Design of foundation for communications towers

By
Ali Abdullah Ghazi Al-Hamwan
341110228

Ahmed Hamoud Saleh Al Sharari

351110361

Ahmed Ali Mohamed Taizi

351101173

Mukhlid Mubarak Dakhil Allah Sharari

351110192
Graduation Project Report
Department of Civil Engineering
JOUF University, Sakaka
Fall 2018
 Declaration

We, hereby declare that this project neither as a whole nor as a part there of
has been copied out from any source. It is further declared that we have
developed this project and the accompanied report entirely on the basis of
our personal efforts made under the sincere guidance of our supervisor. No
portion of the work presented in this report has been submitted in the
support of any other degree or qualification of this or any other University
or Institute of learning. If any violation is found in this GP report, we will be
liable to be punished under the plagiarism rules.

Signature:______________

Name: Ali Abdullah Ghazi Al-Hamwan

Signature:______________

Name: Ahmed Hamoud Saleh Al Sharari

Signature:______________

Name: Ahmed Ali Mohamed Taizi

Signature:______________

Name: Mukhlid Mubarak Dakhil Allah Sharari

Jouf University, Sakaka

Fall 2018
i
 Dedication

In this page you can dedicate your project to which you want to dedicate
your work.

This work is nicely dedicated to our parents;

Dr. Mahmoud Samir Elkady and Civil Engineering Department

ii
 Acknowledgement

In this page you are advised to give appreciation to those teachers who have
helped you during your projects, and also the name of those who have guide
you through out your project thesis, evaluation.

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals and I would like to
extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to engineering section for their guidance and constant

supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the
project & also for their support in completing the project.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & Dr. Mahmoud

Samir Elkady for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me
in completion of this project.

I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to engineering

section for giving me such attention and time.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my classmates who have willingly

helped me out with their abilities.

iii
 Abstract

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review,

conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or
discipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's
purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a
manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic
paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various
academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that
particular subject. The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications
to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In
management reports, an executive summary usually contains more
information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does.

They are towers made up of interconnected mesh railings, anchored on an

independent earth base, and a list without any supports from another facility
or guys. With heights up to 90 meters. It is used to install radios or RF
receivers.

iv
Chapter One

INTRODUCTION

The requirement of electricity uses has continued to grow in every country,

the amount of requirement being bigger in the developing countries. The
transmission line towers are considered one of maximum important life-line
structures that help in transmitting electric powered energy. The
Transmission towers are essential for the cause of providing electricity to
diverse areas of the nation. In present situation, there may be growth in
building of power stations and consequent increase in energy transmission
traces from the producing stations to the distinct corners. Interconnections
between structures also are growing to enhance reliability and financial
system. Transmission line should be solid and punctiliously designed so that
they do now not fail all through herbal catastrophe and should agree to the
countrywide and global popular. The planning and designing of a
transmission line encompass some of requirements of both structural and
electric. From the electrical point of view, the most important requirement
is insulation and safe clearances of the strength sporting conductors from
the ground. The cross-segment of conductors, the spacing between
conductors, and the area of ground wires with appreciate to the conductors
will decide the design of towers and foundations. Transmission line is an
incorporated device inclusive of conductor subsystem, ground cord
subsystem and one subsystem for each category of guide structure.
Mechanical supports of transmission line represent a considerable portion
of the price of the road and that they play a crucial position in the reliable
power transmission. They are designed and built in huge form of shapes,
types, sizes, configurations and materials. The supporting shape types
utilized in transmission lines normally fall into one of the three categories:
lattice, pole and guyed. The supports of EHV transmission traces are usually
steel lattice towers. The value of towers constitutes approximately sector to
half of the fee of transmission line and for this reason ultimate tower design
will bring in substantial savings.

1
TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER
Overhead transmission lines play a significant role inside the operation of a
dependable electricity equipment. Sustained business throughput and
performance of operations of essential sectors of the countrywide
economic system rely highly on protection and reliability of energy lines.
Transmission line towers are used to aid the electric electricity conductors
on the stipulated clearances from ground and different carrying out media.
From the point of electricity transmission, the tower shape is considered as
nonproductive. Conductors are considered as efficient and costs 36% of
transmission line machine. The tower shape and basis expenses are 33%
and 14% respectively. This without a doubt shows that the nonproductive
charges are a good deal higher than the productive fees and emphasizes the
significance of affecting all possible economies in towers and foundations
from design stage to erection. Transmission line towers are erected in large
numbers and therefore their designs ought to be commercially competitive.
Substantial financial savings in materials can be performed through choice
of efficient structural configuration and highest quality designs without
compromising at the safety and reliability of towers.

