine two parts of the element
everything on Earth. Rocks, paper, hydrogen with one part of the element
wood, water, and even air are made oxygen, you get water. Compounds are
of matter! Animals, plants, and people made up of groups of atoms called
are made of matter, too. molecules. A single drop of water
contains millions of water molecules!
Matter is made up of very tiny particles
called atoms. You can’t see these tiny The States of Matter
particles. They are far too small. But Matter exists in one of three basic
millions and millions of atoms make up forms: solid, liquid, or gas. These are
your body, this book, and your pencil. called the states of matter. The state
The milk you drink for lunch, your lunch of a substance, or material, depends
tray, and your fork are also made of on the behavior of its molecules. The
millions of atoms. same substance can exist as a solid,
a liquid, or a gas, depending on the
In some kinds of matter, all the atoms
arrangement of its molecules.
are the same. Matter that is made of all
one kind of atom is called an element. Solid
There are over 100 known elements on If the molecules that make up a
Earth. Oxygen is one kind of element. substance are close together and pull
Gold is another. All matter is made from on each other with a lot of force,
these elements. Most matter, however, the substance keeps its shape. The
is made of a combination of elements. molecules don’t move around very
A combination of elements is called much at all. This kind of matter is
a compound. For example, when you called a solid. A block of wood is solid.
mix together one part of the element A bowling ball is solid. A solid has
sodium with one part of the element a definite size and shape. Ice is an
chloride, you get table salt. When example of water in its solid state.
Liquid the balloon, making it expand. Water
In a liquid, the molecules are farther vapor that evaporates from a puddle on
apart. They do not pull so tightly a hot summer day is an example of
together. The molecules in a liquid water in its gas state.
move around more freely. A liquid has
Water in Different States
a certain size or volume, but it does not
The same substance can exist as a
keep its shape. Instead, it forms itself to
solid, a liquid, or a gas. Water is a
the shape of any container you put it in.
kind of matter that can change from one
A liquid like water can pour or flow.
state to another. You can observe these
Gas changes. Take an ice cube out of the
The molecules in a gas are far apart. freezer and set in on a saucer. Check
They move around easily, without it every few minutes. You will notice
pulling on each other very much at all. the solid turning to a liquid right before
Gas has no shape or size of its own. your eyes. Leave the saucer on the
It is sometimes hard to believe that gas table for a day or two. You will notice
is actually matter, but it really is. Take that the water gradually disappears. It
a deep breath. Feel the pressure of the is changing into a gas and mixing with
air you have just inhaled as it fills your the air. You cannot see it, but it is still
lungs. Or blow up a balloon and see there.
how the gas presses on the insides of
Solid Liquid Gas

The molecules in a The molecules in a The molecules in a
solid are very close liquid are not as gas are very far
together. close together. apart.
Name s of Matte
ate
St r
Questions about
States of Matter
1. Matter is made up of tiny particles called .
❍ elements
❍ atoms
❍ solids
❍ liquids
2. Matter that is made of only one kind of atom is called .
❍ a compound
❍ a mixture
❍ an element
❍ a block
3. Which one of these is not one of the states of matter?
❍ gas
❍ solid
❍ liquid
❍ heavy
4. Molecules in a gas .
❍ are tightly packed together
❍ pull on each other with great force
❍ move around freely
5. Ice is an example of water in which state of matter?
❍ liquid
❍ gas
❍ cold
❍ solid
Name s of Matte
ate
St r
Vocabulary
A. Write each word on the line in front of its meaning.
Word Box
particle evaporate atoms molecule
element matter compound
1. a particular combination of atoms that

form a compound
2. a substance whose atoms are all the

same kind
3. what all things are made of
4. a combination of elements
5. a tiny piece
6. to turn from liquid to gas
7. microscopic particles of matter that are

smaller than molecules
B. Draw a picture to show the meaning of each of these words.
solid liquid gas
Name s of Matte
ate
St r
An Experiment to Try
Materials
• 3 ice cubes the same size
• 3 bowls
Procedure
1. Place an ice cube in each bowl.
2. Place one bowl in the sun.
3. Place one bowl in the shade.
4. With the help of an adult, place one bowl in the microwave. Microwave on
high for 1 minute. Ask the adult to remove the bowl from the microwave.
Observations
Describe the changes in each ice cube.
After 1 minute After 15 minutes After 30 minutes
Sun
Shade
Microwave
Conclusion
Based on your observations, explain the role of heat in changing water from a
solid to a liquid state.
James B. Eads and His Famous Bridge
J ames Eads (Eedz) was born in Indiana in the year 1820. His family
moved around a lot, so James did not get very much schooling. Finally,
the family settled in St. Louis, Missouri, on the banks of the Mississippi
River. There, James got a job in a store. The storekeeper had a lot of books.
James was curious, and he liked to read. The storekeeper let James read
his books. James learned a lot. His head was full of ideas. He liked to figure
out how to make things and solve problems.
James used to wander down to the Mississippi River and watch the boats
go by. He knew that the boats sometimes sank. These boats carried many
goods that had come to rest on the muddy river bottom. Some of this
cargo was very valuable. James thought he could find a way to collect
these things. So he invented a special boat. The boat was connected to
a diving bell.
A diving bell is a small vessel that allows people to work underwater. An air
hose connects the bell with a boat on the surface of the water.
James could get inside the bell and go to the river bottom. He was able to
pick up all kinds of objects. He brought the lost cargo to the surface and
sold it. In just 10 years, James became a wealthy man.
When the Civil War began in 1861, James wanted to help the United States.
He offered to build boats that were covered with sheets of iron. With these
boats, the Union could control the rivers. James hired 4,000 men and built
the boats. The boats played an important role in winning the war.
When the war ended, the country began to grow. Trains were a very
important form of transportation. A bridge was needed to carry trains across
the Mississippi River. James was asked to build the bridge. He hired many
men to help him build the bridge. The work began in 1867.
James planned the bridge with care. It would have three arches. It would be
made of steel. James wanted the bridge to be very strong. He would use
only the finest steel. He checked each shipment of steel. If it wasn’t good
enough, James sent it back to the factory.
Building the bridge was a tough job. The men had to dig the mud away from
the river bottom until they reached solid rock. This was hard and dangerous
work. James built a floating hospital to care for anyone who got hurt on the
job. It took seven years to build the bridge. When it was finished in 1874, it
was the largest bridge in the world. A railroad track was built on the bridge.
Later, a highway was added for automobiles. Thousands and thousands of
trains, trucks, and automobiles have crossed the Mississippi River on this
amazing bridge.
The people of St. Louis decided to name the bridge after James. It is called
the James B. Eads Bridge. If you go to St. Louis, you can see this graceful
bridge. Many people think it is one of
the most beautiful bridges ever built.
James B. Eads began life as a poor

boy. He did not have a chance
to go to school. He had to learn
everything on his own. But he
became one of America’s foremost
engineers. He was a successful
inventor. He was a creative thinker.
He was able to figure out how
to build almost anything he could
imagine. The James B. Eads
Bridge is a great reminder of this
remarkable man.
Name James B. Eads
Questions about
James B. Eads and His Famous Bridge
1. When James was young, he got a job working in a .
❍ bank
❍ mine
❍ school
❍ store
2. James realized that there were valuable things .
❍ on the river bottom
❍ in the woods
❍ in Cincinnati
❍ buried in his backyard
3. James invented ironclad boats to help the United States win .
❍ World War I
❍ the Civil War
❍ the War of 1812
❍ the Revolutionary War
4. In 1867 the people decided to build a bridge across the Mississippi
River .
❍ because they thought it would look pretty
❍ so that automobiles could get across
❍ so that trains could get across
❍ because they were tired of riding in boats
5. The bridge was made of steel because steel is .
❍ shiny
❍ strong
❍ cheap
❍ soft
Name James B. Eads
Vocabulary
Write the word from the box that means about the same thing as the underlined
words in each sentence.
Word Box
steel vessel cargo engineer transportation foremost arches successful
1. It took all day to load the goods and materials onto the airplane.
2. Albert Einstein was perhaps the most important scientist of his time.
3. The autoworkers used a strong, hard metal to make the frame of the car.
4. There were beautiful curved openings in the wall around the garden.
5. Mrs. Walton planned to use a bus for a way of traveling and carrying things when
she took her class to Washington, D.C.
6. A submarine is a boat that can operate underwater.
7. When he goes to college, Mark plans to study to be a person who designs

and builds things.
8. After many tries, our experiment was finally turning out right.
Name James B. Eads
Be a Bridge Builder
1. Build two equal stacks of books or blocks.
• Make the stacks about 6 inches (15 cm) tall.
• Place the two stacks on a table, about 10 inches
(25.5 cm) apart.
2. Using only one sheet of plain copier paper, build a bridge between the
two stacks that is strong enough to support the weight of a pen or
pencil. You may not use tape, staples, or any other materials. Use words
and pictures to explain your experiment.
This is what I did. This is what happened.
3. Try to improve on your design.
This is what I tried next. This is what happened.
Turned to Stone
Y ou probably see rocks every day.

Rocks are not alive. But did you
know that one type of rock is made
huge block of limestone. Harder rocks
within the limestone did not dissolve.
These rocks can still be seen. They
from parts of creatures that were once look like eggs sticking out of the
alive? That rock is called limestone. ground.
Limestone is a type of rock called If you find a rock that you think is made
sedimentary rock. Most limestone is of limestone, there is an easy way to
formed from the shells of tiny animals check. Fill an eyedropper with strong
that live in water. Limestone is also vinegar. Then squeeze a few drops
formed from the skeletons of an animal onto the rock. Watch the rock through a
called coral. When the animals die, magnifying glass. If it is limestone, the
their shells float to the bottom of the surface of the rock will fizz and bubble.
ocean and break into many pieces. The vinegar reacts with the limestone to
Over thousands of years, the layers produce a gas.
of shell pieces build up. Upper layers
press down on lower layers. The layers
of shell pieces turn into solid rock.
This rock is limestone. Sometimes you
can see tiny pieces of animal shells in
limestone.
Limestone is very soft compared to

most rocks. Flowing water can easily
wear away pieces of limestone. That Limestone is often used for building.
is why many caves are made out of The rock is dug out of the ground in
limestone. places called quarries. Limestone is cut
into large blocks. These blocks can be
Sometimes nature carves limestone used to build churches or other large
into interesting shapes. In China there buildings. In Europe, many old buildings
is a beautiful rock formation. Over are made of limestone. Because the
thousands of years, rain dissolved a rock is soft, it can be carved. You
can often see these carvings in old
churches, palaces, and other buildings. Rocks Times Three
Limestone is also crushed into tiny
stones. This crushed stone is used to There are three types of rocks:
build roads and sidewalks. Sedimentary rocks are formed
Ancient people also used limestone to when particles of matter are laid
make art. In England there are many down in many layers and pressed
limestone cliffs. People carved pictures together.
of horses and other things into the
limestone. These huge carvings can
still be seen today.
Limestone truly has an amazing story.

Photo by Nick Ferris
It is formed from parts of once-living Igneous rocks are formed when

animals in the ocean. These parts are hot liquid rock from the center of
changed into a special kind of rock. the Earth comes to the surface,
People might use that rock to create a cools, and hardens.
work of art or the pavement under your
feet. That’s a long way to travel from the
bottom of the sea!
Metamorphic rocks are formed

when heat and pressure inside
the Earth change one kind of
rock into another kind of rock.
ed to Sto
Name Turn n
e
Questions about Turned to Stone
1. How is limestone formed?
2. What type of rock is limestone?
3. Why are there likely to be caves in limestone formations?
4. What is one way to tell whether a rock is limestone?
5. Name three ways people use limestone.
6. You are on a hike and you find a limestone cliff. What do you know about what
that land was like millions of years ago? Support your answer with information
from the story.
ed to Sto
Name Turn n
e
Vocabulary
Use the words in the box to help you unscramble each numbered word. Then find
the correct meaning below and write the letter on the short line.
Word Box
coral dissolves quarries igneous limestone
sedimentary metamorphic ancient skeletons magnifying
1. seguino
2. arcmeotimhp
3. lorca
4. reusqira
5. leteksnso
6. rinsdaeyetm
7. svisodels
8. gfymiignna
9. stmileeno
10. tneicna
a. causing to appear larger

b. a type of animal that lives underwater
c. supporting bony structures of vertebrates
d. disappears when mixed with water
e. places where rocks are dug out of the ground
f. any rock formed by hot liquid from the center of the Earth
g. belonging to times long ago
h. any rock formed when heat and pressure change one type of rock into another
i. any rock formed when layers of matter are pressed together
j. a sedimentary rock formed from shells and skeletons of tiny sea animals
ed to Sto
Name Turn n
e
Table of Contents
Here is a table of contents from a book about rocks. Study it and then answer
the questions below.
Contents
Chapter 1 Sedimentary Rocks .................................................. 3
Chapter 2 Igneous Rocks.......................................................... 7
Chapter 3 Metamorphic Rocks................................................ 11
Chapter 4 How People Use Rocks.......................................... 15
Chapter 5 Collecting Rocks..................................................... 23
Glossary................................................................................... 30
1. Which comes first, the chapter on igneous rocks or the chapter on

