300 Java Interview Questions - Set 2
300 Java Interview Questions - Set 2
1 2 3 4 5
There are the following differences between compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism.
2 It is also known as static binding, early It is also known as dynamic binding, late binding, overriding, or dynamic
binding, or overloading. method dispatch.
3 Overloading is a way to achieve compile- Overriding is a way to achieve runtime polymorphism in which, we can
time polymorphism in which, we can redefine some particular method or variable in the derived class. By
define multiple methods or constructors using overriding, we can give some specific implementation to the base
with different signatures. class properties in the derived class.
4 It provides fast execution because the It provides slower execution as compare to compile-time because the
type of an object is determined at type of an object is determined at run-time.
compile-time.
5 Compile-time polymorphism provides Run-time polymorphism provides more flexibility because all the things
less flexibility because all the things are are resolved at runtime.
resolved at compile-time.
⇧
102) What is Runtime Polymorphism?
Pyar Ishq
Rent
Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime
rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The
determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.
class Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running");}
}
class Splendor extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike b = new Splendor();//upcasting
b.run();
}
}
Test it Now
Output:
In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method
to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable. ⇧
More details.
No, because method overriding is used to achieve runtime polymorphism and data members cannot be overridden. We can
override the member functions but not the data members. Consider the example given below.
class Bike{
int speedlimit=90;
}
class Honda3 extends Bike{
int speedlimit=150;
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike obj=new Honda3();
System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);//90
}
Test it Now
Output:
90
More details.
104) What is the difference between static binding and dynamic binding?
In case of the static binding, the type of the object is determined at compile-time whereas, in the dynamic binding, the type of the
object is determined at runtime.
Static Binding
class Dog{
private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d1=new Dog(); ⇧
d1.eat();
}
}
Dynamic Binding
class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Animal a=new Dog();
a.eat();
}
}
More details.
class BaseTest
{
void print()
{
System.out.println("BaseTest:print() called");
}
}
public class Test extends BaseTest
{
void print()
{
System.out.println("Test:print() called"); ⇧
}
public static void main (String args[])
{
BaseTest b = new Test();
b.print();
}
}
Output
Test:print() called
Explanation
It is an example of Dynamic method dispatch. The type of reference variable b is determined at runtime. At compile-time, it is
checked whether that method is present in the Base class. In this case, it is overridden in the child class, therefore, at runtime the
derived class method is called.
The instanceof in Java is also known as type comparison operator because it compares the instance with type. It returns either
true or false. If we apply the instanceof operator with any variable that has a null value, it returns false. Consider the following
example.
class Simple1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Simple1 s=new Simple1();
System.out.println(s instanceof Simple1);//true
}
}
Test it Now
Output
true
An object of subclass type is also a type of parent class. For example, if Dog extends Animal then object of Dog can be referred
by either Dog or Animal class.
⇧
107) What is the abstraction?
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user. It displays just the
essential things to the user and hides the internal information, for example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the
message. You don't know the internal processing about the message delivery. Abstraction enables you to focus on what the
object does instead of how it does it. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.
Abstract Class
Interface
More details.
Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps code and data into a single unit.
More details.
A class that is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It needs to be extended and its method implemented. It
cannot be instantiated. It can have abstract methods, non-abstract methods, constructors, and static methods. It can also have
the final methods which will force the subclass not to change the body of the method. Consider the following example.
abstract class Bike{
abstract void run();
}
class Honda4 extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike obj = new Honda4();
obj.run();
}
} ⇧
Test it Now
Output
running safely
More details.
111) Is the following program written correctly? If yes then what will be the
output of the program?
abstract class Calculate
{
abstract int multiply(int a, int b);
}
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int result = new Calculate()
{
@Override
int multiply(int a, int b)
{
return a*b;
}
}.multiply(12,32);
System.out.println("result = "+result);
}
}
Yes, the program is written correctly. The Main class provides the definition of abstract method multiply declared in abstract
class Calculation. The output of the program will be:
Output
384
112) Can you use abstract and final both with a method?
⇧
No, because we need to override the abstract method to provide its implementation, whereas we can't override the final method.
No, the abstract class can never be instantiated even if it contains a constructor and all of its methods are implemented.
The interface is a blueprint for a class that has static constants and abstract methods. It can be used to achieve full abstraction
and multiple inheritance. It is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not
method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. In other words, you can say that interfaces can
have abstract methods and variables. Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship. It cannot be instantiated just like the
abstract class. However, we need to implement it to define its methods. Since Java 8, we can have the default, static, and private
methods in an interface.
More details.
No, because methods of an interface are abstract by default, and we can not use static and abstract together.
No, because an interface needs to be implemented by the other class and if it is final, it can't be implemented by any class.
A Marker interface can be defined as the interface which has no data member and member functions. For example, Serializable,
Cloneable are marker interfaces. The marker interface can be declared as follows.
public interface Serializable{
}
118) What are the differences between abstract class and interface?
An abstract class can have a method body (non-abstract methods). The interface has only abstract methods.
An abstract class can have instance variables. An interface cannot have instance variables.
An abstract class can have the constructor. The interface cannot have the constructor.
An abstract class can have static methods. The interface cannot have static methods.
You can extend one abstract class. You can implement multiple interfaces. ⇧
The abstract class can provide the implementation of the interface. The Interface can't provide the implementation of the
abstract class.
The abstract keyword is used to declare an abstract class. The interface keyword is used to declare an
interface.
An abstract class can extend another Java class and implement An interface can extend another Java interface only.
multiple Java interfaces.
An abstract class can be extended using keyword extends An interface class can be implemented using
keyword implements
A Java abstract class can have class members like private, Members of a Java interface are public by default.
protected, etc.
Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }
119) Can we define private and protected modifiers for the members in
interfaces?
An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the referenced interface.
A class can be made read-only by making all of the fields private. The read-only class will have only getter methods which return
the private property of the class to the main method. We cannot modify this property because there is no setter method available
in the class. Consider the following example.
//A Java class which has only getter methods.
public class Student{
//private data member
private String college="AKG";
//getter method for college
public String getCollege(){
return college;
}
}
//A Java class which has only setter methods.
public class Student{
//private data member
private String college;
//getter method for college
public void setCollege(String college){
this.college=college;
}
}
By providing only the setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or write-only. In other words, you can skip
the getter or setter methods.