The geometry of the tower is mainly governed by means of the practical

and structural requirements such as

 The line voltage

 Number of circuits to be carried
 The location of the tower in the line
 Arrangement of conductors and earth wires
 Sag-tension properties of the conductors and ground wires
 Electrical clearance requirements
 Arrangement of insulator strings
 Landscape / terrain

2
Bracing elements are used to decrease the slenderness ratio of the main
contributors thereby growing their sporting ability. The force within the
bracing depends on the stiffness of the bracing. The most usually used
bracing structures in transmission line towers are Single lattice bracings X or
Cross bracing and K- bracing. A standard transmission line tower, its
elements and the loads to which they are subjected are explain in Figure
1.1. The design of transmission line towers, which are heavily produced, is
commonly based on minimum weight philosophy. The towers, in
fashionable, are of lattice type which include legs, number one, secondary
bracings and cross arm individuals. The structural design of the tower is
particularly ruled with the aid of the wind hundreds performing at the
conductor /tower frame, self-weight of the conductor /tower and different
masses due to line deviation, damaged twine condition, cascading, erection,
maintenance, and many others. The towers also are checked for other
incidental environmental hundreds like icing, wind impact on icing and
everyday temperature variations, and many others. The tower is modelled
as a pin jointed space truss for the evaluation. For the member layout, quit
restraint (both as pinned or as partially restricted) and stop eccentricities
within affordable limits are considered. Linear static analysis is carried out
to acquire the member forces assuming that each one participants are
subjected to best axial forces and the deformations are small. The members
are designed based totally on the winning codes of practice. Bearing kind
bolted connections are used to connect the tower individuals with nominal
bolts.

3
 Double Circuit Transmission Line Tower Proof checking out of systems is
essential to confirm the engineering components of the layout process. The
evidence check demonstrates the efficiency of the evaluation approaches
used in calculating the load results from design loads, the adequacy of the
electricity and the detailing of the structural additives. Full scale testing of
towers provide an insight into the real stress distribution in unique tower
configurations, pressure-suit verification, and motion of the structure in
deflected positions, adequacy of connections and other detailing. Generally,
these tests are made on the prototype towers prior to the producing
technique or beneath certain situations, these assessments may also be
made as recognition check for a batch of towers. In view of the above,
maximum of the energy transmission tower industries everywhere in the
global have made evidence testing of transmission line towers obligatory.
Study of test outcomes offers a perception into the behavior of the system
and it also enables in arriving at suitable remedial measures within the
event of premature failure of towers.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Most of the earlier studies have been concentrated on additives along with
single attitude behavior, X and K braced panels. Studies on failure of full
scale transmission line towers are accomplished by way of very few
researchers. Literature to be had at the experimental behavior of complete
scale transmission line towers is scant. Hence specified investigations have
been conducted on the failure of transmission line towers. Lattice towers
include primary contributors like leg and bracing members. The secondary
bracing members are supposed to aid the primary participants at their
intermediate duration, as a result, reducing their powerful period and
increasing their buckling power. The lattice towers are generally analyzed
assuming the contributors to be concentrically related using hinged joints
so that the forces in the angle contributors are only axial. Under this
assumption, the forces within the redundant are negligibly small or zero
and subsequently are not covered within the linear evaluation models.
However, the main legs and the bracing contributors aren't axially loaded
and the redundant forces aren't negligibly small, because of the following
reasons:
 The foremost legs are commonly continuous via the joint.

4
 Usually more than one bolt is used in the connections and subsequently
the joints are semirigid.
 The angle members are typically bolted through best one in every of their
legs and as a result the pressure transfer inside the member is eccentric.
 The joints are flexible because of the local deformation of the leg of the
angles beneath the focused bolt forces.
 The towers with high electric rankings have a tendency to be flexible and
therefore equilibrium in the deformed configuration has to be considered.
 The compression member deformation increases the bending moments
(P- effects).
Therefore, the angle contributors of the tower experience each axial force
and bending moments, even properly before the tower fails. This
additionally produces forces in the redundant participants because of
typical body movement, which isn't always negligible as often assumed in
designs. The Indian Standard IS:802 - Use of Structural Steel in overhead
Transmission line towers – Part 1 gives six buckling curves for computing
the buckling pressure of hot rolled angles similar to ASCE 10-ninety seven
preferred primarily based on slenderness ratio and end conditions. The
permissible stress curves are primarily based on Euler formula in the elastic
range and Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC) method in the
inelastic range for concentrically loaded columns. The influence of stop
fixity is believed to have negligible impact. Using the curves, the power of
attitude strut is checked for buckling. Local buckling is accounted for by
using considering the width to thickness ratio of angle sections and
appropriately decreasing the yield strain if the ratio exceeds the prescribed
limit. Allowable width to thickness ratio for neighborhood buckling
calculation varies with unique codes. The American and Indian Standards
specify the flat width after deducting the thickness and root radius of
attitude segment. The British Standard considers the entire width of the
attitude section for b/t calculations.

ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION TOWER TYPES AND DESIGN

The primary helping unit of overhead transmission line is transmission
tower. Transmission towers must deliver the heavy transmission conductor

5
at a sufficient secure peak from ground. In addition to that all towers
should sustain all kinds of herbal calamities. So transmission tower
designing is an essential engineering activity where all 3 primary
engineering concepts, civil, mechanical and electrical engineering principles
are equally applicable.

A power Electric tower includes of the following parts:

 Top of transmission tower
 Cross arm of transmission tower
 Boom of Electric tower
 Cage of Electric tower
 Electric Tower Body
 Leg of Electric tower
 Stub/Anchor Bolt and Base plate assembly of Electric tower.

The main parts among these are shown in the pictures.

 Peak of Transmission Tower
The portion above the top cross arm is known as top of transmission tower.
Generally, earth protect twine related to the top of this height.

 Cross Arm of Transmission Tower

Cross fingers of transmission tower maintain the transmission conductor.
The dimension of pass arm depends on the level of transmission voltage,
configuration and minimal forming attitude for pressure distribution.
 Cage of Transmission Tower
The portion among tower body and height is called cage of transmission
tower. This part of the tower holds the cross arms.
 Transmission Tower Body

6
 The element from bottom pass arms as much as the ground degree is
called transmission tower body. This part of the tower plays an important
role for maintaining required floor clearance of the bottom conductor of
the transmission line.
Transmission tower body
 Design of Transmission Tower
Design of Electric Tower Structure
To decide the actual transmission tower height by considering the above
factors, we have divided the overall peak of tower in 4 parts,
 Minimum permissible ground clearance (H1)
 Maximum sag of the conductor (H2)
 Vertical spacing between top and bottom conductors (H3)
 Vertical clearance among ground twine and top conductor (H4).

‫أساس باستخدام آليّة الحفر‬

ٍ ‫عمليّة حفر‬ ‫الحفرة عقب اإلنتهاء وتظهر جوانبها المستوية‬

http://www.do-it-yourself-tower.com :‫المصدر‬

LITERATURE STUDY
Transmission line towers are vital systems, and their design calls for unique
strategies and standards. The safety of those structures is crucial with a
purpose to provide continuous electricity switch from power flowers to
communities. Due to electrical clearances and attachments, transmission

7
line towers frequently have complex geometries. The towers are a lattice
type, which includes legs, primary, secondary bracings, and cross-arm
members.
Falguni Patel et. al. (2017) Performed assessment take a look at on
Buckling Analysis of Lattice Transmission Tower. Different sorts of
premature failures that were determined at some point of full-scale trying
out of transmission line towers at Tower Testing and Research Station,
Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai (CSIR-SERC) are studied,
and the results are mentioned in detail. Due to the complex load conditions
and the nonlinear interplay some of the large quantity of structural
additives, correct structural analysis of the LTT systems has been a
challenging subject matter for many years. Still nowadays there are a few
gaps between studies and commercial practice. This study provides a precis
of studies outcomes from current literature.
Hadimani et. al. (2017) Performed static and dynamic evaluation of
transmission line tower (X form of bracing machine). The analysis and
modeling of tower is executed the use of FE based totally ANSYS software
program. The model is created in CATIA and then imported to ANSYS
workbench. The masses performing on the tower taken into consideration
are useless load, live load and dynamic hundreds (Seismic and wind). The
current tower has height of 40m, which includes ground clearance,
maximum sag of the conductor, vertical spacing among conductor cord.
Static and dynamic evaluation is finished in detail the usage of FE based
totally ANSYS software. Static, modal, reaction spectrum and wind analysis
is achieved. The maximum deformation, combined stresses, herbal
frequencies and direct strain are acquired and plotted graphically.
Vinotha Jenifer et. al. (2017) Studied the green member move segment
appropriate for the telecommunication tower with the aid of sporting out a
comparative evaluation of telecommunication towers with distinctive
member pass section for specific heights. The towers are modelled and
modal analysis has been done for diverse member cross sections of
telecommunication towers for four distinctive heights the use of FEA
package ANSYS Workbench. As a result, frequencies are in comparison for
different member cross phase for the corresponding mode shapes. The
outcomes of this comparative analysis show the performance of a specific
member go section of tower which can be followed for conversation
functions.