sedimentary rocks?
2. On what page does Chapter 4 begin?
3. Which chapter would give you information about limestone?
4. Which chapter would tell you about storing a rock collection?
5. If you don’t know the meaning of a word you read in this book, in which
section would you look?
6. In which chapter might you be able to read about carving statues from stone?
Always Pointing North
Now, imagine that the spinning liquid
I
f you hold a compass in your hand,
the needle will always point toward inside the Earth is like a huge, buried
the North Pole. This is true no matter magnet. The south end of the magnet
where you are on Earth. Whether you’re rests on the North Pole. The north
on a ship in the middle of the Pacific end rests on the South Pole. When it
Ocean, walking down a busy street comes to magnets, opposites attract.
in Paris, or standing on top of Mount That means that the south end of one
Everest, your compass will still point magnet will attract the north end of
north. another magnet. So the North Pole
(which has the south end of the Earth’s
The most common type of compass is
magnet) attracts the north end of the
the magnetic compass. A magnetic
compass needle. That’s why the needle
compass works because the Earth has
always swings around to point north.
a magnetic field. Scientists think the
North Pole
red-hot, molten iron in the middle of
the Earth’s center, or core, causes this
magnetic field. As the Earth spins, this
liquid iron spins, too. Scientists think
that the spinning liquid iron creates
a weak magnetic force. This happens
because iron is a magnetic material.
South Pole
The Earth’s magnetic field is very weak,

so it can only move small objects. For
this reason the compass needle has
to be very lightweight. It also needs to
be able to spin easily without friction
slowing it down.
So why does a compass needle always Along with the needle, a compass also
point north? First you need to know that includes a compass card. This card
a compass needle is really a magnet. is marked with four cardinal points
Every magnet has a south pole and a that show the four major directions—
north pole. north, east, south, and west. Between
each cardinal point is an intercardinal
point—northeast, southeast, southwest, Make Your Own
and northwest. A compass card may Magnetic Compass
also be marked with the 360 degrees
that make up a circle. These markings
help the person using the compass
figure out the exact direction of travel.
You can make a simple compass

like the ones the ancient Chinese
navigators used. You will need:
• a sewing needle
• a bar magnet
• a cork or the cap from a plastic
People have been using compasses milk jug
for almost a thousand years. Chinese • a bowl of water
navigators used them to guide their
1. Run one end of the magnet along
ships during the 1100s. These early
the needle. Do this about 20 to
compasses were very simple. They 30 times. Be sure you always rub
were just a piece of magnetic iron the magnet along the needle in the
floating on a cork in a bowl of water. same direction.
Still, the navigators would have been 2. Put the cork or milk cap in the
lost without them! By using a compass, middle of your bowl of water.
these navigators could figure out which 3. Lay your magnetic needle on top
way to head, even if they were in the of the cork or cap. The needle
middle of the ocean, or if the sun had should spin around slowly until
disappeared behind the clouds. it is pointing north. Check your
homemade compass against a real
So if you want to make sure you’re compass to see if both needles
point in the same direction.
not lost—or if you just want to have
some fun—carry a compass in your
pocket. It will always point you in the
right direction.
ointing
Name sP
N
Alwa
or th
Questions about
Always Pointing North
1. The Earth’s core is filled 5. Compasses are good to have
with . because .
❍ magnets ❍ they are easy to make
❍ molten iron ❍ they always point south
❍ rocks ❍ they help us find our way
❍ nothing ❍ they are magnetic
2. A compass needle is really 6. Compass needles must be
a . lightweight because .
❍ sewing needle ❍ the Earth has a weak magnetic
❍ wire field
❍ toy ❍ they are expensive
❍ magnet ❍ there isn’t much metal to be used
3. All magnets have . ❍ compasses are small
❍ a compass
❍ a south pole and a north pole
❍ iron
❍ an east pole and a west pole
4. The first people to use compasses
were .
❍ Chinese navigators
❍ American astronauts
❍ pirates
❍ British explorers
ointing
Name sP
N
Alwa
or th
Vocabulary
A. Match each word with its meaning.
magnetic the center part of something
molten north, south, east, west
core an instrument for telling direction
friction attracting iron or steel
navigator melted by heat
compass northeast, southeast, northwest, southwest
cardinal points rubbing together
intercardinal points someone who guides a ship
B. Use the best word from the list above to complete these sentences.
1. The piloted the ship.
2. The road sign directed us north, which is one of the
3. The iron filings stuck to the bar because the bar was .
4. Were it not for our , we would have stayed lost

in the woods.
5. There was a lot of when the two

objects rubbed together.
6. Traveling from Iowa to Florida, we drove southeast, which is one of the
7. lava poured out of the volcano.
8. The center of the Earth is called the .
ointing
Name sP
N
Alwa
or th
Read a Map
Pretend you are going on a hike in the park. Of course, you bring
your compass along to help you find your way! You also have the map below to
help you. Look at the map. Then use the information on it to answer the questions.
Twin
Trees
Fallen Tree
Meadow Big
Rock
Old
Lake Cabin
End
Start Here
Here
Stream
1. In which direction will you walk when you first enter the park?
2. Are the twin trees north or south of the lake?
3. Will you pass the big rock or the cabin first?
4. The stream flows in which direction from the lake?
5. Starting at the fallen tree, in which direction will you walk to reach the cabin?
6. In which direction is the lake from the cabin?
Fire in the Forest:
Friend or Foe?
“O nly YOU can prevent forest

fires!” Smokey the Bear has
been telling us to be careful with
It stays low. It may scorch the trunks of
large trees, but it cannot reach up into
their branches. The burned litter also
matches for many years. And it is acts as fertilizer, giving nutrients to the
still good advice. Forest fires are trees.
dangerous. They can burn down
Without fires, too much litter may build
homes, harm animals, and destroy
up on the forest floor. It may become
trees.
very deep and thick. A careless camper
But forest fires are not all bad. In fact, or a lightning strike may start a fire.
ecologists have learned that fires are Now, the fire fighters cannot stop it.
a natural part of life in the forest. The fire is too big and too hot. The
They know that fire sometimes helps fire blazes high into the treetops, killing
a forest stay healthy. thousands of trees.
How does fire help? As you know, a But these dead trees are still very
forest is an area where many trees important. Many of them remain
grow. Over time some of the trees die. standing for years. They are called
Branches fall to the ground. Leaves snags. Insects bore into the dead wood.
collect on the forest floor. This dead Woodpeckers and other birds eat the
material is called litter. Fire can clear insects. These birds also make nests in
the litter away, leaving more space for the dead trees. In fact, burned forests
the trees to grow. If the litter is not too provide important habitat for a number
deep, the fire burns along the ground. of bird species.
Fire helps the forest in another way.
Many forest plants have seeds that A Real Live Smokey
can only sprout if they are heated by
fire. Lodgepole pinecones only open In 1944 Smokey
when exposed to fire. Other seeds the Bear became
have tough coatings that must be the symbol for fire
burned away. Many non-native species prevention seen
of plants are killed by fire. These on posters and in
are plants that do not belong in the advertising. Then
forest. Fire helps to maintain a healthy in 1950 a black
community of forest plants. bear cub was
found clinging to
Many fires occur naturally in the forest. a tree after a fire
Most of them are started by lightning in the Lincoln
strikes. They usually happen in the National Forest in
summer when the weather is hot and New Mexico. After his wounds
dry. For many years, fire fighters raced were healed, the little bear, by
to put out every forest fire. But now, now named Smokey, was sent
many fires are allowed to burn. Fire to live at the National Zoo in
fighters try to protect houses and other Washington, D.C. Over the years,
buildings. People who live in or near the thousands of people from all over
forest must understand that fire might the world came to see this living
be a threat. symbol of fire prevention. When
Smokey died in 1976, he was
Everyone should follow Smokey’s rules.
buried beneath a stone marker
No one should ever play with matches.
in Smokey Bear State Park in
When we go out in the woods, we
Capitan, New Mexico.
should make sure to put our campfires
out before we leave our campsites. Fire
is serious and can be deadly. We still
need Smokey to remind us to be careful
with fire. But we also know that fire can
sometimes be a friend.
Name re
Fi
est
Questions about
or
in
the F
Fire in the Forest: Friend or Foe?

1. List three ways that forest fires are harmful.
2. List three ways that fire helps the forest.
3. Name two ways to help prevent forest fires.
4. How are most natural forest fires started?
5. Why do you think forest fires happen mostly in the summer?
6. Do you think people should be allowed to build houses in the forest? Explain
your answer.
Name re
Fi
est
Vocabulary
or
in
the F
Write the word from the box that means about the same thing as the underlined
word or words in each sentence.
Word Box
habitat forest an ecologist species occur
snags litter prevent nutrients community
1. The scout troop went for a six-mile hike

through the woods.
2. The layer of leaves and twigs beneath the

trees made a soft seat for them to rest on
when they became tired.
3. The leader of the hike was a person who

studies how living things relate to each other.
4. “The trees depend on things needed for

good health from the soil, and the forest
animals living in the same area depend on
the trees for food and shelter,” she explained.
5. She explained that the area around a small

creek was a good place to live for frogs.
6. She showed the scouts some tall, dead trees

that were still standing.
7. “Even though people try to stop fires, they

still happen,” she explained.
8. Together they counted eight different kinds

of birds on their hike.
Name re
Fi
est
Life Cycle of a Lodgepole Pine
or
in
the F
Read about the events in the life cycle of a lodgepole pine. Number them in the
correct order.
©
David R. Bridge
Lodgepole pinecones open only when they are exposed to fire. The seeds
are then released from the cone.
After growing for many years, the lodgepole pine tree is now mature.
When conditions are right, the lodgepole pine continues to grow. The tiny
tree will have plenty of room because the fire has removed litter from the
forest floor.
A lightning strike starts a forest fire. The flames kill the lodgepole pine.
The lodgepole pine seeds sprout when there is sufficient moisture and
soil in which the roots can grow.
The Story of Oil
M
illions of years Oil is also called petroleum. This
ago, most of the word comes from two Latin words that
Earth’s surface mean “rock oil.” That’s because oil lies
was covered with water. trapped between layers of rock deep
Giant oceans in the Earth. Large drilling machines
spread across punch holes through layers of soil and
the globe. rock to find the oil. The oil is then
Tiny plants pumped to the surface. It is piped into
and animals large tanks. It is then sent to a special
floated in factory called a refinery. At the refinery,
these oceans. the oil is separated into useful products.
Other plants
Much of the oil is made into fuel. Fuel is
and animals
any material that is burned to produce
lived along
heat or power. Several different kinds
the
of fuel can be made from oil. Gasoline
shorelines.
is a fuel that your family probably uses
As the plants and animals died, their every day. Your car’s engine burns
bodies sank to the bottom of the ocean. gasoline to get the power it needs to
Over millions of years, these remains run. Heating oil and natural gas are
formed deep layers on the ocean floor. fuels we use for cooking and to heat
As new layers were added, the layers our homes. Jet airplanes run on jet fuel,
on the bottom were squeezed and which is also made from oil.
pressed. The weight of the water added
Hundreds of other important products
more pressure. Bits of sand and mud
are made from oil. Asphalt, the
sank to the bottom, too. These added
material we use to pave roads, is
even more pressure. Gradually, the bits
made from oil. So are plastics, some
of mud and sand were squeezed into
medicines, and makeup, just to name
solid rock. The dead plant and animal
a few. It is easy to see that we rely on
material was slowly changed into a
oil for many things.
material we call oil.
But there are two big problems with
using oil. The first is that we are steadily
How You Can Help
using the oil that lies under the ground
of our planet. It takes millions of years Everyone can help make things
for oil to form, and we are using better simply by using less fuel.
it up much faster than it can be Here’s how:
replaced. The second problem is that • Drive cars that can travel many
the fuels made from oil cause a lot of miles on one gallon of gas.
pollution. When we burn these fuels,
they produce a lot of unwanted gases • Turn down the heat in your
and soot. We need to find other ways to home and wear a sweater.
heat our homes and power our cars. • Walk to the store, or take
Scientists are working on some the bus.
alternative kinds of fuel. They have • Ride a bike to school or work,
learned to use the energy from the sun or join a carpool.
and wind to make power. They have
discovered ways to make fuel from
corn and other plants. These fuels do
not produce as much pollution, and
they are renewable, meaning we can
make more of them. Hopefully, it won’t
be long before we can all use these
cleaner sources of energy.
Solar panels can heat water for a These windmills are used to generate
swimming pool. electricity.
y
Name or
of
The St
Oil
Questions about
The Story of Oil
1. Oil is formed from .
❍ the remains of ancient plants and animals
❍ sand and gravel
❍ water
❍ mud
2. Another word for oil is .
❍ energy
❍ petroleum
❍ medicine
❍ pollution
3. Oil can be used to make .
❍ gasoline
❍ plastic
❍ asphalt
4. One of the main problems with using oil is that .
❍ it is too expensive
❍ we are using it all up
❍ it doesn’t work very well
❍ we can’t find it
5. Scientists have found ways to use the energy from .
❍ the sun
❍ wind
❍ corn and other plants
y
Name or
of
The St
Oil
Vocabulary
A. Write a T in front of each statement that is true.
Write an F in front of each statement that is false.
1. Any material that is burned to produce heat or power is called fuel.