It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id which should be greater than 100 only,
you can write the logic inside the setter method. You can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter
methods.
It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to access the data through the private data
members.
The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters. So, it is easy and fast to create an
encapsulated class in Java.
A package is a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. It provides access protection and removes naming
collision. The packages in Java can be categorized into two forms, inbuilt package, and user-defined package. There are many
built-in packages such as Java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql, etc. Consider the following example to create a package in
Java.
//save as Simple.java
package mypack;
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Welcome to package");
}
}
⇧
More details.
By defining packages, we can avoid the name conflicts between the same class names defined in different packages. Packages
also enable the developer to organize the similar classes more effectively. For example, one can clearly understand that the
classes present in java.io package are used to perform io related operations.
If you are using the programming IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, MyEclipse, etc. click on file->new->project and eclipse will ask you
to enter the name of the package. It will create the project package containing various directories such as src, etc. If you are
using an editor like notepad for java programming, use the following steps to create the package.
Define a package package_name. Create the class with the name class_name and save this file with
your_class_name.java.
Now compile the file by running the following command on the terminal.
javac -d . your_class_name.java
The above command creates the package with the name package_name in the present working directory.
Now, run the class file by using the absolute class file name, like following.
java package_name.class_name
By using the fully qualified name: To access a class in a different package, either we must use the fully qualified name of
that class, or we must import the package containing that class.
By using the relative path, We can use the path of the class that is related to the package that contains our class. It can
be the same or subpackage.
129) Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package
twice at runtime?
One can import the same package or the same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM complains about it. However, the
JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how many times you import the same class.
By static import, we can access the static members of a class directly, and there is no to qualify it with the class name.
More details.
There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers. If you know any exception handling interview
question, kindly post it in the comment section.
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is considered as the unchecked exception.
According to Oracle, there are three types of exceptions:
Checked Exception: Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at compile-time. For example, SQLException,
ClassNotFoundException, etc.
Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the one which are handled at runtime because they can not be checked
at compile-time. For example, ArithmaticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc.
Error: Error cause the program to exit since they are not recoverable. For Example, OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError,
etc.
⇧
Exception Handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors. It is used primarily to handle checked exceptions.
Exception handling maintains the normal flow of the program. There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and
unchecked. Here, the error is considered as the unchecked exception.
More details.
The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is inherited by two subclasses: Exception and
Error. A hierarchy of Java Exception classes are given below:
⇧
134) What is the difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked
Exception?
1) Checked Exception
⇧
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions, e.g.,
IOException, SQLException, etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
2) Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions, e.g., ArithmeticException, NullPointerException,
etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time.
More details.
The Throwable class is the base class for Error and Exception.
136) Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?
It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed by either a catch block OR a
finally block. So whatever exceptions are likely to be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method. Consider the
following example.
public class Main{
public static void main(String []args){
try{
int a = 1;
System.out.println(a/0);
}
finally
{
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
}
Output:
public class ExceptionHandlingExample {
public static void main(String args[])
{
try ⇧
{
int a = 1/0;
System.out.println("a = "+a);
}
catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
}
}
Output
Explanation
ArithmaticException is the subclass of Exception. Therefore, it can not be used after Exception. Since Exception is the base class
for all the exceptions, therefore, it must be used at last to handle the exception. No class can be used after this.
The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is executed whether an exception is handled or not. In
other words, we can say that finally block is the block which is always executed. Finally block follows try or catch block. If you
don't handle the exception, before terminating the program, JVM runs finally block, (if any). The finally block is mainly used to
place the cleanup code such as closing a file or closing a connection. Here, we must know that for each try block there can be
zero or more catch blocks, but only one finally block. The finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling
System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).
⇧
More details.
Yes, According to the definition of finally block, it must be followed by a try or catch block, therefore, we can use try block instead
of catch. More details.
Finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the
process to abort).More details.
1) The throw keyword is used to throw an The throws keyword is used to declare an exception.
exception explicitly.
2) The checked exceptions cannot be The checked exception can be propagated with throws
propagated with throw only.
⇧
3) The throw keyword is followed by an instance. The throws keyword is followed by class.
4) The throw keyword is used within the method. The throws keyword is used with the method signature.
5) You cannot throw multiple exceptions. You can declare multiple exceptions, e.g., public void method()throws
IOException, SQLException.
More details.
public class Main{
public static void main(String []args){
try
{
throw 90;
}
catch(int e){
System.out.println("Caught the exception "+e);
}
}
}
Output
Explanation
In Java, the throwable objects can only be thrown. If we try to throw an integer object, The compiler will show an error since we
can not throw basic data type from a block of code.
class Calculation extends Exception
{
public Calculation() ⇧
{
System.out.println("Calculation class is instantiated");
}
public void add(int a, int b)
{
System.out.println("The sum is "+(a+b));
}
}
public class Main{
public static void main(String []args){
try
{
throw new Calculation();
}
catch(Calculation c){
c.add(10,20);
}
}
}
Output
Explanation
The object of Calculation is thrown from the try block which is caught in the catch block. The add() of Calculation class is called
with the integer values 10 and 20 by using the object of this class. Therefore there sum 30 is printed. The object of the Main
class can only be thrown in the case when the type of the object is throwable. To do so, we need to extend the throwable class.
Yes.
More details.
⇧
An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops down the call stack to the previous method,
If not caught there, the exception again drops down to the previous method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach
the very bottom of the call stack. This procedure is called exception propagation. By default, checked exceptions are not
propagated.
class TestExceptionPropagation1{
void m(){
int data=50/0;
}
void n(){
m();
}
void p(){
try{
n();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}
}
public static void main(String args[]){
TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1();
obj.p();
System.out.println("normal flow...");
}
}
Test it Now
Output:
exception handled
normal flow...
More details.