8
 Harshil Patel et. al. (2017) Performed comparative analysis of round
monopole towers between two extensively used configurations straight and
tapered. For this look at, the authors have additionally carried out the latest
finite element answer capability of general motive software program ANSYS
Workbench with incorporated more than one simulation schematic
surroundings to carry out static structural evaluation along with modal
evaluation and linear buckling evaluation. At the remaining, the
comparative benefits of tapered configuration over straight are drawn. It
could be said that tapered round section is more beneficial as compared
with straight round phase. For the tapered section there is a much less
general deformation as well as lesser quantity of Normal Stress and Von-
misses Stress.
Emil veg et. al. (2017) Describes a technique for transmission tower 3-D
modelling. The task changed into to increase a digital three-D model, similar
to the real shape, with the intention to be subjected to structural analysis in
ANSYS software. The process of 3-D modelling is critical for this kind of pc
analysis. It calls for precise key factor coordinates defining. Not simplest the
essential factors of the shape, however also the points of interest for the
future structural analysis need to be described. This means that version
developer need to be acquainted with the structural evaluation so he ought
to form good enough key points in advance.
Zarina Itam et. al. (2016) A static analysis using STAAD Pro was performed
to suggest the joint with the most stress. This joint will then be explicitly
analyzed in ANSYS the use of the Finite Element Method. Three tactics had
been used in the software which might be the simple plate model, bonded
touch without a bolts, and beam detail bolts. Results from the joint analysis
display that strain values increased with joint details consideration. This
proves that joints and connections play an essential position inside the
distribution of stress inside the transmission tower. As end, the attention of
joint detailing in the analysis of transmission tower is effective, and can
dramatically growth the strain produced on the members.
Shivam Panwar et. al. (2016) Design and evaluation of the considered
energy machine has been finished the use of STAAD.ProV8i. Under the
layout and analysis of the machine, the effect of wind and earthquake
masses were studied and the consequences so obtained had been in
comparison for wind zones II and IV (seismic region IV) for the equal
configuration of tower. Delhi and Panjim have equal seismic region
9
however there is a lot of difference within the basic wind pace as Panjim is
a coastal vicinity, so this study performs a very crucial in phrases of wind
loading. The evaluation effects had been provided to the management of
the taken into consideration machine for taking appropriate selections
concerning the development of electricity device layout. The comparative
evaluation is carried out with appreciate to axial pressure, deflections
maximum sectional residences and important load situation for both the
locations.
Murahari Krishna (2016) Determined the static reaction and corresponding
strain resultants of transmission tower structure because of wind load at
one static instantaneous time on vertical and transversely position of
transmission tower the usage of ANSYS. Also studied loose vibrational or
modal analysis characteristics of the transmission tower by way of
determine the frequencies and mode shapes of transmission tower the
usage of ANSYS and validating the finite element based results with closed
form solution. At last tricky have a look at the brief dynamic analysis of
transmission tower the use of ANSYS with emphasis at the evaluation of
dynamic response of transmission tower due to time various wind load with
diverse wind speed like displacement and axial force.
Varakavi et. al. (2016) Studied transmission line towers must be designed
considering each structural and electrical requirement for a safe and
affordable layout. Modeling of transmission tower through the usage of
finite detail method. Further determine the static reaction and
corresponding pressure resultants of transmission tower shape because of
wind load at one static on the spot time on vertically and transversely role
of transmission tower the use of ANSYS. Also studied loose vibrational or
modal analysis characteristics of the transmission tower by determining the
frequencies and mode shapes of transmission tower the usage of ANSYS
and validating the finite detail based totally effects with closed shape
answer. At last complex have a look at the brief dynamic evaluation of
transmission tower the use of ANSYS with emphasis at the assessment of
dynamic response of transmission tower because of time various wind load
with various wind velocity.
Wang et. al. (2016) A structural optimization model for wind turbine
towers has been developed based on a mixed parametric FEA (finite
element evaluation) and GA (genetic algorithm) version. The pinnacle
diameter, backside diameter and thickness distributions of the tower are
10
taken as design variables. The optimization version minimizes the tower
mass with six constraint situations, i.e. Deformation, final pressure, fatigue,
buckling, vibration and design variable constraints. After validation, the
model has been carried out to the structural optimization of a 5MW wind
turbine tower. The results demonstrate that the proposed structural
optimization model is capable of correctly and efficaciously accomplishing
an optimum structural layout of wind turbine towers, which appreciably
improves the efficiency of structural optimization of wind turbine towers.
The evolved framework is timehonored in nature and can be hired for a
sequence of related troubles, when superior numerical models are required
to predict structural responses and to optimize the structure.
Boshra Eltaly et. al. (2014) Two FE fashions have been evolved within the
present day research to observe the nonlinear conduct of electrical
transmission towers below static load. The tower was modeled with the aid
of the twonode three-dimensional L-phase beam finite factors and each of
the geometrical and fabric nonlinearities were considered within the
modern FE simulations. Model 1 did no longer remember the eccentricity of
connections for the tower members and the joint slippage. In version 2,
each of the eccentricity of connections for the tower individuals and the
joint slippage have been modeled. The FE simulations consequences had
been as compared with the preceding published effects of the entire-scale
experimental tests and the numerical answers that were achieved on
distinctive towers
Li-Jeng et. al. (2014) Studied dynamic evaluation of selfhelping power
transmission tower using ANSYS. Based on the finite element method
(FEM), we appoint Beam-4 element to construct the numerical model of the
tower. Then typical numerical example is taken into consideration and the
primary leading six fundamental frequencies and durations of the tower
crane acquired by using ANSYS are acquired and checked by way of using
SAP2000. The associated mode shapes acquired from those two software‟s
also are offered and compared. Furthermore, the time histories of
transmission tower frame subjected to 1940 El Centro and 1995 Kobe
earthquake are carried out, respectively. Maximal displacements, velocities
and accelerations are explained.
Magalhaes Junior et. al. (2016) Studied the self-assisting truss towers used
to aid large wind generators. The intention is to assess and validate
numerically through finite element method the structural evaluation while
11
the lattice systems of the towers of wind mills are subjected to static loads
and these from common usage. The results obtained for freestanding lattice
tower are in comparison with the statistics of a tubular one designed to
support the generator with the identical traits. At the end of this paintings it
changed into possible to look at the feasibility of the usage of lattice towers
that proved better as its structural overall performance however with
caveats about its dynamic overall performance considering the advent of
numerous other modes natural frequency for that reason reducing the
durations among them in low frequency and theoretically growth the risk of
resonance.