2. A refinery is a factory where oil is made into useful products.
3. The word petroleum comes from two Latin words meaning “dead
plant.”
4. Gasoline is the fuel that powers most cars.
5. Pollution occurs when we dirty the air, land, or water.
6. Asphalt is a material that is used to pave roads.
7. Soil is another name for plastic.
8. Squeeze means to press very hard.
9. If a resource is renewable, we don’t have much of it left.
10. If you have an alternative, you have no other choice.
B. Energy provides the power to make things work. List three sources of energy
that are alternatives to oil.
C. When you are 40 or 50 years old, what do you think will power cars? Explain
why you think that.
y
Name or
of
The St
Oil
Early Uses for Oil
In some places, oil seeps to the surface of the Earth and forms sticky pools. Long
ago, people found these pools. They did not know how to make gasoline or plastic
from petroleum. But they did find uses for the thick, gooey oil that they found in
these pools. This sticky substance is called pitch. According to the Bible, Noah
used pitch when he built the Ark. The Egyptians used pitch to coat mummies. It
was also used to pave the streets of ancient cities.
In this country, Native Americans smeared pitch over the outside of canoes
and baskets to make them waterproof. Later, American colonists found that this
substance made good axle grease for their wagons. And Spanish settlers spread
it over the roofs of their adobe houses to keep out the rain.
A. Unscramble these words from the passage above.
immusem skasbte
chipt lopos
snocea ushsoe
snagow eerttss
rgeesa obead
B. Choose two of the words that you unscrambled and write a sentence with each.
1.
2.
Sally Fox: Spinning a Life
Photo used by permission of Sally Fox.
D o you know the story of

Rumpelstiltskin? It’s the story of a
funny little man who could spin straw
Sally decided to study insects. She
knew that some insects eat crops.
Farmers spray pesticides on the crops
into gold. Sally Fox must have loved to kill the insects. Sally did not like
that story when she was a little girl. pesticides. She knew they could harm
You see, Sally Fox loves to spin. When many living things. She wanted to figure
she was 13 years old, her parents out how to raise plants that did not need
gave her a real spinning wheel. She pesticides. She got a job working with
would collect cotton from pill bottles. a plant breeder. The job was to breed
She would spin the cotton into string. cotton plants that could resist insects.
She would brush her fuzzy dog and
One day while she was at work,
spin his hair into yarn. Sally spent
Sally found some strange seeds. These
hours at her spinning wheel.
seeds grew cotton that was brown.
As Sally grew up, she found other Most farmers grow white cotton. They
interests. But she never stopped don’t like brown cotton because the
spinning. When she went to college, fibers are short. It is hard for big
she studied biology. She wanted to machines to spin. But Sally knew that
learn everything she could about the brown cotton could be grown without
natural world. She wanted to help pesticides. And she liked the idea of
protect the environment. cotton that had a natural color. So she
planted some of the seeds.
Sally was excited about the brown Many organizations have given Sally
cotton that grew from her seeds. She awards. She has won awards for
began to work with the plants. She helping the environment. She has also
saved seeds from the plants with the won awards for being an inventor.
longest fibers and deepest colors and
Perhaps Rumpelstiltskin really was able
replanted them. It took many years, but
to spin straw into gold. But Sally
finally Sally was able to grow colorful
Fox has done something even more
cotton with long fibers. Some of the
amazing. She has found a way to spin
cotton was a beautiful reddish brown.
cotton into a lifetime of achievement.
Some was a deep chocolate color.
There were even three different shades
of green cotton. The Cotton Plant
People liked this new cotton. It could be
spun by machine. It did not need any
dyes. It did not contain any pesticides.
Soon, Sally’s cotton was being used
to make clothing, sheets, and towels.
Sally could not grow enough cotton by
herself. She had to get other farmers to
grow her cotton, too.
Sally still works with cotton. She runs a Cotton fibers come from the fruit
business called Natural Cotton Colours, of the cotton plant, called the
Inc. Sally grows thousands of cotton boll. When the boll opens, you
plants every year. She walks through can see the fluffy fiber that has
the fields and inspects each plant. She been growing inside. There are
measures the length of the fibers. She also seeds in the boll. These
looks carefully at the color. She takes must be separated from the fiber.
notes about each plant. She saves The seeds can be crushed to
the seeds from the best plants. Sally’s make cottonseed oil, used in
cotton keeps getting better and better. food products such as salad
dressings and margarine.
Name lly Fox
Sa
Questions about
Sally Fox: Spinning a Life
1. Why did Sally decide to study biology in college?
2. Naturally colored cotton has shorter fibers than white cotton. Why was this a
problem?
3. What are some items that are made of cotton?
4. Why does Sally spend time looking at each cotton plant she grows?
5. What are the advantages of the cotton Sally has produced?
Name lly Fox
Sa
Vocabulary
A. Write the number of each word on the line in front of its meaning.
1. pesticide groups who work for a certain goal
2. fiber to plan the reproduction of plants or animals
3. dye to look at very carefully
4. inspect a chemical used to kill insects
5. spin to not be affected by; stand up against
6. organizations to twist fibers into thread or yarn
7. biology an accomplishment; success
8. resist a thin strand of material
9. achievement the study of living creatures
10. breed a substance used to color cloth

B. Draw a picture of three things that you have at home that are made of cotton.
Label each picture.
Name lly Fox
Sa
Spinning a Tale
Tell the story of Rumpelstiltskin in your
own words. If you do not know the story,
make up a story of your own that includes a
spinning wheel. Use additional paper if you
need more room.
Keeping Warm for Winter Fun
R icky loves snowboarding.
Almost every weekend,
he goes to the ski area near
the summit, he leaps off.
He pauses for a moment
at the top of the slope,
his home in Vermont. He is then pushes off. Down the
happiest when there is fresh, mountain he flies, carving
new snow to enjoy. He doesn’t through the fresh powder,
seem to mind the cold at all. plumes of snow spraying
That’s because he has plenty behind him. When he
of insulation. reaches the bottom, Ricky
heads straight for the
What is insulation?
chairlift again.
Insulation keeps heat from
moving from one place to After a few trips down the mountain,
another. Ricky wants to keep the heat Ricky decides to take a break. Even
his body generates near his skin. though his clothes give him lots of
So before he hits the slopes, Ricky insulation, he begins to get cold as
prepares very carefully. He makes sure he takes off his equipment and walks
to dress in layers. He puts on long toward the lodge. He knows the lodge
underwear and socks that are made will be warm. It is so warm in fact, that
of special fibers. These fibers contain Ricky pulls off his jacket and hat as soon
lots of tiny air pockets. The air pockets as he walks through the door.
trap warmth and keep it next to Ricky’s
How does the lodge stay so warm on
body. He puts on lined pants and a
a cold winter day? A furnace in the
warm jacket. He wraps a scarf around
basement of the lodge burns heating
his neck. He puts on a soft, fluffy hat.
oil. Warm air is blown out of the
Finally, Ricky pulls on thick gloves.
furnace to all the rooms in the lodge.
He’s ready to go.
The workers who built the lodge used
Ricky hops onto the chairlift. Up into insulation to help keep the heat inside
the air, higher and higher, the chair the building. They put thick layers of
climbs. Ricky can’t wait to join the cottony fiberglass in the walls. Because
skiers and snowboarders gliding down heat rises, they put even thicker layers
the trails below. When his chair reaches in the attic.
Ricky and his friends enjoy a cup of hot as winter approaches. A thick fur coat
chocolate, then they head back out onto makes good insulation. So does a thick
the slopes. As they ride the chairlift layer of fat. Both act in the same way
up to the top of the mountain, they that a good jacket does. They prevent
notice several little animals. They see the body’s heat from escaping.
chickadees flitting in the trees and a
The animals, in their own winter
rabbit bounding across the slope. They
“snowsuits,” are soon out of sight. Ricky
wonder how the animals manage to
and his friends are already talking about
stay warm in the cold weather.
which trail they will try on the next run.
Animals have their own ways of keeping
The sun sinks low in the west, and all
warm. When birds are cold they fluff
too soon the day is ending. Ricky flies
up their feathers. This creates many
down the mountain one last time. Then
small pockets of warm air between the
he hurries to the bus that is waiting in
feathers. (Like the air pockets in Ricky’s
the parking lot. As the bus pulls away, fat
clothing!) Rabbits and other mammals
snowflakes begin to fall. Ricky closes his
grow extra fur for the winter. They often
eyes and smiles.
eat extra food to build a layer of fat
Animals Keep Warm in Winter

Animals have various ways to stay
warm during the cold winter months.
Some, like the buffalo in the
photograph, grow a heavy winter
coat. Birds fluff up their feathers to
trap an insulating layer of air next to
their skin. Hibernating animals, such
as bears, eat a lot of food to build up
an insulating layer of fat.
Digital Stock
Name ng Wa
pi
Kee
rm
Questions about
fo
un
r
W in er F
Keeping Warm for Winter Fun t
1. What does insulation do?
2. Why does Ricky cover most of his body with clothing?
3. How do layers of clothing help Ricky stay warm?
4. What are two kinds of insulation found on animals’ bodies?
5. How many ways can you think of that your house is kept warm? List the ways.
Mark an X by each way that uses insulation.
Name ng Wa
pi
Kee
rm
Find the Right Word
fo
un
r
W in er F
t
Choose a word from the box to complete each sentence.
Word Box
insulation fibers plumes lodge furnace powder
chickadee flitting bound chairlift summit slope
1. Our family stayed at a in the mountains.
2. A ate seeds at the bird feeder.
3. The graceful deer can jump the fence in a single .
4. Megan wrapped a layer of around the water pipe to

keep it from freezing.
5. Two people can ride together on the to the top of the

ski run.
6. The house was cold, so Grandpa turned on the .
7. Amie sat in the grass and watched the butterflies from

flower to flower.
8. When they reached the of the mountain, the climbers

felt a great sense of accomplishment.
9. The in the wool blanket were soft and fuzzy.
10. Aunt Rachel wore a hat that was decorated with fluffy ostrich feather
11. Dad gave the baby a bath and then sprinkled her with .
12. I have never skied down such a steep !
Name ng Wa
pi
Kee
rm
Insulation in Our Daily Lives
fo
un
r
W rF
We use insulation in many ways. We carry hot drinks in Thermos bottles. i n t e
™
These bottles have a thick layer of insulation around the outside. This layer of
plastic or glass helps prevent heat from moving from the hot chocolate inside the
Thermos™ to the cold air outside.
Insulation can also help keep things cool. We pack soft drinks and sandwiches in
a cooler to take to the beach. We want the things in the cooler to stay cool. The
cooler is made of a plastic material that slows the movement of heat from outside
the cooler to inside the cooler.
The objects pictured below provide insulation. Write about what each object is used
for and how it provides insulation.
Marc Hauser:
Learning About Animal Minds
D o you have a dog, cat, or parakeet