⇧
147) What is the output of the following Java program?
public class Main
{
void a()
{
try{
System.out.println("a(): Main called");
b();
}catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Exception is caught");
}
}
void b() throws Exception
{
try{
System.out.println("b(): Main called");
c();
}catch(Exception e){
throw new Exception();
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally block is called");
}
}
void c() throws Exception
{
throw new Exception();
}
public static void main (String args[])
⇧
{
Main m = new Main();
m.a();
}
}
Output
Explanation
In the main method, a() of Main is called which prints a message and call b(). The method b() prints some message and then call
c(). The method c() throws an exception which is handled by the catch block of method b. However, It propagates this exception
by using throw Exception() to be handled by the method a(). As we know, finally block is always executed therefore the finally
block in the method b() is executed first and prints a message. At last, the exception is handled by the catch block of the method
a().
public class Calculation
{
int a;
public Calculation(int a)
{
this.a = a;
}
public int add()
{
a = a+10;
try
{
a = a+10;
try
{
a = a*10;
throw new Exception();
}catch(Exception e){
a = a - 10;
}
}catch(Exception e)
{
⇧
a = a - 10;
}
return a;
}
public static void main (String args[])
{
Calculation c = new Calculation(10);
int result = c.add();
System.out.println("result = "+result);
}
}
Output
result = 290
Explanation
The instance variable a of class Calculation is initialized to 10 using the class constructor which is called while instantiating the
class. The add method is called which returns an integer value result. In add() method, a is incremented by 10 to be 20. Then, in
the first try block, 10 is again incremented by 10 to be 30. In the second try block, a is multiplied by 10 to be 300. The second try
block throws the exception which is caught by the catch block associated with this try block. The catch block again alters the
value of a by decrementing it by 10 to make it 290. Thus the add() method returns 290 which is assigned to result. However, the
catch block associated with the outermost try block will never be executed since there is no exception which can be handled by
this catch block.
There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed answers. If you know any string handling
interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.
String pool is the space reserved in the heap memory that can be used to store the strings. The main advantage of using the
String pool is whenever we create a string literal; the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the
pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and
placed in the pool. Therefore, it saves the memory by avoiding the duplicacy.
⇧
150) What is the meaning of immutable regarding String?
The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. In Java, String is immutable, i.e., once string object has
been created, its value can't be changed. Consider the following example for better understanding.
class Testimmutablestring{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";
s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
}
}
Test it Now
Output:
Sachin
More details.
Because Java uses the concept of the string literal. Suppose there are five reference variables, all refer to one object "sachin". If
one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be affected by all the reference variables. That is why string objects
are immutable in java.
⇧
More details.
1) String Literal
String s="welcome";
Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a
reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in
the pool. String objects are stored in a special memory area known as the string constant pool For example:
String s1="Welcome";
String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance
2) By new keyword
String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable
In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap memory, and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in
the constant string pool. The variable s will refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).
⇧
153) How many objects will be created in the following code?
String s1="Welcome";
String s2="Welcome";
String s3="Welcome";
Only one object will be created using the above code because strings in Java are immutable.
More details.
To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in the string constant pool).
More details.
String s = new String("Welcome");
More details.
public class Test
public static void main (String args[])
{
String a = new String("Sharma is a good player");
String b = "Sharma is a good player";
if(a == b)
{
System.out.println("a == b");
}
if(a.equals(b))
{
System.out.println("a equals b");
}
}
Output
a equals b
⇧
Explanation
The operator == also check whether the references of the two string objects are equal or not. Although both of the strings
contain the same content, their references are not equal because both are created by different ways(Constructor and String
literal) therefore, a == b is unequal. On the other hand, the equal() method always check for the content. Since their content is
equal hence, a equals b is printed.
public class Test
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
String s1 = "Sharma is a good player";
String s2 = new String("Sharma is a good player");
s2 = s2.intern();
System.out.println(s1 ==s2);
}
}
Output
true
Explanation
The intern method returns the String object reference from the string pool. In this case, s1 is created by using string literal
whereas, s2 is created by using the String pool. However, s2 is changed to the reference of s1, and the operator == returns true.
The differences between the String and StringBuffer is given in the table below.
2) The String is slow and consumes more memory when you concat too The StringBuffer is fast and consumes
many strings because every time it creates a new instance. less memory when you cancat strings.
3) The String class overrides the equals() method of Object class. So you The StringBuffer class doesn't override
can compare the contents of two strings by equals() method. the equals() method of Object class.
1) StringBuffer is synchronized, i.e., thread safe. It means StringBuilder is non-synchronized,i.e., not thread safe. It
two threads can't call the methods of StringBuffer means two threads can call the methods of StringBuilder
simultaneously. simultaneously.
2) StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder. StringBuilder is more efficient than StringBuffer.
We can create an immutable class by defining a final class having all of its members as final. Consider the following example.
public final class Employee{
final String pancardNumber;
public Employee(String pancardNumber){
this.pancardNumber=pancardNumber;
}
public String getPancardNumber(){
return pancardNumber;
}
}
More details.
The toString() method returns the string representation of an object. If you print any object, java compiler internally invokes the
toString() method on the object. So overriding the toString() method, returns the desired output, it can be the state of an object,
etc. depending upon your implementation. By overriding the toString() method of the Object class, we can return the values of
the object, so we don't need to write much code. Consider the following example.
class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
String city;
Student(int rollno, String name, String city){
this.rollno=rollno;
this.name=name;
this.city=city;
}
public String toString(){//overriding the toString() method
⇧
return rollno+" "+name+" "+city;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1=new Student(101,"Raj","lucknow");
Student s2=new Student(102,"Vijay","ghaziabad");
System.out.println(s1);//compiler writes here s1.toString()
System.out.println(s2);//compiler writes here s2.toString()
}
}
Output:
More details.
String stays in the string pool until the garbage is collected. If we store the password into a string, it stays in the memory for a
longer period, and anyone having the memory-dump can extract the password as clear text. On the other hand, Using CharArray
allows us to set it to blank whenever we are done with the password. It avoids the security threat with the string by enabling us to
control the memory.
163) Write a Java program to count the number of words present in a string?
Program:
public class Test
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
String s = "Sharma is a good player and he is so punctual";
String words[] = s.split(" ");
System.out.println("The Number of words present in the string are : "+words.length);
}
}
Output
MatchResult Interface
Matcher class
Pattern class
PatternSyntaxException class
165) How the metacharacters are different from the ordinary characters?
Metacharacters have the special meaning to the regular expression engine. The metacharacters are ^, $, ., *, +, etc. The regular
expression engine does not consider them as the regular characters. To enable the regular expression engine treating the
metacharacters as ordinary characters, we need to escape the metacharacters with the backslash.
The regular expression for the above criteria will be: ^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]{8,19} where ^ represents the start of the regex, [a-zA-Z]
represents that the first character must be an alphabet, [a-zA-Z0-9] represents the alphanumeric character, {8,19} represents that
the length of the password must be in between 8 and 20.