‫إستخدام األسالك لتربيط القضبات الفوالذيّة على شكل شبكة‬ ‫إستخدام القواعد البيتونيّة لرفع القضبات الفوالذيّة عن سطح التربة‬

http://www.do-it-yourself.tower.com/ :‫المصدر‬

1.1 Some Important Points

Objectives are the final results to be achieved after the completion of your
project. The objectives must be spelled out explicitly. The objectives should
be achievable in the stipulated time period. Do not be too ambitious and, at
the same time, must conform to your program level. These shall not be too
many.

The report is distributed in the following manner.

12
Chapter 2: This chapter presents the literature survey, which includes the
overview from different publications.

Chapter 3:. This chapter presents the design approach and design
methodology

Chapter 4:. This chapter presents simulation and results

Chapter 5:. This chapter presents feasibility study (Economical analysis and
Marketing)

Chapter 6: This chapter extracts the conclusion of the research and offers
suggestions for future attempts in this area.

Chapter Three

DESIGN APRROACH AND METHODOLOGY

 A comprehensive survey of previous studies of the subject .

 Computer Design .

 Design with basic principles .

 Compare results .

 Feasibility Study .

Chapter Four

SIMULATION AND RESULTS

13
 For angles design
AG = 2*7.75=15.5 in2
PU1 = φ*AG*FY=0.9*15.5*36 = 502.2 kips
PU2 = φ*AE*FU
AE = U*Anet
𝑋 2.17
U = 1- => 1- = 0.638
𝐿 6
1 5 1
Anet = 15.5-2* *1*( + ) = 14.81 in
2 8 16

AE = 0.638*14.81 = 9.448 in2

PU = 0.75*9.448*58 = 410.988 kips
1 5 1
Anv = *2*[7-3.5*( + )] = 4.593 in2
2 8 16
1 7 5 1
Ant = *2*[ -0.5*( + )] = 3.156 in2
2 2 8 16