for a pet? Do you ever wonder
what your pet is thinking when it
from the rain. But, when animals use
these tools, do they really know what
they are doing? What would happen if
looks at you? Do you wonder whether we snuck into the forest and painted
animals feel sad or happy the way a broad leaf pink? Would they not use
you do? It sometimes seems that they that leaf? Or would they understand
do, especially dogs with their sorrowful that its color was not important?
eyes and wagging tails. But how can we Humans know that what makes a good
be sure? tool is not its color. Rather, what makes
a tool good is its shape and what it’s
Marc Hauser is a scientist. He works
made of. If something looked like a
with animals. He wants to understand
hammer but was made of soft rubber,
how animals think. He watches animals
it wouldn’t be a good hammer. If we
in the wild to learn about their lives. He
painted a real hammer rainbow colors,
watches to see what kinds of problems
it would still work well.
the animals face. He wants to find
out how they solve those problems. In the laboratory, Marc gave cotton-top
Then he sets up experiments in the tamarin monkeys some tools to work
laboratory. These experiments help him with. Some of the tools had been
learn what the animals are thinking. painted odd colors. When the tamarins
needed a tool, they often chose the
Here is an example. Marc wanted to
best one for the job. They didn’t pay
know what animals understand about
attention to color, or other unimportant
tools. Scientists know that animals
features of the tool. They seemed to be
often use tools. Monkeys and apes
able to figure out which tool would work
in the wild break off branches to get
best. Marc’s experiments showed that
termites out of holes in the ground.
tamarins do have some understanding
They use rocks to crack open hard
of how simple tools work.
nuts. They use broad leaves as cover
Marc is also interested in how animals
think about numbers. Do they
understand numbers at all? Marc did
an experiment to find out. Here’s how it
worked. In your mind, picture a stage.
At the front of the stage is a screen that
blocks your view. The person doing the
experiment shows you two dolls. Then
Tamarin monkeys
he sets the dolls behind the screen. live in South America.
Next, he moves the screen away. How
many dolls do you expect to see behind Marc did the experiment
the screen? That’s right, you expect to again and again. Some other
see two dolls. You would be surprised scientists tried the experiment,
to see one doll or three dolls. too. They tried it with other
monkeys. Each time the results
Marc did this experiment with rhesus
were the same. When the numbers
monkeys. Instead of dolls, he showed
matched, the monkeys looked for
the monkeys two purple eggplants.
a short time. When the numbers did
He placed the eggplants behind the
not match, the monkeys looked much
screen. Sometimes, before he moved
longer at the stage. It seems that the
the screen, he would secretly add an
monkeys do have some understanding
extra eggplant or take one away. Then
of numbers.
he removed the screen. When the
number of eggplants behind the screen Marc still has many questions to
matched the number the monkeys answer. He hopes to learn more about
expected to see, the monkeys looked how animals think and feel. He wants
at the eggplants for a short time, about to understand the differences in animal
one second. When the numbers did brains. He thinks that learning more
not match, the monkeys looked for a about animals may help us to know
much longer time, about three to four more about ourselves.
seconds.
Haus
Name M
ar c e
r
Questions about
Marc Hauser:
Learning About Animal Minds
1. Give three examples of the ways monkeys and apes use tools in the wild.
2. What happened when Marc gave the monkeys some tools to use?
3. a. Why did Marc do the experiment with the eggplants?
b. What happened?
c. What do you think this means?
Haus
Name M
ar c e
r
Vocabulary
Word Box
laboratory termites experiment broad
expected stage screen humans
1. wide
2. a room or building where scientific work takes place
3. a panel used to keep something out of view
4. a platform where plays are often performed
5. a test that is designed to prove or discover something
6. people
7. insects that eat wood
8. planned on
B. Use a word from above to complete each sentence.
1. There are places on Earth where no live.

2. Our neighbors called a pest control company to rid their house of
3. This makes medicines to treat many kinds of

illnesses.
4. It took days for the caravan to cross the expanse
of desert.
5. I’m surprised that she has not arrived. I her much
earlier.
Haus
Name M
ar c e
r
Meet the Monkeys
There are many different kinds of monkeys. These are two kinds of
monkeys from the story.
The cotton-top tamarin lives in Colombia. This is

a very small monkey that is only about 8 inches
(20 cm) tall. Tamarins live in groups and make their
homes in trees. Tamarins eat fruit and insects.
Rhesus monkeys live in India. They live in groups.

They make their homes on the ground. They eat
fruit, seeds, leaves, roots, and insects. Rhesus
monkeys are about 2 feet (0.6 m) tall.
Use the information in the pictures and the captions to fill in the Venn diagram.
Cotton-top Rhesus
Tamarins Monkeys
Both
Planetary Almanac: Interesting
Facts About Our Solar System
Mercury
Earth Jupiter
Venus
Saturn
Mars
Neptune
Uranus
Sun Cycle
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Pla
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Vocabulary
A. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
Word Box
exploration cycle flare satellite ripples
biome spews climate atmosphere
1. At night you can sometimes see a moving across

the sky.
2. The layer of air that surrounds Earth is called the .
3. The four seasons repeat themselves in a yearly .
4. Lynn threw a pebble in the pond and watched the little

form.
5. The in Alaska is cold and snowy.
6. Jim sent up a in hopes that the rescuers would see it.
7. The volcano gas and ash from time to time.
8. is a good way to learn about new places.
9. Many colorful birds live in the tropical rainforest .
B. Can you name the planets in order? It’s easy if you can say a sentence in which
each word begins with the same letter as a planet. Here’s an example:
Many very excited monkeys jumped suddenly upon Nancy’s purse.
Make up your own sentence to help you remember the planets in order. Write
your sentence here.
Name ary Alma
et
na
Pla
c
A Planet Report
Choose one planet that you would like to learn more about. Read about
the planet in an encyclopedia or other reference book. Write a paragraph telling
what the planet is like. Also tell whether you would like to visit this planet and the
reasons why or why not.
Draw a picture of the planet.
When the Dragon
Swallows
the Sun
The day is bright and clear. Sunshine pours

over the land. People are working in the fields.
The birds are chirping in the trees. All is peaceful
and as it is supposed to be. Suddenly, there is
a change. The light grows strange and dim, even
though it is midday. The birds fall silent in the trees. The
people look at the sky. A dark shape is moving across the sun’s face. The
day grows darker and darker. It almost seems like night.
The people are terrified. What is happening? Why is the sun growing
dark? They run to their homes. They gather inside and talk with great
excitement. Has something swallowed the sun? Some say it must be a
dragon. Only a dragon is large enough to swallow the sun! Others argue
that it cannot be so.
As they argue, the day grows bright

again. The people laugh with relief.
Everyone returns to work. But still,
their minds are full of wonder. What
happened? Did a dragon really try to
swallow the sun?
about the movements of the objects in
the sky as well. Tomb paintings show
pictures of the stars and planets.
A Greek astronomer named Ptolemy
lived more than 2,000 years ago. We
Earth Moon Sun
still have the books that he wrote.
These books show that he understood
eclipses. He was even able to predict
when they might occur. We know that
people have been studying the sky for
S ometimes, ancient people made

up stories to explain the events
of nature. This story shows one way
a long time.
Today, scientists still study eclipses.

They want to learn more about the
that people long ago explained a solar
movements of the Sun, Moon, and
eclipse. A solar eclipse takes place
planets. They can tell exactly when a
when the Moon passes between the
solar eclipse will occur. Sometimes an
Sun and the Earth. For a few minutes,
eclipse is total. This is when the Moon
the Moon blocks out much of the Sun’s
covers the Sun completely. At other
light. The Moon makes a large shadow
times the Moon may cover only part of
on the surface of the Earth. It is this
the Sun. This is called a partial eclipse.
shadow that causes the day to grow
Scientists also know what location on
dim. As the Moon continues on its
Earth will be best for viewing an
orbit, the shadow moves away because
eclipse. Sometimes people travel long
the Earth and Moon keep moving. An
distances to experience a total eclipse
eclipse lasts only a few minutes.
of the Sun.
Some ancient people did study
People now know that there is nothing
astronomy. Astronomy is the study of
to fear from a solar eclipse. We know
celestial bodies. More than 2,000 years
that there are no monsters roaming
ago, the Chinese knew the real cause
the sky. No dragons try to swallow the
of eclipses. Clay tablets have been
Sun. But a solar eclipse is still very
found in Babylonia. They are over
exciting. When a dark shape covers the
3,000 years old. They show that the
Sun, and the day grows strangely dim,
Babylonian people kept records of
people still feel a sense of wonder.
eclipses. Egyptians understood a lot
Name the Dra
en
go
Wh
n
Questions about
n
Sw
Su
a
When the Dragon Swallows llo
ws t h e
the Sun
1. Why do you think ancient people made up stories to explain the events of
nature?
2. What really happens during a solar eclipse?
3. How do we know that people of long ago studied the movements of the stars
and planets?
4. What is a partial solar eclipse?
5. Why do you think some people are willing to travel a long way to experience
a solar eclipse?
Name the Dra
en
go
Wh
n
Vocabulary
n
Sw
Su
a
llo
A. The words in the box can be matched to make pairs of synonyms. ws t h e
Fill in the blanks using the words from the box.
Word Box
amazement peaceful dim grave see dark
wonder total frightened disagree complete tomb
terrified old calm ancient argue view
means about the same as
B. Four ancient civilizations are mentioned in the story. Name them. You may have
to change some of the words. For example, “American” would be changed to
“America.”
Name the Dra
en
go
Wh
n
Write Your Own Story
n
Sw
Su
a
llo
Make up a story that explains some event in nature in an ws t h e
imaginative way.
Hailstorms and Hailstones
I
magine that you are driving along a country road in Kansas. Suddenly,
it seems that thousands of baseballs are falling from the sky. They slam
into your car. Bam! Bam-bam-bam! They bounce off the pavement in
front of you. Crack! The windshield shatters.
Does this sound like a scary dream or fall again. If the updrafts are strong, this
maybe a bad movie? Actually, it’s real can happen over and over again. The
life. It’s called a hailstorm. drops of rain become balls of ice and
snow. These balls are called hailstones.
Hail is made of frozen rain. But how
With each trip up into the clouds, the
do raindrops get to be the size of golf
balls grow bigger and bigger. Finally,
balls, chicken eggs, or even baseballs?
they are too heavy for the winds to lift
Hail forms when strong winds blow
and they fall to Earth.
raindrops back up into the clouds.
These winds are called updrafts. They
carry the raindrops high up in the Hail falls from
clouds where the air is very cold. The cumulonimbus
raindrops freeze. They pick up bits of clouds only. As
ice and snow. They become heavier, the hailstones
and start to fall again. are tossed up
and down by
As these frozen drops fall, they may be strong winds
caught by another updraft. Again they in the cloud,
go high in the cloud where they pick layers of ice
up more layers of snow and ice. They are added.
grow bigger and heavier, and begin to
When hailstones fall, they sometimes Have you ever seen a hailstorm? When
do terrible damage. A farmer’s crops you are safe and warm inside your
may be completely destroyed by hail. In house it can be fun to watch the icy
minutes, tall corn can be knocked flat. balls pelting the ground.
Waving wheat is pounded into the soil.
And just imagine what might happen to
a field full of tomatoes!
Hail can strip the leaves and fruit from

trees, and can even break off limbs.
Large hailstones can dent metal and
break glass. They can shatter windows
in cars and houses. Hailstones vary in size and
shape. The smallest hailstones
Large hailstones can injure or kill
are the size of peas. The
animals that have no shelter. Hailstones
largest hailstone on record fell
have killed some people, too.
in Coffeyville, Kansas, in 1970
Of course, hail makes the roadways and was nearly 18 centimeters in
very dangerous. It can pile up on the diameter. That’s almost as big as
streets and make drivers lose control of a soccer ball!
their cars. Imagine driving on a bed of
Not all hailstones are ball-shaped.
slippery marbles!
Some are flattened disks. Some
Hail occurs during thunderstorms and are like lumpy potatoes. Some
tornadoes. It falls most often in the are nearly cone-shaped. If you
spring. In the United States, hail is most cut a large hailstone in half, you
common in Wyoming and Colorado. It would see the layers of snow and
often falls on the plains of Kansas, ice. The layers look somewhat
Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas. Hail like the rings of an onion.
almost never falls over the oceans. It
doesn’t seem to fall in the areas of the
North and South Poles. It also is very
rare in hot, tropical areas.
Name Hailstorms
Hailstones
Questions about
Hailstorms and Hailstones
1. Hail is made of .
❍ rocks
❍ frozen rain
❍ golf balls
❍ baseballs
2. Hailstones can .
❍ ruin crops
❍ damage cars
❍ injure animals
3. Hail usually occurs during .
❍ sunny days
❍ snowstorms
❍ thunderstorms
❍ tropical rain showers
4. The largest hailstone on record was almost as big as .
❍ a softball
❍ a beach ball
❍ a tennis ball
❍ a soccer ball
5. Hail forms when strong winds blow raindrops high into the clouds.
These winds are called .
❍ updrafts
❍ downdrafts
❍ cloud drafts
❍ hail-makers
Name Hailstorms
Hailstones
Vocabulary
Write the correct word in each sentence.
Word Box
damage flattened shatter crops dent
layers destroyed injure slippery pelted
1. The tornado did some to our house.
2. A shopping cart rolled across the parking lot and hit my car, leaving a large
3. Seymour heard the window just moments after he

threw the ball.
4. Uncle Heywood planted wheat, soybeans, and some other
on his farm.
5. The fans the singer with flowers after her fabulous

performance.
6. The coat of polish made the floor very .
7. Kelly cried when she saw that the dog had her
homework.
8. I did not want to myself, so I climbed the ladder very

carefully.
9. The heavy boards the box underneath them.
10. My chocolate birthday cake had four with frosting

between each.
Name Hailstorms
Hailstones
Many Different Sizes

Hailstones are not really stones. They are balls of frozen rain. They come
in many different sizes. Measure the diameter (the distance across the widest part)
of each hailstone pictured.
in. cm
in. cm
L ight is wonderful and amazing. Light from the Sun warms the Earth. It
provides the energy plants need to grow. Plants make food for animals.
Plants and animals provide food for people and other animals. Without the
Sun’s light, there would be no life on Earth. Light from the Sun is the most
important light of all.
But light also comes from other sources. At night you can see stars twinkling
in the sky. Like our Sun, stars give off their own light. (In fact, our Sun is a
star!) Stars seem small and dim because they are so far away. The Moon
appears to give off light, but it does not make its own light. It can only reflect
light from the Sun.
Other lights also appear in the sky. Lightning zigzags

through storm clouds, making a very exciting light. People
who live near the North and South Poles sometimes see
glimmering bands or streaks of light in the sky. In the
Northern Hemisphere this is called the aurora borealis,
or “northern lights.” In the Southern Hemisphere it’s called
the aurora australis or “southern lights.”
Nature gives us another surprising source of light.