Output
true
false
false
false
true
Explanation
line 4 prints true since the second character of string is s, line 5 prints false since the second character is not s, line 6 prints false
since there are more than 3 characters in the string, line 7 prints false since there are more than 2 characters in the string, and it
contains more than 2 characters as well, line 8 prints true since the third character of the string is s.
Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all the members (data members and
methods) of the outer class including private.
Nested classes are used to develop a more readable and maintainable code because it logically groups classes and
interfaces in one place only.
The nested class can be defined as the class which is defined inside another class or interface. We use the nested class to
logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be more readable and maintainable. A nested class can access
all the data members of the outer class including private data members and methods. The syntax of the nested class is defined
below.
class Java_Outer_class{
//code
class Java_Nested_class{
⇧
//code
}
}
There are two types of nested classes, static nested class, and non-static nested class. The non-static nested class can also be
called as inner-class
More details.
Inner classes increase the total number of classes used by the developer and therefore increases the workload of JVM
since it has to perform some routine operations for those extra classes which result in slower performance.
IDEs provide less support to the inner classes as compare to the top level classes and therefore it annoys the developers
while working with inner classes.
171) What are the types of inner classes (non-static nested class) used in
Java?
Type Description
Member Inner Class A class created within class and outside method.
Anonymous Inner A class created for implementing an interface or extending class. Its name is decided by the java
Class compiler.
172) Is there any difference between nested classes and inner classes?
Yes, inner classes are non-static nested classes. In other words, we can say that inner classes are the part of nested classes.
More details.
173) Can we access the non-final local variable, inside the local inner class?
No, the local variable must be constant if you want to access it in the local inner class.
More details.
174) How many class files are created on compiling the OuterClass in the
following program?
⇧
public class Person {
String name, age, address;
class Employee{
float salary=10000;
}
class BusinessMen{
final String gstin="£4433drt3$";
}
public static void main (String args[])
{
Person p = new Person();
}
}
Anonymous inner classes are the classes that are automatically declared and instantiated within an expression. We cannot apply
different access modifiers to them. Anonymous class cannot be static, and cannot define any static fields, method, or class. In
other words, we can say that it a class without the name and can have only one object that is created by its definition. Consider
the following example.
abstract class Person{
abstract void eat();
}
class TestAnonymousInner{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person p=new Person(){
void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
};
p.eat();
}
}
Test it Now
Output:
nice fruits
Consider the following example for the working of the anonymous class using interface.
interface Eatable{
void eat();
} ⇧
class TestAnnonymousInner1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Eatable e=new Eatable(){
public void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
};
e.eat();
}
}
Test it Now
Output:
nice fruits
An Interface that is declared inside the interface or class is known as the nested interface. It is static by default. The nested
interfaces are used to group related interfaces so that they can be easy to maintain. The external interface or class must refer to
the nested interface. It can't be accessed directly. The nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the interface but it
can have any access modifier if declared within the class. The syntax of the nested interface is given as follows.
interface interface_name{
...
interface nested_interface_name{
...
}
}
More details.
Yes, an interface can be defined within the class. It is called a nested interface.
More details.
More details.
More details.
The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector for cleanup processing. This method is found in System and Runtime
classes. This function explicitly makes the Java Virtual Machine free up the space occupied by the unused objects so that it can
be utilized or reused. Consider the following example for the better understanding of how the gc() method invoke the garbage
collector.
public class TestGarbage1{
public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");}
public static void main(String args[]){
TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();
TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();
s1=null;
s2=null;
System.gc();
}
}
Test it Now
Garbage collection is managed by JVM. It is performed when there is not enough space in the memory and memory is running
low. We can externally call the System.gc() for the garbage collection. However, it depends upon the JVM whether to perform it
or not.
⇧
1) By nulling a reference:
Employee e=new Employee();
e=null;
Employee e1=new Employee();
Employee e2=new Employee();
e1=e2;//now the first object referred by e1 is available for garbage collection
3) By anonymous object:
new Employee();
The finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected. It is used to perform cleanup processing. The
Garbage collector of JVM collects only those objects that are created by new keyword. So if you have created an object without
new, you can use the finalize method to perform cleanup processing (destroying remaining objects). The cleanup processing is
the process to free up all the resources, network which was previously used and no longer needed. It is essential to remember
that it is not a reserved keyword, finalize method is present in the object class hence it is available in every class as object class
is the superclass of every class in java. Here, we must note that neither finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed.
Consider the following example.
⇧
public class FinalizeTest {
int j=12;
void add()
{
j=j+12;
System.out.println("J="+j);
}
public void finalize()
{
System.out.println("Object is garbage collected");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new FinalizeTest().add();
System.gc();
new FinalizeTest().add();
}
}
Yes,
Daemon thread.
1) Final is used to apply restrictions on class, method, Finally is used to place Finalize is used to perform
and variable. The final class can't be inherited, final important code, it will be clean up processing just
method can't be overridden, and final variable value executed whether an before an object is
can't be changed. exception is handled or not. garbage collected.
Java Runtime class is used to interact with a java runtime environment. Java Runtime class provides methods to execute a
process, invoke GC, get total and free memory, etc. There is only one instance of java.lang.Runtime class is available for one java
application. The Runtime.getRuntime() method returns the singleton instance of Runtime class.
⇧
188) How will you invoke any external process in Java?
public class Runtime1{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
Runtime.getRuntime().exec("notepad");//will open a new notepad
}
}
OutputStream Hierarchy
InputStream Hierarchy
The stream is a sequence of data that flows from source to destination. It is composed of bytes. In Java, three streams are
created for us automatically.
191) What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the
InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?
The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented. The
ByteStream classes are used to perform input-output of 8-bit bytes whereas the CharacterStream classes are used to perform
the input/output for the 16-bit Unicode system. There are many classes in the ByteStream class hierarchy, but the most
frequently used classes are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. The most frequently used classes CharacterStream class
hierarchy is FileReader and FileWriter.
192) What are the super most classes for all the streams?
All the stream classes can be divided into two types of classes that are ByteStream classes and CharacterStream Classes. The
ByteStream classes are further divided into InputStream classes and OutputStream classes. CharacterStream classes are also
⇧
divided into Reader classes and Writer classes. The SuperMost classes for all the InputStream classes is java.io.InputStream
and for all the output stream classes is java.io.OutPutStream. Similarly, for all the reader classes, the super-most class is
java.io.Reader, and for all the writer classes, it is java.io.Writer.