PU3 = φ [Fu*Ant+0.6*FU*Anv]
=0.75*[58*3.156+0.6*58*4.593]
=257.1633 kips
PU,max = 410.988 kips
186
PU= =46.5 tons (for each footing)
4

‫ لكل قاعدة‬
455
𝑀= ∗ 0.3 = 34.12 𝑡. 𝑚
4
{ 186
𝑁= = 46.5 𝑡𝑜𝑛
4
For isolated footing design

N=46.6 ton

M=34.12 t.m

Column dimensions, (40*40) cm

qall soil=3 kg/cm2 , fcu=25 N/mm2 , fy=360 N/mm2

14
Pc=186*1.1=204.6 ton

Dimensions of P.C footing

Ap.c = p/qall

204.6
Ap.c = =8.18
25

L,B = √8.18 = 2.8 m

34.12
e= = 0.17 m
204.6

𝑃 6∗𝑒
σ1 = =(1 + )
𝐵∗𝐿 𝐿

204.6 6∗0.17
σ1 = (1 + ) = 35.6
2.8∗2.8 2.8

𝑃 6∗𝑒
σ2 = =(1 - )
𝐵∗𝐿 𝐿

204.6 6∗0.17
σ2 = (1 - ) = 16.59
2.8∗2.8 2.8

𝑃
fn =
𝐵∗𝐿

204.6
fn = = 26.1 t/m2
2.8∗2.8

0.85∗25 2∗50.72
preq= *(1-√1 − = 0.0006
360 0.85∗0.9∗25∗2600∗330

d=t-cover-φ

d=50-5-12= 33 cm

Asreq=0.0006*260*33=5.14

Asmin=0.0018*260*50=23.4 m2 27 φ 12

15
Chapter Five

16
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND MARKET NEED

Allowable Stresses Used in Calculations

-Fcu=250 kg/cm2

-Fco=60 kg/cm2 (for columns).

-Fco=40 kg/cm2 (for foundations).

-Fco=80 kg/cm2 (for slabs and beams).

For high grade steel (36/52):

-Fy=3600kg/cm2

-Fs=1800 kg/cm2 (for foundations).

-Fs=2000 kg/cm2 (for slabs and beams).

-Bearing capacity of soil = 10.00 t/m2

Two different foundation systems are used in the analysis namely;

isolated footings, and mat foundation respectively. Comparison among the
two systems is applied to achieve the least sections and reinforcement ratio
at the same applied loads. Tables (A.1) and (A.2) represent survey of
reinforced concrete and reinforcement quantities to achieve the least
reinforcement ratio.

17
 Table (A.1): Reinforcement Details and Concrete Quantity

for raft foundation.

Table (A.2): Reinforcement Details and Concrete Quantity

for isolated footing

Tables show that first system (raft foundation) required reinforcement

quantity percentage less than the second system (isolated footings), the ratio
between them is about 65%. A well-known concept in reinforced concrete is
the ability of concrete to sustain high compressive stresses, while the steel is
only needed in tension zones. Consequently, minimizing or even eliminating
the tension zones through tampering with the foundation shape is needed to
minimize the needed steel reinforcements.

18
REFERENCES
[1] Abdel-Mottaleb, H.E., "Earthquake Nonlinear Modeling of R.C.
Buildings Including Foundation-Soil Interaction", Ph.D. Thesis,
Structural Eng. Dept., Zagazig University, (2005).
[2] Abdel Salam, S.S., "Stress Analysis in a Slice of Strip Footings", M.Sc.
Thesis, Structural Eng. Dept., Cairo University, (1977).
[3] Abdel Salam, S.S., and Mashhour, M., "Effect of Footing Dimensions on
the Contact Pressure and Internal Stresses for a Strip Footing", J.
Egyptian Soc. of Engineers, No. 1 Vol. 24, (1985).
[4] Abdel Salam, S.S., "Analysis of Reinforced Folded Strip Footing" Third
Arab Structural Eng. Conference, Emirates, Vol. 3, 5-8 March (1989).
[5] Abdel Salam, S.S., El-Shamy, E. A., and ABd-El-Mottaleb, H.E.,
"Analysis of Plain Concrete Strip Footings as a Foundation of Bearing
Walls Structures", Ain Shams Journal of Civil Engineering, Sept.
(2008).
[6] Abdel Salam, S.S., El-Shamy, E.A., and ABd-El-Mottaleb, H.E.,
"Numerical Analysis of Arched Strip Footings as A Foundation system
of Bearing Walls Structures", Ain Shams Journal of Civil Engineering,
Vol. 2, pp. 109-118, Sept. (2009).
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