Some animals are able to give off light from their
bodies! Have you ever seen fireflies dancing in the
air on a summer evening? Chemicals inside the
fireflies’ bodies react to give off light. This makes it
look like little lights on their abdomens are blinking
on and off. Squid and many other sea animals can
also give off light.
These lights from nature add beauty and wonder to our lives. But many of
the lights we see every day do not come from nature. These are manmade,
or artificial, lights. Light bulbs, laser beams, and flashlights are all examples
of artificial lights.
Artificial light is important. It allows people to work and travel at night. Many
stores and factories stay open all night long. We can go shopping at night,
or to the library. Headlights on our cars allow us to see the road at night.
Streetlights help us to walk safely along the sidewalk. Airplanes take off and
land on lighted runways.
Artificial lights make our homes safer and more comfortable. They make
our lives easier and more fun. In the past, people had only candles and
firelight. They often went to bed when the sun went down. Today we only
have to flip a switch to get light. We can read, work, and play for many
more hours each day. Manmade lights even give us entertainment such as
movies, video games, and TV.
Artificial light has another important job. It can be used to carry information
from one place to another through special cables. Many telephones and
computers are connected to these cables. Light can help us talk to people
who are far away. It can help us use the Internet.
Daytime sky Nighttime sky
Take a moment to notice light. Go outside on a sunny day. Feel the warmth
on your skin. Gaze at the brilliant stars in the night sky. Indoors, count the
number of artificial light sources that you and your family use. Open the
door to your refrigerator and see everything that’s inside. Enjoy the miracle
that is light!
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Questions about
1. What is the most important source of light?
❍ a light bulb
❍ a flashlight
❍ car headlights
❍ the Sun
2. The northern lights and southern lights look like .
❍ lightning bolts
❍ streaks of colorful light
❍ moonlight
❍ fireflies
3. Fireflies and some other living creatures make lights using .
❍ chemicals in their bodies
❍ friction of their wings
❍ sounds
❍ magic
4. Artificial lights are manmade. Which of the following is not an artificial light?
❍ light from the television
❍ laser beam
❍ starlight
❍ light from a streetlight
5. The stars we see at night seem small because .
❍ they are small
❍ they are reflecting light from the Sun
❍ they are twinkling
❍ they are so far away
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What Is It?
Label each picture with a word from the box.
Word Box
zigzag northern hemisphere aurora borealis south pole
squid lightning abdomen firefly
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A List of Lights
A. Make a list of all the light sources you can find in and around your
house. Draw a star by each natural light source on your list.
B. Which artificial light sources do you think are most useful? Why?
A Class by Itself
C an you
tell the
difference
Aristotle
began dividing
animals into
between a wolf groups. Some
wolf German shepherd
and a German of these
shepherd? These animals look a lot groups were birds, whales, fish, and
alike. Each has four legs and a tail. insects. Then Aristotle broke each large
Each has fur. And females from each group into smaller groups. He wrote
species nurse their young with milk. But that animals with two feet were
a wolf and a German shepherd have different from animals with four feet.
different features. These features help Some animals had hair or feathers.
scientists tell one group of animals from Some did not. Animals with shells
another. were different from animals without
The division, or classification, of shells. These classifications let Aristotle
animals and plants into groups is called identify different groups of animals.
taxonomy. Scientists classify animals Another important scientist was
by looking at things they have in Carolus Linnaeus. Linnaeus was born
common. in Sweden in 1707. At that time many
The first scientist to classify animals new animals were being discovered.
lived thousands of years ago. His name Biologists, scientists who study living
was Aristotle. Aristotle lived in Greece things, had a hard time placing these
from 384 to 322 B.C.E. Aristotle saw new animals into Aristotle’s system.
that animals could be classified by Some animals didn’t fit well into any of
common traits. He identified four ways Aristotle’s groups. So Linnaeus made up
to group animals. These were by way of a new system. Linnaeus’s basic system
living, actions, habits, and body parts. of classification is still used today.
Scientists look at many things when insects is different from a bird that eats
they are classifying animals. The nuts or seeds. Polar bears and sun bears
easiest way to classify an animal is to are both bears. But polar bears live where
look at its body. It’s easy to see that a it is very cold. Sun bears live where it
cheetah and a leopard look a lot alike. is hot. Although both animals are bears,
So these animals are grouped together. they are classified in different groups.
Other times, scientists have to look very Classifying animals is like fitting
closely at the animals’ bodies to see pieces into a puzzle. Each animal fits
what things are alike. That’s why some into a special place. It’s up to biologists
animals that don’t look alike can be part to find out just where that place is.
of the same group.
Scientists also look at where animals
live and what they eat. A bird that eats
Gray Squirrel
This is how a gray squirrel would be classified in the Linnaean system.
Kingdom—animals
All animals are part of the animal kingdom.
Phylum—Chordata
Animals with backbones
Class—mammals
Mammals are animals that nurse their
young.
Order—rodents
Rodents are mammals with long, sharp
front teeth.
Family—rodents with bushy tails
(squirrels, chipmunks)
Genus—rodents with bushy tails

that climb trees (squirrels)
Species—gray squirrel
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Questions about A Class by Itself
1. How do scientists classify animals?
2. Why was Aristotle mentioned in this story?
3. What were the four things that Aristotle used to group animals?
4. Why did Linnaeus make up a new system to classify living things?
5. When scientists are deciding what group an animal belongs to, what things do
they look at besides appearance?
6. Name two things that are the same about squirrels and chipmunks.
7. Name one way that squirrels and chipmunks are different from each other.
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Vocabulary
Use words in the box to complete the crossword puzzle.
Word Box
Aristotle Linnaeus traits system mammals classification
species biologist squirrel rodents taxonomy identify
Across
4. characteristics 1
5. dividing animals and
2
plants into groups
3
7. a specific type of
animal or plant 4
9. to tell what
something is 5
10. a way of organizing
things
6
11. animals with long,
sharp front teeth 7
12. the process of dividing

into groups 8 9
Down
1. the first scientist to 10
classify animals
2. a scientist who studies
11
animals
3. animals that nurse
their young
6. created the system 12
of plant and animal
classification we use
today
8. a rodent with a bushy
tail that climbs trees
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Classify Your Classroom
Get together with a group of three classmates and make up a system for
classifying objects in your classroom. Begin with general categories, such as
“manmade,” “natural,” “consumable,” or “nonconsumable.” Continue making the
groups more specific until you end up with a single object. (For example:
consumable—paper—construction paper—red construction paper.)
All Objects in the Classroom
At Home in the City
W here do coyotes and raccoons live?
If you said the forest or the prairie,
you would be right! Did you know that
these animals also live in the city? Many
animals that live in the wilderness have
also learned to live in cities.
As more houses, offices, stores, and roads

are built in what used to be wilderness,
animals must learn to live in new places.
Sometimes the animals cannot do this.
Maybe they cannot find food in their new
habitat. Or maybe they can’t find a safe
home to raise their young.
However, the city can make a good home for some animals. There are
many places to live in the city. Some animals live under bridges or behind
billboards. Some live in empty buildings. Others live in parks or empty lots.
For some kinds of animals, the city provides lots of food. City animals eat
insects, mice, and birds. They also steal food from garbage cans. Some
animals snack on people’s gardens. City animals drink water from lakes
in parks.
Some wild animals live in cities because there are few predators there.
A raccoon might be prey for a wolf in the wild. In the city, there are no
wolves.
Many raccoons live in the city. These animals are very smart. They can
learn how to open doors and unscrew jars. Raccoons can also take the lids
off garbage cans. These skills help the raccoon find food in the city.
Raccoons eat almost anything. Raccoons like fruit, insects, birds, mice, and
fish. They will eat vegetables and fruit they find in garbage cans. They
will even eat cookies and ice cream! Eating lots of different foods allows
raccoons to survive in the city.
There are lots of places for raccoons to live in the city. Their sharp, curved
claws help them climb. City parks are full of trees. These trees make good
homes for raccoons.
Raccoons also live in other places. Some raccoons make nests in the
chimneys of houses. Others climb fire escapes to the top of tall buildings.
Then they move into the heating vents on the roof. Still other raccoons
live in garages, sheds, and empty buildings. A city raccoon can find many
places to call home!
Another animal that sometimes lives in the city is the coyote. It’s easy for
this animal to adapt to a new habitat. The coyote lives in more places today
than it did 100 years ago.
Coyotes have no trouble finding food in the city. That’s because a coyote will
eat almost anything. Coyotes dig up gardens. They look through garbage
cans for leftover vegetables and meat. They steal fruit from boxes behind
grocery stores.
Coyotes are also good hunters. A coyote will eat most of the other animals
that live in the city. Squirrels, birds, raccoons, and insects are all part of
the coyote’s diet. A coyote will even eat cats and small dogs. A coyote that
lives in the city is often bigger than a coyote that lives in the country. That’s
because a city coyote can find so much to eat.
Parks make good homes for city coyotes. Other coyotes live in empty lots
or alleys. People who live in cities might pass a coyote’s home every day
and never know it!
Of course, most wild animals don’t belong in the city. Wild animals can
hurt people or pets if they become frightened. People get angry when wild
animals dig up their gardens, knock over their garbage cans, and hurt their
pets. Wild animals can also spread diseases, such as rabies. The best place
for wild animals to live is still in the wild!
in the
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Questions about
At Home in the City
1. Which of these animals does not 5. Coyotes live in .
live in the city? ❍ alleys and parks
❍ raccoon ❍ the rainforest
❍ wolf ❍ houses
❍ squirrel ❍ apartments
❍ coyote 6. More animals will live in cities today
2. Where can city animals find food? because .
❍ parks ❍ people want them to
❍ garbage cans ❍ cities are taking up more land
❍ gardens ❍ it is a better place for them than
❍ all of the above the wild
3. Which of the following is not food for ❍ there is no food in the wild
a raccoon?
❍ insects
❍ fruit
❍ tree bark
❍ cookies
4. Coyotes can live in the city
because .
❍ they like people
❍ there is plenty of food
❍ it is crowded
❍ they always live in parks
in the
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Vocabulary
A. Draw a line between the word on the left and its meaning on
the right.
wilderness an animal that hunts other animals

adapt a place where an animal lives
predator a place where no people live
habitat an animal that is hunted by other animals
prey to change because you are in a new situation
B. Use the vocabulary words above to complete these sentences.
1. Mice are often for larger animals.
2. Some wild animals can to life in the city.
3. A wolf is a fierce .
4. The city is a good for raccoons.
5. The is not as crowded as the city.
C. Draw a picture of a wild animal that has adapted to life in the city. Label your
drawing.
in the
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Graphing Information
Some scientists study animals that live in the city. A scientist watched
a coyote for one week. Then he made a graph of all the food the coyote ate.
Look at the graph and answer the questions.
Foods Eaten by Coyote—May 15–22