Java FileOutputStream is an output stream used for writing data to a file. If you have some primitive values to write into a file,
use FileOutputStream class. You can write byte-oriented as well as character-oriented data through the FileOutputStream class.
However, for character-oriented data, it is preferred to use FileWriter than FileOutputStream. Consider the following example of
writing a byte into a file.
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
public class FileOutputStreamExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
fout.write(65);
fout.close();
System.out.println("success...");
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for reading byte-oriented data (streams of raw bytes) such
as image data, audio, video, etc. You can also read character-stream data. However, for reading streams of characters, it is
recommended to use FileReader class. Consider the following example for reading bytes from a file.
import java.io.FileInputStream;
public class DataStreamExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
int i=fin.read();
System.out.print((char)i);
fin.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
⇧
Java BufferedOutputStream class is used for buffering an output stream. It internally uses a buffer to store data. It adds more
efficiency than to write data directly into a stream. So, it makes the performance fast. Whereas, Java BufferedInputStream class
is used to read information from the stream. It internally uses the buffer mechanism to make the performance fast.
In Java, FilePermission class is used to alter the permissions set on a file. Java FilePermission class contains the permission
related to a directory or file. All the permissions are related to the path. The path can be of two types:
D:\\IO\\-: It indicates that the permission is associated with all subdirectories and files recursively.
D:\\IO\\*: It indicates that the permission is associated with all directory and files within this directory excluding
subdirectories.
Let's see the simple example in which permission of a directory path is granted with read permission and a file of this directory is
granted for write permission.
package com.javatpoint;
import java.io.*;
import java.security.PermissionCollection;
public class FilePermissionExample{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String srg = "D:\\IO Package\\java.txt";
FilePermission file1 = new FilePermission("D:\\IO Package\\-", "read");
PermissionCollection permission = file1.newPermissionCollection();
permission.add(file1);
FilePermission file2 = new FilePermission(srg, "write");
permission.add(file2);
if(permission.implies(new FilePermission(srg, "read,write"))) {
System.out.println("Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg );
}else {
System.out.println("No Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg); }
}
}
Output
FilterStream classes are used to add additional functionalities to the other stream classes. FilterStream classes act like an
interface which read the data from a stream, filters it, and pass the filtered data to the caller. The FilterStream classes provide
extra functionalities like adding line numbers to the destination file, etc.
198) In Java, How many ways you can take input from the console?
In Java, there are three ways by using which, we can take input from the console.
Using BufferedReader class: we can take input from the console by wrapping System.in into an InputStreamReader and
passing it into the BufferedReader. It provides an efficient reading as the input gets buffered. Consider the following
example.
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class Person
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
System.out.println("Enter the name of the person");
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String name = reader.readLine();
System.out.println(name);
}
}
Using Scanner class: The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using a delimiter that is whitespace by default.
It provides many methods to read and parse various primitive values. Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text for
string and primitive types using a regular expression. Java Scanner class extends Object class and implements Iterator
and Closeable interfaces. Consider the following example.
import java.util.*;
public class ScannerClassExample2 {
public static void main(String args[]){
String str = "Hello/This is JavaTpoint/My name is Abhishek.";
//Create scanner with the specified String Object
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(str);
System.out.println("Boolean Result: "+scanner.hasNextBoolean());
//Change the delimiter of this scanner
scanner.useDelimiter("/");
//Printing the tokenized Strings
System.out.println("---Tokenizes String---");
while(scanner.hasNext()){
System.out.println(scanner.next());
}
//Display the new delimiter
System.out.println("Delimiter used: " +scanner.delimiter());
⇧
scanner.close();
}
}
Using Console class: The Java Console class is used to get input from the console. It provides methods to read texts
and passwords. If you read the password using the Console class, it will not be displayed to the user. The java.io.Console
class is attached to the system console internally. The Console class is introduced since 1.5. Consider the following
example.
import java.io.Console;
class ReadStringTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
Console c=System.console();
System.out.println("Enter your name: ");
String n=c.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome "+n);
}
}
Serialization in Java is a mechanism of writing the state of an object into a byte stream. It is used primarily in Hibernate, RMI,
JPA, EJB and JMS technologies. It is mainly used to travel object's state on the network (which is known as marshaling).
Serializable interface is used to perform serialization. It is helpful when you require to save the state of a program to storage
such as the file. At a later point of time, the content of this file can be restored using deserialization. It is also required to
implement RMI(Remote Method Invocation). With the help of RMI, it is possible to invoke the method of a Java object on one
machine to another machine.
More details.
⇧
200) How can you make a class serializable in Java?
201) How can you avoid serialization in child class if the base class is
implementing the Serializable interface?
It is very tricky to prevent serialization of child class if the base class is intended to implement the Serializable interface.
However, we cannot do it directly, but the serialization can be avoided by implementing the writeObject() or readObject() methods
in the subclass and throw NotSerializableException from these methods. Consider the following example.
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.NotSerializableException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
class Person implements Serializable
{
String name = " ";
public Person(String name)
{
this.name = name;
}
}
class Employee extends Person
{
float salary;
public Employee(String name, float salary)
{
super(name);
this.salary = salary;
}
private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException
{
throw new NotSerializableException();
}
private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException
{
throw new NotSerializableException();
}
⇧
}
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
throws Exception
{
Employee emp = new Employee("Sharma", 10000);
System.out.println("name = " + emp.name);
System.out.println("salary = " + emp.salary);
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("abc.ser");
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(emp);
oos.close();
fos.close();
System.out.println("Object has been serialized");
FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("ab.txt");
ObjectInputStream o = new ObjectInputStream(f);
Employee emp1 = (Employee)o.readObject();
o.close();
f.close();
System.out.println("Object has been deserialized");
System.out.println("name = " + emp1.name);
System.out.println("salary = " + emp1.salary);
}
}
Yes, we can transfer a serialized object via network because the serialized object is stored in the memory in the form of bytes
and can be transmitted over the network. We can also write the serialized object to the disk or the database.
Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the serialized state. It is the reverse operation of serialization. An
ObjectInputStream deserializes objects and primitive data written using an ObjectOutputStream.
⇧
import java.io.*;
class Depersist{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("f.txt"));
Student s=(Student)in.readObject();
System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);
in.close();
}
}
211 ravi
If you define any data member as transient, it will not be serialized. By determining transient keyword, the value of variable need
not persist when it is restored. More details.
The Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a byte stream in a compressed format. It is not a marker
interface.
1) The Serializable interface does not have any The Externalizable interface contains is not a marker interface, It
method, i.e., it is a marker interface. contains two methods, i.e., writeExternal() and readExternal().
2) It is used to "mark" Java classes so that objects The Externalizable interface provides control of the serialization
of these classes may get the certain capability. logic to the programmer.
3) It is easy to implement but has the higher It is used to perform the serialization and often result in better
performance cost. performance.
4) No class constructor is called in serialization. We must call a public default constructor while using this
interface.
port number
A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. It provides the connection mechanism to connect
the two computers using TCP. The Socket class can be used to create a socket.
209) What are the steps that are followed when two computers connect
through TCP?
There are the following steps that are performed when two computers connect through TCP.
The ServerSocket object is instantiated by the server which denotes the port number to which, the connection will be
made.
After instantiating the ServerSocket object, the server invokes accept() method of ServerSocket class which makes
server wait until the client attempts to connect to the server on the given port.
Meanwhile, the server is waiting, a socket is created by the client by instantiating Socket class. The socket class
constructor accepts the server port number and server name.
The Socket class constructor attempts to connect with the server on the specified name. If the connection is established,
the client will have a socket object that can communicate with the server.
The accept() method invoked by the server returns a reference to the new socket on the server that is connected with the
server.
Consider the following program where the connection between the client and server is established.
File: MyServer.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class MyServer {
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection
DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
⇧
System.out.println("message= "+str);
ss.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
File: MyClient.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class MyClient {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
dout.flush();
dout.close();
s.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class InetDemo{
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("195.201.10.8");
System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName());
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behavior of a class at runtime. The java.lang.Class class
provides various methods that can be used to get metadata, examine and change the runtime behavior of a class. The java.lang
and java.lang.reflect packages provide classes for java reflection. It is used in:
forName() method of Class class: The forName() method is used to load the class dynamically. It returns the instance of
Class class. It should be used if you know the fully qualified name of the class. This cannot be used for primitive types.
getClass() method of Object class: It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if you know the type.
Moreover, it can be used with primitives.
the .class syntax: If a type is available, but there is no instance then it is possible to obtain a Class by appending ".class"
to the name of the type. It can be used for primitive data type also.
class Simple{
public Simple()
{
System.out.println("Constructor of Simple class is invoked");
}
void message(){System.out.println("Hello Java");}
}
class Test1{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
Class c=Class.forName("Simple");
Simple s=(Simple)c.newInstance();
⇧
s.message();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}
Output
Explanation
The newInstance() method of the Class class is used to invoke the constructor at runtime. In this program, the instance of the
Simple class is created.
The javap command disassembles a class file. The javap command displays information about the fields, constructors and
methods present in a class file.
Syntax
javap fully_class_name
217) Can you access the private method from outside the class?
Yes, by changing the runtime behavior of a class if the class is not secured.
More details.
Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. In other words, we can say that wrapper
classes are built-in java classes which allow the conversion of objects to primitives and primitives to objects. The process of
converting primitives to objects is called autoboxing, and the process of converting objects to primitives is called unboxing.
There are eight wrapper classes present in java.lang package is given below.
boolean Boolean
char Character
byte Byte
short Short ⇧
int Integer
long Long
float Float
double Double
The autoboxing is the process of converting primitive data type to the corresponding wrapper class object, eg., int to Integer. The
unboxing is the process of converting wrapper class object to primitive data type. For eg., integer to int. Unboxing and
autoboxing occur automatically in Java. However, we can externally convert one into another by using the methods like valueOf()
or xxxValue().
It can occur whenever a wrapper class object is expected, and primitive data type is provided or vice versa.
Java automatically converts primitive to object whenever one is required and another is provided in the method calling.
public class Test1
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer i = new Integer(201);
Integer j = new Integer(201);
if(i == j)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
else
{
System.out.println("bye");
}
}
}
Output
bye
Explanation
⇧
The Integer class caches integer values from -127 to 127. Therefore, the Integer objects can only be created in the range -128 to
127. The operator == will not work for the value greater than 127; thus bye is printed.
The object cloning is a way to create an exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the Object class is used to clone an
object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be implemented by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't
implement Cloneable interface, clone() method generates CloneNotSupportedException. The clone() method is defined in the
Object class. The syntax of the clone() method is as follows:
You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract class with a 4- or 5-line long clone() method.
It is the easiest and most efficient way of copying objects, especially if we are applying it to an already developed or an
old project. Just define a parent class, implement Cloneable in it, provide the definition of the clone() method and the
task will be done.
To use the Object.clone() method, we have to change many syntaxes to our code, like implementing a Cloneable interface,
defining the clone() method and handling CloneNotSupportedException, and finally, calling Object.clone(), etc.
We have to implement the Cloneable interface while it does not have any methods in it. We have to use it to tell the JVM
that we can perform a clone() on our object.
Object.clone() is protected, so we have to provide our own clone() and indirectly call Object.clone() from it.
Object.clone() does not invoke any constructor, so we do not have any control over object construction.
If you want to write a clone method in a child class, then all of its superclasses should define the clone() method in them
or inherit it from another parent class. Otherwise, the super.clone() chain will fail.
Object.clone() supports only shallow copying, but we will need to override it if we need deep cloning.
A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. Natives methods are sometimes also referred to
as foreign methods.
Java strictfp keyword ensures that you will get the same result on every platform if you perform operations in the floating-point
variable. The precision may differ from platform to platform that is why java programming language has provided the strictfp
keyword so that you get the same result on every platform. So, now you have better control over the floating-point arithmetic.
Standard input
Standard output
There are the three fields of Java System class, i.e., static printstream err, static inputstream in, and standard output stream.
226) What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?
Object cloning.