30
25
Number Eaten
20
15
10
0
Mice Squirrels Birds Insects Fruits &
Vegetables
1. How many different categories of food are shown

on this graph?
2. How many mice did the coyote eat this week?
3. How many squirrels did the coyote eat this week?
4. Did the coyote eat more birds or more insects?
5. What else can you tell from this graph?
Making Old Things New
S top! Don’t throw that empty milk jug
in the trash! Like many other kinds
of plastic, that jug can be recycled into
Another problem with landfills is that
they take up a lot of space. The
garbage keeps on coming, but there
something new. are fewer places to put it. One reason
communities have started recycling is
Recycling is the process of collecting
to help ease the garbage problem.
used items and using the materials
they’re made out of to make new items. Recycling became popular in the
Many different items can be recycled, United States during World War II.
including glass, plastic, aluminum, Communities had “scrap drives” to
newspapers, magazines, paper, motor collect tin cans and old metal. These
oil, and cardboard. Items that can be items were used to make machines
recycled are called recyclables. used in the war.
Every year tons of garbage is dumped When the war ended in 1945, most
in landfills. Then dirt is piled on top of people stopped recycling. Then, in the
the garbage. People once thought that early 1970s, scientific studies showed
the buried garbage would decompose, that pollution was damaging the
or break down, under the ground. But environment. Many people felt that
decomposition can’t happen without recycling was something they could
air and moisture. The garbage can’t do to help reduce pollution. Today,
decompose underground because many communities ask their residents
there isn’t enough air or moisture there. to recycle.
Instead, the garbage just sits there.
One of the most common recyclables
is plastic. Everything from soda bottles
to plastic bags can be recycled.
The first step in the recycling process

is to take the recyclable out of the
waste stream. Instead of throwing
out recyclables, people place them in
recycling bins. These bins are usually
given out by the town. Sometimes they
come from the community’s garbage
or recycling contractor. On certain
days the bins are placed outside.
Then trucks take the recyclables to
a recycling center. Other communities
ask people to take their recyclables to
the recycling center.
At the recycling center, the recyclables

are washed to get rid of any dirt.
Then the plastics are placed on large
conveyor belts for sorting.
Other plastics are shredded or ground
Have you ever seen the number inside into tiny pieces. These pieces can be
the recycling symbol on a soda bottle used as insulation. Some recycled plastic
or plastic bag? That number tells you is used to fill sleeping bags or jackets.
what type of plastic the item is made
Recycling plastic and other materials is
of. In terms of recycling, there are
not as easy or cheap as burying them
seven different types of plastic. At the
in a landfill. But recycling provides a
processing center, each type of plastic
cleaner way for us to get rid of garbage.
is treated a different way.
Why throw something away when you
After the plastic recyclables are sorted, can use it again?
trucks take them to processing centers.
Some plastics are melted down in
huge furnaces. Then the liquid plastic
is molded into new items. Melting
and remolding is the best process
for producing thick, heavy plastics.
Detergent bottles are a good example
of a plastic that can be melted down
and remolded.
T
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Questions about
Making Old Things New
1. Which of the following items is 5. Which of the following is a way to
not recyclable? recycle plastic?
❍ plastic ❍ shredding
❍ newspaper ❍ melting
❍ glass ❍ grinding
❍ food ❍ all of the above
2. Garbage buried in landfills can’t 6. Recycling is better than throwing
break down because . garbage away because .
❍ it’s too dirty ❍ it is cheaper
❍ there isn’t enough air or moisture ❍ it is easier
❍ there isn’t enough light ❍ it is better for the environment
❍ it’s too wet ❍ it is fun
3. During the 1970s, people began
to worry about damage to the
environment from .
❍ pollution
❍ recycling
❍ animals
❍ weather conditions
4. Dividing recyclables into different
types is called .
❍ contracting
❍ sorting
❍ washing
❍ molding
T
Name Old hing
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Vocabulary
Write the word from the box that matches each definition.
Word Box
recycling waste stream landfill contractor
decompose pollution environment recyclables
1. to break down or rot

2 9
2. someone hired to do a job
7 8
3. items that can be made into new items
14 11
4. damage to water, air, and soil
13 5
5. the world of nature; land, sea, and air
10
6. collecting used items and changing them into something new
1 4
7. items that are thrown away become part of this
12 3
8. a place where garbage is buried
6
Match each numbered letter above with the same number in the puzzle below
to discover an important fact.
10 3 1 14 1 6 5 7 4 10 3 2 13 1 3 11
9 8 6 6 13 12 5 8 7
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Sequencing Events
A. Number the following events in the order in which they occur during
the recycling process.
Recyclables are washed.
Plastic recyclables are melted down or shredded into new items.
People put recyclables in recycling bins.
Recyclables are sorted.
The recycling contractor picks up recyclables.
Recyclables are taken to a processing center.
Trucks take the recyclables to the recycling center.
B. Draw a picture to show how you participate in recycling.
Mountains
Folded Fault-block Dome Volcanic

Mountain Mountain Mountain Mountain
M ountains are formed in several

different ways. But all mountains
are made by movements and changes
jut upward, while others slip downward.
Mountains formed in this way are called
fault-block mountains.
in the Earth’s crust. The Earth’s crust is Dome mountains are formed when
the outer skin, or shell, of the Earth. This the crust simply bulges upward. The
crust is not one solid piece. Instead, it is bulging is caused by pockets of molten
made of several large pieces, or plates. rock that push upward toward the
These plates are always moving, surface, causing the crust to rise. An
but so slowly that we cannot tell. The example of this kind of mountain can be
movements of the plates cause sections seen in the Black Hills region of South
of the crust to bend or break. Where the Dakota.
crust bends or breaks, mountains are Volcanic mountains are formed
sometimes formed. This can happen in when lava, the molten rock inside the
four different ways. Earth, breaks through to the surface.
Sometimes areas of the crust buckle The lava pours out, and gas and ash
or fold. Mountains formed in this way explode from the vent, or opening.
are called folded mountains. Layers of cooled ash and lava form
In other cases, pressure from a large cone around the vent. These
movement in the crust causes huge layers pile up, one on top of the other,
cracks to form. These cracks are called building the mountain higher and higher.
faults. There is a lot of pressure along a The mountains of the Hawaiian Islands
fault. The crust can suddenly break into were formed by volcanoes.
huge blocks. Some of the giant blocks
As soon as a mountain forms, it roots grow bigger and exert more
begins to wear away. This process pressure on the rock. The action of
is called erosion. Rain falls on the roots and ice causes pieces of the rock
mountain. The water flows down the to break away. Even the wind can scrub
mountain in streams that carry away at the mountainside, slowly wearing it
tiny bits of rock. Snow falls on the away.
top of the mountain. If the mountain Because of this erosion, older
is high enough, some of the snow will mountains appear smoother, lower, and
remain there all year. Over time the more rounded than younger mountains.
snow hardens into ice. Year after year, Older mountains are often covered with
the snow gets deeper and heavier. After trees and plants. Younger mountains
many years, the layers of ice form are sharper, more rugged, and taller.
into glaciers that move slowly down They are often rocky and covered with
the mountain, carving out bowls and snow.
valleys. The glaciers pick up rocks that
Looking up at one of these towering
grind away at the mountainside like
giants, it is hard to imagine that wind,
sandpaper.
rain, and snowflakes can ever make
Nature works on the mountain in it disappear! It may take millions of
other ways, too. Trees send roots into years, but in time the mountain will wear
little cracks, or crevices, in the rock. away completely. At the same time,
Water seeps into these crevices, too. new mountains will be forming on the
In cold weather the water freezes and ever-changing surface of our planet.
expands, enlarging the cracks. The
© David R. Bridge
© David R. Bridge
Younger mountains are sharper and taller. Older mountains are smoother and lower.
Name ountains
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Questions about
Mountains
1. The Earth’s crust . 5. Younger mountains are
❍ is made of one solid piece usually .
❍ is made of several large pieces ❍ smoother and rounder
❍ does not move ❍ smaller
❍ is very hot ❍ sharper and more rugged
2. Mountains formed when ash and ❍ covered with trees
lava pour out of the Earth are 6. Which of these mountain ranges is
called . an example of dome mountains?
❍ fault-block mountains ❍ Rocky Mountains
❍ folded mountains ❍ Black Hills of South Dakota
❍ dome mountains ❍ Appalachian Mountains
❍ volcanic mountains ❍ Sierra Nevada
3. Erosion can be caused by .
❍ wind
❍ water
❍ ice
4. Fault-block mountains are formed
when .
❍ large chunks of crust break
and move
❍ volcanoes erupt
❍ the crust folds and bends
❍ snow collects and forms glaciers
Name ountains
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Vocabulary
Word Box
lava crust dome glacier vent
faults crevice cone plates
1. a small crack
2. the outer layer of the Earth
3. the opening of a volcano
4. the large pieces of the Earth’s crust
5. molten rock from below the Earth’s surface
6. a shape with a round base and a pointed end
7. a rounded shape, somewhat like half of a ball
8. a large mass of snow and ice
9. huge cracks in the Earth’s surface

B. What does erosion mean?
C. In your own words, explain how the process of erosion can wear away a huge
mountain.
Name ountains
M
How Mountains Are Made

A. Label the pictures of the four different ways in which mountains
are formed.
B. Show this page to someone in your family. Explain how each kind of mountain
is formed.
The Magic Eye
A patient is rushed to the emergency room
of a large hospital. He says his stomach
hurts. The doctor needs to look inside the man’s
body to find out what’s wrong. How can he do
that? He can use a special machine called a
CT scanner.
CT is short for computerized tomography.

A CT scan is a special kind of x-ray image.
It shows doctors what’s deep inside a patient’s
body. X ray of a hand
Traditional x-ray images were first used in 1896. X-ray images are formed
by passing radiation through the body. The rays pass through soft body
tissues, but not through bones. The rays then strike photographic film,
creating a picture of the bones. That picture can show a doctor if something
is wrong with the bones.
X rays work well on dense parts of the body, like bones. For example, an
x ray can show a fracture in an arm or leg bone. But x rays are not very
good at showing other parts of the body. Soft tissues, such as blood vessels
and muscles, don’t show up well on x rays. Neither do organs, such as
the brain or heart.
During the 1960s two scientists worked to make x rays better. One was
Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield. The other was Allan Macleod Cormack.
These two men didn’t know each other, but they each came up with the
idea for the CT scanner.
Both Cormack and Hounsfield thought of sending many x rays through the
body at different angles. They thought this would let doctors take pictures of
body organs. Then a computer could combine the images into one picture.
In 1972 a British company used this idea to create the first CT scanner.
Doctors began using CT scans to
help patients. In the past, if a patient
had something wrong deep inside
the body, doctors had to perform
an operation in order to find the
problem. Today doctors use CT
scans to diagnose many different
medical problems. Operations can be
dangerous and painful. CT scans are
safe and painless. CT scans also
allow doctors to find problems more
quickly than operations do.
A CT scanner is about 8 feet (2.4 m) tall. The machine is shaped like a huge
donut. During a CT scan, the patient lies on a special table. This table slides
into the scanner. Then a tube beams x rays through the patient’s body. The
scanner spins around as it sends out the x rays. Special machines look
at the x rays and send the images to a computer. In a few seconds, the
computer screen shows an image of the inside of the body.
CT scanners were first used to look at the brain. This is still the most
common use of CT scans. A CT scan can show doctors if a patient has
suffered a brain injury. It does this by showing blood or damaged tissue
inside the brain. Doctors may take several CT scans over a few days or
weeks. These scans tell them if a patient’s injury is getting better or worse.
CT scans are also used to diagnose tumors, infections, and injuries deep
inside the body. They can also give doctors a closeup look at body tissues
during operations. This helps doctors be more precise as they work.
X-ray images have come a long way since their first use in 1896. Today x-ray
technology lets doctors do what once seemed impossible—to see inside
the human body.
Name Magic E
e
Th
ye
Questions about
The Magic Eye
1. A CT scan is a type of . 5. CT scans are .
❍ operation ❍ painful
❍ doctor’s visit ❍ very slow
❍ x ray ❍ dangerous
❍ hospital ❍ painless
2. Traditional x-ray images 6. Doctors like CT scans because the
are . scans .
❍ a new invention ❍ are fun to use
❍ more than 100 years old ❍ cost a lot of money
❍ about 30 years old ❍ are asked for by patients
❍ thousands of years old ❍ help them diagnose problems
3. X rays are good at showing
.
❍ organs
❍ muscles
❍ bones
❍ blood vessels
4. CT scans were first used to
see .
❍ the brain
❍ broken bones
❍ the heart
❍ the liver
Name Magic E
e
Th
ye
Vocabulary
Use words from the box to fill in the crossword puzzle.
Word Box
traditional radiation dense fracture patients
organs diagnose operation scanner
Across Down
1. the cutting open of the body 2. something in use for a long time
4. to determine what disease a 3. people being treated by a doctor
patient has 5. body parts, such as the brain or heart
7. the sending out of rays of energy 6. to break
8. thick
9. a computerized tomography machine
1 2
4 5
Name Magic E
e
Th
ye
Invent a Machine
Pretend you are an inventor. What type of machine could you invent to
make someone’s job easier? What does it do? How does it work? How can people
use it? Describe your invention below.
Petrified Forest National Park
The minerals. The trees had surface. The pressure on
Petrified been “petrified,” or turned the trees caused them to
Forest into fossils. They were break into pieces. Water
Petrified Forest
National Park
National buried deep in the earth. and wind scrubbed away
Park is Millions of years passed. the soil that surrounded
located in Then, about 60 million years them. The petrified trees
the state of ago, this area went through were left lying on the
Arizona. It is in the middle another change. The land surface. Today we can see,
of a hot, dry desert. But was lifted up. The petrified touch, and marvel at these
200 million years ago, the trees were pushed to the amazing fossils.
land was different. This area
was a warm, swampy flood Dinosaur Fossils
plain. Tall trees, ferns, and Fossils of some very early dinosaurs and reptiles have
other plants grew along the been found in and around the park. You can see some
banks of streams and rivers. exhibits about these animals at the Rainbow Forest
Dinosaurs and other reptiles Museum. There are many plant and animal fossils on
lived in the forest. display. This museum is located at the south entrance to
Some of the trees in the park.
the forest grew old and Placerias gigas
died. Some were toppled This reptile weighed up to
by wind or flooding. These 2 tons (1.8 metric tons). It
trees settled into the earth. probably ate roots and tough
Some of them were buried plants.
in sand and mud. Volcanic Coelophysis bauri
eruptions covered the area This small dinosaur was only
with ashes. The minerals in 8 feet (2.5 m) long and weighed
the ashes mixed with the about 50 pounds (22 kg). It had
water in the ground. The sharp teeth, so it probably ate meat.
mineral-rich water soaked
Smilosuchus gregorii
into the trees. Over time,
This reptile looked quite a bit
the wood was replaced
like a crocodile. It lived in
completely by these
lakes and rivers, and ate fish
and other small animals.
Points of Interest
There are many places to see fossils in PETRIFIED
the Petrified Forest National Park. There FOREST
are two visitor centers. One is near the NATIONAL PARK
north entrance. The other is near the south
entrance. A 27-mile drive connects the two.
You will want to make several stops along Visitor Center
the way. North Entrance
• Take the short trail to the Long Logs.