Singleton class is the class which can not be instantiated more than once. To make a class singleton, we either make its
constructor private or use the static getInstance method. Consider the following example.
class Singleton{
private static Singleton single_instance = null;
int i;
private Singleton ()
{
i=90;
}
public static Singleton getInstance()
{
if(single_instance == null)
{
single_instance = new Singleton();
}
return single_instance;
}
}
public class Main
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
Singleton first = Singleton.getInstance();
System.out.println("First instance integer value:"+first.i);
first.i=first.i+90;
Singleton second = Singleton.getInstance();
System.out.println("Second instance integer value:"+second.i);
⇧
}
}
228) Write a Java program that prints all the values given at command-line.
Program
class A{
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
System.out.println(args[i]);
}
}
compile by > javac A.java
run by > java A sonoo jaiswal 1 3 abc
Output
sonoo
jaiswal
1
3
abc
The Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.
The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.
The lightweight component of Swing is called peerless components. Spring has its libraries, so it does not use resources from
the Operating System, and hence it has lightweight components.
Lightweight components are the one which does not go with the native call to obtain the graphical units. They share their parent
component graphical units to render them. For example, Swing components, and JavaFX Components.
The portable elements provided by the operating system are called heavyweight components. AWT is limited to the graphical
classes provided by the operating system and therefore, It implements only the minimal subset of screen elements supported by
all platforms. The Operating system dependent UI discovery tools are called heavyweight components.
An applet is a small java program that runs inside the browser and generates dynamic content. It is embedded in the webpage
and runs on the client side. It is secured and takes less response time. It can be executed by browsers running under many
platforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os, etc. However, the plugins are required at the client browser to execute the applet.
The following image shows the architecture of Applet.
init()
start()
paint()
destroy()
236) Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as
an application?
A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region. This object can be used to get the locale-specific
information such as country name, language, variant, etc.
import java.util.*;
public class LocaleExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale locale=Locale.getDefault();
//Locale locale=new Locale("fr","fr");//for the specific locale
System.out.println(locale.getDisplayCountry());
System.out.println(locale.getDisplayLanguage());
System.out.println(locale.getDisplayName());
System.out.println(locale.getISO3Country());
System.out.println(locale.getISO3Language());
System.out.println(locale.getLanguage());
System.out.println(locale.getCountry());
}
}
Output:
United States
English
English (United States)
USA
eng
en
US
JavaBean is a reusable software component written in the Java programming language, designed to be manipulated visually by a
software development environment, like JBuilder or VisualAge for Java. t. A JavaBean encapsulates many objects into one
object so that we can access this object from multiple places. Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance. Consider the
following example to create a JavaBean class.
//Employee.java
package mypack;
public class Employee implements java.io.Serializable{
private int id;
private String name;
public Employee(){}
public void setId(int id){this.id=id;}
public int getId(){return id;}
public void setName(String name){this.name=name;}
public String getName(){return name;}
}
According to Java white paper, it is a reusable software component. A bean encapsulates many objects into one object so that
we can access this object from multiple places. Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance.
The persistence property of Java bean comes into the act when the properties, fields, and state information are saved to or
retrieve from the storage.
The RMI (Remote Method Invocation) is an API that provides a mechanism to create the distributed application in java. The RMI
allows an object to invoke methods on an object running in another JVM. The RMI provides remote communication between the
applications using two objects stub and skeleton.
The stub is an object, acts as a gateway for the client side. All the outgoing requests are routed through it. It resides at the client
side and represents the remote object. When the caller invokes the method on the stub object, it does the following tasks:
It writes and transmits (marshals) the parameters to the remote Virtual Machine (JVM).
Skeleton
The skeleton is an object, acts as a gateway for the server side object. All the incoming requests are routed through it. When the
skeleton receives the incoming request, it does the following tasks:
244) What are the steps involved to write RMI based programs?
There are 6 steps which are performed to write RMI based programs.
Compile the implementation class and create the stub and skeleton objects using the rmic tool.
HTTP tunneling can be defined as the method which doesn't need any setup to work within the firewall environment. It handles
the HTTP connections through the proxy servers. However, it does not allow outbound TCP connections.
JRMP (Java Remote Method Protocol) can be defined as the Java-specific, stream-based protocol which looks up and refers to
the remote objects. It requires both client and server to use Java objects. It is wire level protocol which runs under RMI and over
TCP/IP.
Yes, they can. RMI is available with IIOP as the transport protocol instead of JRMP. ⇧
Core Java: Data Structure interview questions
public class BubbleSort {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
for (int j=0;j<10;j++)
{
if(a[i]<a[j])
{
int temp = a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j] = temp;
}
}
}
System.out.println("Printing Sorted List ...");
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
}
Output:
import java.util.*;
public class BinarySearch {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {16, 19, 20, 23, 45, 56, 78, 90, 96, 100};
int item, location = -1;
System.out.println("Enter the item which you want to search");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
item = sc.nextInt();
location = binarySearch(arr,0,9,item);
if(location != -1)
System.out.println("the location of the item is "+location);
else
System.out.println("Item not found");
}
public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int beg, int end, int item)
{
int mid;
if(end >= beg)
{
mid = (beg + end)/2;
if(a[mid] == item)
{
return mid+1;
}
else if(a[mid] < item)
{
return binarySearch(a,mid+1,end,item);
}
else
{
return binarySearch(a,beg,mid-1,item);
}
}
return -1;
}
}
Output:
⇧
250) How to perform Selection Sort in Java?
public class SelectionSort {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
int i,j,k,pos,temp;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
pos = smallest(a,10,i);
temp = a[i];
a[i]=a[pos];
a[pos] = temp;
}
System.out.println("\nprinting sorted elements...\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
public static int smallest(int a[], int n, int i)
{
int small,pos,j;
small = a[i];
pos = i;
for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)
{
if(a[j]<small)
{
small = a[j];
pos=j;
}
}
return pos;
}
}
Output:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Leniear_Search {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {10, 23, 15, 8, 4, 3, 25, 30, 34, 2, 19};
int item,flag=0;
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter Item ?");
item = sc.nextInt();
for(int i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
if(arr[i]==item)
{
flag = i+1;
break;
}
else
flag = 0;
}
if(flag != 0)
{
System.out.println("Item found at location" + flag);
}
else
System.out.println("Item not found");
}
}
Output:
Enter Item ?