Notice the bright colors of the minerals
in the fossilized trees.
• Don’t miss the Crystal Forest. Notice
how every detail of each tree is perfectly
preserved. The texture of the bark looks
like living wood, even though it is really
millions of years old! Many of the logs
Jasper
here used to contain colorful crystals. Forest
Sadly, these have been broken off and

Crystal
carried away by visitors. Forest
• Stop at the Jasper Forest Overlook. You Rainbow

Forest
Museum
can see some trees that still have roots Long Logs
attached. This means that the trees Visitor Center

South Entrance
must have grown nearby.
Be a Good Visitor
Please don’t disturb any fossils you might find in the park. Instead, report these
finds to a park ranger. Never remove pieces of petrified wood or anything else
from the park. Petrified wood is for sale in many stores outside the park. Help us
preserve the park so that others may enjoy it for generations to come.
For more information, check out the National Park Service Web site at www.nps.gov.
Name
Petrified Forest
Questions about National Park
Petrified Forest National Park

1. Petrified Forest National Park is located in the state of .
❍ Montana
❍ Maine
❍ Arizona
❍ Colorado
2. This park is located in .
❍ a jungle
❍ a dry desert
❍ a cold, snowy region
❍ a pine forest
3. Two hundred million years ago, this area was .
❍ warm and wet
❍ cold and wet
❍ cold and dry
❍ warm and dry
4. The trees that grew here were turned into fossils when .
❍ the wood dried out in the sun
❍ the trees were covered with ice
❍ mineral-rich water soaked into the trees
5. If you find any fossils in the park, you should .
❍ pick them up and take them home
❍ pick them up and take them to the museum
❍ leave them where they are and tell a park ranger
❍ cover them with dirt to hide them
Name
Petrified Forest
Vocabulary National Park
Circle yes or no to show whether the underlined word in the sentence has the
meaning that is given. Then write a sentence of your own using the underlined
word.
1. Jed waded into the swamp to look for snakes.
In this sentence, swamp means “a marshy area of soft, wet land.” yes no
2. Buried beneath layers of ash and mud, the dinosaur bones slowly
became petrified.
In this sentence, petrified means “melted.” yes no
3. The reptile crawled up on a warm rock and went to sleep.

In this sentence, reptile means “a cold-blooded animal such
as a lizard or an alligator.” yes no
4. The ranger explained the park rules to the family in the campground.
In this sentence, ranger means “a person who watches over
a park or forest area.” yes no
5. I hope that this interesting park is preserved for the future.

In this sentence, preserved means “destroyed.” yes no
Name
Petrified Forest
Fossil Hunt National Park
Fossils are clues to the past. They tell us all that we know about the plants
and animals that lived on the Earth millions of years ago. Without fossils, we
would not know that the strange and amazing creatures we call dinosaurs ever
roamed the Earth.
Paleontologists are scientists who use fossils to study ancient plant and animal
life. They search for fossils in many parts of the world, hoping to learn more from
these important clues.
For each fossil picture below, write a sentence explaining what you think might
have made the fossil.
Nature’s Gifts:
The Materials of the Earth
It is early morning. The first rays of the sun slip into the mouth of the cave.
The family group that is sleeping inside begins to wake up. The women
stir up the fire. The children gather wood. The men check their weapons,
which are stout wooden spears. Each spear has a stone point at the tip.
The men will hunt today. Food supplies are low. There isn’t much to eat
for breakfast, only scraps of meat left over from the evening meal.
The women and children will also go in search of food. They take rough
baskets made of bark and reeds. While the men wander the grassland
looking for game (animals that are hunted for meat), the women and
children hunt for food in the forest. They
gather berries in the baskets.
They use sharpened
sticks to dig up tasty
roots. If they are
lucky, there will be a
feast for the whole
group this night!
P eople have always used the

materials offered by nature to make
the things they need. These things
digging tools. They used the skins of
animals to make clothing and blankets.
It has been thousands of years
make life better and easier. Even since these early humans roamed the
the earliest humans found ways to Earth. Our way of life has changed
make useful tools. They chipped hard a great deal. Humans have learned
stone into sharp spear points. They much more about the Earth’s natural
used flexible bark to make baskets. materials. We have learned how to
They sharpened strong sticks to make use these materials in better ways.
For instance, we have learned to take are not found in nature. They are made
fiber from plants, like cotton, and make by mixing chemicals that are found
it into cloth. We have learned to use in natural materials such as petroleum
plants for other purposes, too. Today (oil), coal, and certain kinds of plants.
many products are made from plants. Many different kinds of plastics can be
Oils, paint, soap, and medicines are a made from these chemicals. Plastics
few of these products. are used to make a wide variety of
We have learned to use metals objects. Ketchup bottles, trash cans,
like copper, iron, gold, and silver. football helmets, and even parts for the
We use these metals to make many space shuttles are made of plastic!
useful things. Metals are used to make We are constantly learning more
machinery, automobiles, and airplanes. about the materials that make up our
Metals are also used to make coins world. Every day inventors try to find
and jewelry. We have even learned how new uses for nature’s gifts. Every day
to mix metals to make new materials. scientists try to combine these materials
Two or more metals mixed together in new ways. It is hard to imagine what
form an alloy. Some alloys are very the future holds. There will probably
useful because they are lightweight be many exciting discoveries in your
but very strong. lifetime. The materials of the Earth are
Brand new materials have been truly gifts to treasure.
developed, too. Plastics, for example,
ability to
bow & metal
simple make fire
spears arrow wheel tools plastic
stone tools pottery
1
50 ars
25 ars
10 ars
7,5 ars
5, ars
2, ars
10 ars
00 a
50 a
m rs a
,0 a
0
0, a
0, a
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
00 a
illi g
00 g
00 go
00 go
0 go
0 go
a
on o
0
0
ag
go
o
This time line shows how humans have learned to use nature’s gifts over
time. (Dates are approximate.)
Name ur
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Gi
Nat
fts
Questions about
Nature’s Gifts:
The Materials of the Earth
1. Next to each material, write the name of an object made by early humans.
stone
bark
animal skins
wood
2. List four products that are made today from each material.
plants metals plastics
3. From what are plastics made?
4. Do you think the author chose a good title for this article? Explain your thinking.
Name ur
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Gi
Nat
fts
Vocabulary
We can often learn the meaning of a word by the way it is used in the
sentence. This is called the “context.” Use context clues to complete the
exercises below.
1. The soldier cleaned his weapon before the battle began.
Circle the name of the object that is not usually used as a weapon.
gun bowl spear arrow
2. My sister likes to wander through the hills on her horse.

Circle the word that means the same as “wander.”
fall sneak sit roam
3. The flexible gymnast did a backbend with ease.

Circle the word that means the opposite of “flexible.”
rough old stiff tiny
4. The old man uses a stout cane when he walks down the street.
Circle the word that means the same as “stout.”
strong thin short yellow
5. Ralph used a very strong alloy to make the parts for his airplane.
Circle the best answer. An alloy is a mixture of:
plastics metals chemicals plants
6. Sam is very good at tracking game.

Circle the word that does not name a kind of game.
deer rabbit corn squirrel
7. We bought the building materials we needed at the lumberyard.

Circle the items that might have been purchased.
clothing nails boards potato chips hammer
Name ur
e’s
Gi
Nat
fts
Favorite Things
Everyone has a few favorite objects. Think of one object that you treasure
a great deal. What is it?
What is it made of?
What is the object used for?
Where did it come from?
Why is this object so special to you?
Draw a picture of the object in the box below.
Answer Key
Page 7 5. The tuning keys make the strings Page 23
1. all of the above tighter or looser, which makes the A. 1. particles
2. 10 sound they produced higher or 2. clay
3. every night lower. 3. contract
4. grumpy 6. A melody is a series of single notes. 4. weathering
5. your lungs stop working A chord is more than one note 5. fertile
played at the same time. 6. sand
Page 8 7. It vibrates to make the guitar’s 7. temperature
A. 3 sound louder. 8. expand
4 9. burrow
1 Page 18 B. Students’ sentences will vary.
2 A. 1. fret
5 2. vibrate Page 24
B. Drawings will vary. 3. interpret 1. T
4. chord 2. F
Page 9 5. sound wave 3. T
Students’ records and answers 6. melody 4. T
will vary. 7. frequency 5. F
B. 1. Definitions will vary, but are 6. T
Page 12 likely to be similar to: a musical 7. F
1. He smelled the toast in the toaster. instrument with strings that you 8. F
2. Students’ responses may vary, but pluck or strum. 9. T
might include: pushed the tape 2. noun 10. T
recorder button, turned on the light, 3. yes or no, depending on the 11. F
picked up a pencil, pushed the dictionary used
drinking fountain button, kicked a Page 27
soccer ball. Page 19 1. all of the above
3. Students’ responses may vary, but 1. bridge 2. weight
might include: draw pictures, create 2. sound hole 3. burning wood
a time line, write in a diary or journal. 3. finger board 4. length
4. Students’ responses will vary. 4. tuning keys 5. gas
5. Frets
Page 13 Page 28
A. 1. sense Page 22 A. Answers will vary, but should make
2. environment 1. a. temperature: causes rocks to sense.
3. organism expand and contract, which can Sample answers: orange, playful,
4. interact cause pieces to break off hot, cold
5. survive b. water: freezing in cracks can B. Drawings will vary, but should
B. Illustrations will vary. break off pieces; flowing over give a sense of each specified
rocks can wear away layers characteristic.
Page 14 c. animals: burrowing animals can
sour sweet salty cause rocks to crack and break Page 29
vinegar cake pretzel 2. rock particles, water, air, organic Answers will vary. One way to check
lemon cookie french fries material would be to have partners or groups
pickle sugar salt 3. The smaller the soil particles, the compare responses.
more water the soil can hold.
Page 17 4. Clay soil can hold the most water. Page 32
1. Sound is created when an object 5. Earthworms make soil healthy by 1. it teaches important skills
vibrates. creating spaces in the soil. Then the 2. hunting
2. The frequency of a sound is the soil can hold more water, and air can 3. wild pigs
number of sound waves created in better move through the soil. 4. cheetahs
one second. 6. dark-colored or red 5. keep in shape
3. a low pitch 6. wrestling
4. Sounds are created on a guitar by
plucking the strings, causing them to
vibrate.
Page 33 Page 42 5. Limestone is carved into art.
A. 5 1. atoms Limestone is cut into large blocks to
4 2. an element build buildings. Crushed limestone is
8 3. heavy used for roads and sidewalks.
2 4. move around freely 6. Millions of years ago, this land
10 5. solid must have been at the bottom
9 of a sea. This can be known
7 Page 43 because limestone is formed from
3 A. 1. molecule 5. particle the remains of tiny sea animals.
1 2. element 6. evaporate
6 3. matter 7. atoms Page 53
B. Students’ pictures and labels will 4. compound 1. igneous f
vary. B. Pictures should show that students 2. metamorphic h
understand the meanings of the 3. coral b
Page 34 words. 4. quarries e
1. lion 3. bobcat 5. skeletons c
2. cheetah 4. tiger Page 44 6. sedimentary i
Observations will vary, but should 7. dissolves d
Page 37 indicate that the microwaved ice cube 8. magnifying a
1. A habitat is the place where an shows the most rapid melting. 9. limestone j
animal lives. Conclusion should state that heat 8. ancient g
2. Food, water, shelter, and a place to speeds up the process of melting as
raise young are the four important heat makes the molecules in the water Page 54
elements of habitat. move around more freely. The greater 1. sedimentary rocks 4. Chapter 5
3. Hummingbirds eat sweet nectar. the amount of heat applied, the faster 2. page 15 5. Glossary
4. If birdbaths and feeders are placed water will change from a solid to a 3. Chapter 1 6. Chapter 4
on the ground, it will be hard for liquid.
the birds to get away from predators Page 57
such as cats. Page 47 1. molten iron
5. Fungus can grow in the feeders and 1. store 2. magnet
harm the birds. 2. on the river bottom 3. a south pole and a north pole
6. Thick foliage makes a shrub or tree 3. the Civil War 4. Chinese navigators
a good hiding place for birds. 4. so that trains could get across 5. they help us find our way
7. Answers mentioned in the text 5. strong 6. the Earth has a weak magnetic field
include: cedar, holly, pine, crab
apple, spruce, elderberry. Page 48 Page 58
1. cargo 5. transportation A. magnetic the center part of
Page 38 2. foremost 6. vessel something
foliage 3. steel 7. engineer molten north, south, east,
4. arches 8. successful west
core an instrument for
Page 49 telling direction
branch Answers will vary. friction attracting iron or
steel
patio Page 52 navigator melted by heat
1. Limestone is formed over thousands compass northeast, south-
of years by the buildup of shells and east, northwest,
birdbath skeletons of tiny animals that lived in southwest
the seas. cardinal points rubbing together
shrub
berries 2. Limestone is a sedimentary rock. intercardinal someone who
3. Limestone dissolves in water. When points guides a ship
groundwater moves through B. 1. navigator 7. Molten
limestone formations, the limestone 2. cardinal points 8. core
Page 39 dissolves over time, creating empty 3. magnetic
Birds listed or drawn will vary. areas, or caves. 4. compass
4. Drip vinegar on the rock. If it fizzes, 5. friction
it is limestone. 6. intercardinal points
Page 59 Page 68 3. Each layer traps air and helps to
1. east 4. southwest A. 1. T 5. T 9. F retain the heat from Ricky’s body.
2. north 5. south 2. T 6. T 10. F 4. Fat, fur, and feathers are forms of
3. big rock 6. west 3. F 7. F insulation found on animals’ bodies.
4. T 8. T 5. Answers will vary, but may include
Page 62 B. Sources of energy include the sun, furnace, fireplace, heaters, attic
1. Forest fires kill trees. wind, petroleum, corn, and other insulation, wall insulation, and
Forest fires hurt or kill animals. plants. double-pane windows. The last
Forest fires sometimes destroy C. Answers will vary. Accept any three answers would be marked
homes. reasonable responses. with an X.
2. Any three of the following:
Forest fires clear away the litter on Page 69 Page 78
the forest floor. A. mummies baskets 1. lodge 7. flitting
Forest fires provide nutrients to new pitch pools 2. chickadee 8. summit
and surviving trees. canoes houses 3. bound 9. fibers
Forest fires create good habitat for wagons streets 4. insulation 10. plumes
birds. grease adobe 5. chairlift 11. powder
Forest fires help seeds of some B. Sentences will vary. 6. furnace 12. slope
plants to sprout.
Forest fires help to get rid of Page 72 Page 79
non-native plants. 1. Sally studied biology because she A potholder is used to hold hot dishes.
3. Don’t play with matches. wanted to learn about the natural It prevents the heat from the dish from
Be sure to put out campfires. world. She wanted to help protect moving to your hand and burning you.
4. Most natural forest fires are started the environment. A drink holder fits around a soft drink
by lightning strikes. 2. Machines could not easily spin can. It is made of rubbery material
5. The hot, dry weather makes the cotton with short fibers. that keeps the heat from the air from
forest burn more easily. Other 3. Sheets, towels, and clothing can all warming the drink in the can.
reasonable answers might include be made from cotton.
that there are more thunderstorms in 4. She wants to know which plants Earmuffs are used to keep your ears
the summer; and that more people have the longest fibers and the best warm. They keep the heat from your
are likely to be in the forests in colors so that she can save their ears from moving into the cold air.
the summer, making campfires and seeds for replanting.
using matches. 5. Colored cotton does not need Page 82
6. Answers will vary. pesticides. It does not need dyes. 1. Monkeys and apes use branches to
get termites out of the ground.
Page 63 Page 73 They use rocks to crack nuts.
1. forest 5. habitat A. 6 They use wide leaves for shelter
2. litter 6. snags 10 from rain.
3. an ecologist 7. prevent, occur 4 2. The monkeys were able to figure
4. nutrients, 8. species 1 out which tools were best. They
community 8 chose the right tools. They did not
5 pay attention to things that did not
Page 64 9 matter, like color.
1 2 3. a. Marc did the experiment with
4 7 eggplants because he wanted to
3 3 know if the monkeys understood
5 B. Drawings and labels will vary. numbers.
2 b. The monkeys looked for a longer
Page 74 time when they did not see
Page 67 Students’ stories will vary. the number of eggplants they
1. the remains of ancient plants and expected.
animals Page 77 c. They seemed to be able to tell
2. petroleum 1. Insulation keeps heat from moving when the number was wrong.
3. all of the above from one place to another. They seem to have some under-
4. we are using it all up 2. Ricky wants to keep the heat his standing about numbers.
5. all of the above body generates near his skin.
1BHF 1BHF 1BHF
" 1. broad 1. People made up stories because
2. laboratory they did not understand the real
3. screen causes of these events. Sometimes 3/4 in. 4.5 cm
4. stage the events were frightening and
5. experiment the people wanted to have some
6. humans explanation for why they happened.
7. termites 2. During a solar eclipse, the Moon
8. expected passes between the Sun and the
# 1. humans Earth. The shadow of the Moon 2 1/2 in. 1 cm
2. termites blocks out the Sun’s light. The Moon
3. laboratory makes a big shadow on the surface 1BHF
4. broad of the Earth. 1. the Sun
5. expected 3. We know that people studied the 2. streaks of colorful light
sky long ago because we have 3. chemicals in their bodies
1BHF found clay tablets with records 4. starlight
Answers will vary, but should include of eclipses. There are paintings 5. they are so far away
some of the following: in Egyptian tombs that show the
5BNBSJOT planets and stars. The Greek 1BHF
live in Colombia astronomer Ptolemy understood DEGRPHQÀUHÁ\]LJ]DJQRUWKHUQ
live in trees eclipses and wrote about them. hemisphere, south pole, squid,
have white furry heads 4. A partial solar eclipse is when the aurora borealis, lightning
are 8 inches (20 cm) tall Moon blocks only part of the Sun.
#PUI 5. People probably have different 1BHF
eat fruit and insects reasons. Scientists want to learn Answers will vary, but natural light
live in groups more about eclipses. Some people sources should be marked correctly.
are monkeys DUHMXVWFXULRXV6RPHSHRSOHÀQG Answers to Part B should be supported.
3IFTVT.POLFZT eclipses exciting.
live in India 1BHF
live on the ground 1BHF 1. Scientists classify animals by looking
are about 2 feet (0.6 m) tall " amazement—wonder at the things they have in common.
are brown all over peaceful—calm $ULVWRWOHZDVWKHÀUVWVFLHQWLVWWR
eat roots and seeds dim—dark classify animals.
grave—tomb 3. Aristotle grouped animals by way
1BHF see—view of living, actions, habits, and body
1. 11 years total—complete parts.
2. Mercury IULJKWHQHG³WHUULÀHG 4. Linnaeus made up a new
3. Saturn old—ancient FODVVLÀFDWLRQV\VWHPEHFDXVHQHZ
4. Venus argue—disagree animals were being discovered that
5. 84 Earth years # China, Babylonia, Egypt, Greece GLGQRWÀWLQWR$ULVWRWOHҋVV\VWHP
6. Neptune 5. Scientists look at where the animals
1BHF live and what they eat, as well as
1BHF Students’ stories will vary. what the animals look like.
" 1. satellite 6. Both chipmunks and squirrels are
2. atmosphere 1BHF rodents that have bushy tails.
3. cycle 1. frozen rain 7. Squirrels climb trees, but chipmunks
4. ripples 2. all of the above don’t.
5. climate 3. thunderstorms
ÁDUH 4. a soccer ball 1BHF
7. spews 5. updrafts "DSPTT %PXO
8. Exploration 4. traits 1. Aristotle
9. biome 1BHF 5. taxonomy 2. biologist
# Students’ sentences will vary. 1. damage 6. slippery 7. species 3. mammals
2. dent 7. destroyed 9. identify 6. Linnaeus
1BHF 3. shatter 8. injure 10. system 8. squirrel
Students’ reports will vary. FURSV ÁDWWHQHG 11. rodents
5. pelted 10. layers FODVVLÀFDWLRQ
Page 109 5. environment 7. waste stream Page 129
Students’ classification systems will 6. recycling 8. landfill Students’ answers will vary, but should
vary. Here is a sample response: Answer to code: Recycling reduces answer all questions posed in the
pollution. prompt.
All Objects in the Classroom
chemicals books
Page 119 Page 132
A. 4 1. Arizona
7 2. a dry desert
liquids library books
1 3. warm and wet
5 4. mineral-rich water soaked into the
clean
liquids
my library books 2 trees
6 5. leave them where they are and tell
water Animals of 3 a park ranger
the Arctic
B. Students’ drawings will vary.
Page 112 Page 133
1. wolf Page 122 1. yes 4. yes
2. all of the above 1. is made of several large pieces 2. no 5. no
3. tree bark 2. volcanic mountains 3. yes
4. there is plenty of food 3. all of the above Students’ sentences for each item will
5. alleys and parks 4. large chunks of crust break and vary.
6. cities are taking up more land move
5. sharper and more rugged Page 134
Page 113 6. Black Hills of South Dakota Fossils are of an insect, a shell, a fish,
A. wilderness an animal that hunts and a fern frond (or leaf). Sentences
other animals Page 123 will vary.
adapt a place where an A. 1. crevice 4. plates 7. dome
animal lives 2. crust 5. lava 8. glacier Page 137
predator a place where no 3. vent 6. cone 9. faults 1. stone: spear point
people live B. Erosion is the gradual wearing bark: basket
habitat an animal that is away of something by water or animal skins: clothing, blankets
hunted by other wind. wood: spears, digging sticks
animals C. Explanations will vary, but should 2. Possible answers include:
prey to change because explain that water and moving ice plants metals plastics
you are in a new carry small pieces of the mountain oils machinery food containers
situation downhill as they move. Wind can paint automobiles trash cans
B. 1. prey 4. habitat blow away small bits of rock and soap airplanes football helmets
2. adapt 5. wilderness soil. medicine coins parts for space
3. predator cloth jewelry shuttles
C. Drawings may vary. Page 124 3. Plastics are made from chemicals
A. volcanic folded found in natural materials such as
Page 114 fault-block dome petroleum and coal.
1. 5 4. insects 4. Answers will vary.
2. 20 5. Answers will vary, but Page 127
3. 5 should be justified by the 1. x ray Page 138
graph. 2. more than 100 years old 1. bowl
3. bones 2. roam
Page 117 4. the brain 3. stiff
1. food 5. painless 4. strong
2. there isn’t enough air or moisture 6. help them diagnose problems 5. metals
3. pollution 6. corn
4. sorting Page 128 7. nails, boards, hammer
5. all of the above Across Down
6. it is better for the environment 1. operation 2. traditional Page 139
4. diagnose 3. patients Students’ responses will vary.
Page 118 7. radiation 5. organs
1. decompose 3. recyclables 8. dense 6. fracture
2. contractor 4. pollution 9. scanner
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The Skills Pages

A Good Night’s Sleep States of Matter

What happens if you don’t get

If you want to have a good day,

1. mental strength for activity

2. signal people who study science and try to solve problems

3. energy in the mind

4. scientists makes a sign or sends information

5. clumsy not graceful

Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat.

Time I went to sleep

Number of hours I slept

B. Answer the following questions about your sleep record.

1. On which night did you get the most sleep?

2. On which night did you get the least sleep?

Questions about My Senses

2. Tell at least four ways Aaron used his sense of touch.

1. I used my of sight to experience the lovely sunset.

2. A polar bear would not thrive in a tropical .

3. The scientist examined the under the microscope.

4. I with my friends at school.

5. Wild animals must know how to ﬁnd food in order to .

Use Your Sense of Taste

pretzel cake lemon

french fries cookie pickle

sugar salt vinegar

Low Frequency Wave

Y ou have probably heard a guitar

string shorter can change the sound

A guitarist can pluck each string Sound hole

more complex music, a guitarist plays

2. What is the frequency of a sound?

3. What kind of pitch does a sound with a low frequency create?

4. How does a person create sounds from a guitar?

5. How do tuning keys change the sound produced by individual strings?

6. What is the difference between a melody and a chord?

7. What does a sound box do?

1. Jean placed one ﬁnger on a on the guitar.

2. The gong will when you hit it.

3. I couldn’t his secret message.

4. Will played a with three notes in it.

5. A travels to your ear.

6. My mother hummed a pretty .

7. A whistle has a high .

B. Look up the word guitar in a dictionary. Then answer the questions.

2. What part of speech is the word guitar?

3. Does your dictionary have a picture of a guitar?

The Parts of a Guitar

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