23
Item found at location 2
Enter Item ? ⇧
22
Item not found
public class MyMergeSort
{
void merge(int arr[], int beg, int mid, int end)
{
int l = mid - beg + 1;
int r = end - mid;
intLeftArray[] = new int [l];
intRightArray[] = new int [r];
for (int i=0; i<l; ++i)
LeftArray[i] = arr[beg + i];
for (int j=0; j<r; ++j)
RightArray[j] = arr[mid + 1+ j];
int i = 0, j = 0;
int k = beg;
while (i<l&&j<r)
{
if (LeftArray[i] <= RightArray[j])
{
arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
i++;
}
else
{
arr[k] = RightArray[j];
j++;
}
k++;
}
while (i<l)
{
arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
⇧
i++;
k++;
}
while (j<r)
{
arr[k] = RightArray[j];
j++;
k++;
}
}
void sort(int arr[], int beg, int end)
{
if (beg<end)
{
int mid = (beg+end)/2;
sort(arr, beg, mid);
sort(arr , mid+1, end);
merge(arr, beg, mid, end);
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
intarr[] = {90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
MyMergeSort ob = new MyMergeSort();
ob.sort(arr, 0, arr.length-1);
System.out.println("\nSorted array");
for(int i =0; i<arr.length;i++)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]+"");
}
}
}
Output:
Sorted array
23
23
23
34
45
65
67
⇧
89
90
101
public class QuickSort {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i;
int[] arr={90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
quickSort(arr, 0, 9);
System.out.println("\n The sorted array is: \n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
public static int partition(int a[], int beg, int end)
{
int left, right, temp, loc, flag;
loc = left = beg;
right = end;
flag = 0;
while(flag != 1)
{
while((a[loc] <= a[right]) && (loc!=right))
right--;
if(loc==right)
flag =1;
elseif(a[loc]>a[right])
{
temp = a[loc];
a[loc] = a[right];
a[right] = temp;
loc = right;
}
if(flag!=1)
{
while((a[loc] >= a[left]) && (loc!=left))
left++;
if(loc==left)
flag =1;
elseif(a[loc] <a[left])
⇧
{
temp = a[loc];
a[loc] = a[left];
a[left] = temp;
loc = left;
}
}
}
returnloc;
}
static void quickSort(int a[], int beg, int end)
{
int loc;
if(beg<end)
{
loc = partition(a, beg, end);
quickSort(a, beg, loc-1);
quickSort(a, loc+1, end);
}
}
}
Output:
254) Write a program in Java to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.
Consider the following program to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.
public class CountList {
//Represent a node of the doubly linked list
class Node{
⇧
int data;
Node previous;
Node next;
public Node(int data) {
this.data = data;
}
}
//Represent the head and tail of the doubly linked list
Node head, tail = null;
//addNode() will add a node to the list
public void addNode(int data) {
//Create a new node
Node newNode = new Node(data);
//If list is empty
if(head == null) {
//Both head and tail will point to newNode
head = tail = newNode;
//head's previous will point to null
head.previous = null;
//tail's next will point to null, as it is the last node of the list
tail.next = null;
}
else {
//newNode will be added after tail such that tail's next will point to newNode
tail.next = newNode;
//newNode's previous will point to tail
newNode.previous = tail;
//newNode will become new tail
tail = newNode;
//As it is last node, tail's next will point to null
tail.next = null;
}
}
//countNodes() will count the nodes present in the list
public int countNodes() {
int counter = 0;
//Node current will point to head
Node current = head;
⇧
while(current != null) {
//Increment the counter by 1 for each node
counter++;
current = current.next;
}
return counter;
}
//display() will print out the elements of the list
public void display() {
//Node current will point to head
Node current = head;
if(head == null) {
System.out.println("List is empty");
return;
}
System.out.println("Nodes of doubly linked list: ");
while(current != null) {
//Prints each node by incrementing the pointer.
System.out.print(current.data + " ");
current = current.next;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
CountList dList = new CountList();
//Add nodes to the list
dList.addNode(1);
dList.addNode(2);
dList.addNode(3);
dList.addNode(4);
dList.addNode(5);
//Displays the nodes present in the list
dList.display();
//Counts the nodes present in the given list
System.out.println("\nCount of nodes present in the list: " + dList.countNodes());
}
}
Output:
⇧
Nodes of doubly linked list:
1 2 3 4 5
Count of nodes present in the list: 5
255) Write a program in Java to find the maximum and minimum value node
from a circular linked list.
public class MinMax {
//Represents the node of list.
public class Node{
int data;
Node next;
public Node(int data) {
this.data = data;
}
}
//Declaring head and tail pointer as null.
public Node head = null;
public Node tail = null;
//This function will add the new node at the end of the list.
public void add(int data){
//Create new node
Node newNode = new Node(data);
//Checks if the list is empty.
if(head == null) {
//If list is empty, both head and tail would point to new node.
head = newNode;
tail = newNode;
newNode.next = head;
}
else {
//tail will point to new node.
tail.next = newNode;
//New node will become new tail.
tail = newNode;
//Since, it is circular linked list tail will points to head.
tail.next = head;
}
⇧
}
//Finds out the minimum value node in the list
public void minNode() {
Node current = head;
//Initializing min to initial node data
int min = head.data;
if(head == null) {
System.out.println("List is empty");
}
else {
do{
//If current node's data is smaller than min
//Then replace value of min with current node's data
if(min > current.data) {
min = current.data;
}
current= current.next;
}while(current != head);
System.out.println("Minimum value node in the list: "+ min);
}
}
//Finds out the maximum value node in the list
public void maxNode() {
Node current = head;
//Initializing max to initial node data
int max = head.data;
if(head == null) {
System.out.println("List is empty");
}
else {
do{
//If current node's data is greater than max
//Then replace value of max with current node's data
if(max < current.data) {
max = current.data;
}
current= current.next;
}while(current != head);
System.out.println("Maximum value node in the list: "+ max);
}
}
⇧
public static void main(String[] args) {
MinMax cl = new MinMax();
//Adds data to the list
cl.add(5);
cl.add(20);
cl.add(10);
cl.add(1);
//Prints the minimum value node in the list
cl.minNode();
//Prints the maximum value node in the list
cl.maxNode();
}
}
Output:
256) Write a program in Java to calculate the difference between the sum of the
odd level and even level nodes of a Binary Tree.
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Queue;
public class DiffOddEven {
//Represent a node of binary tree
public static class Node{
int data;
Node left;
Node right;
public Node(int data){
//Assign data to the new node, set left and right children to null
this.data = data;
this.left = null;
this.right = null;
}
}
//Represent the root of binary tree
public Node root;
⇧
public DiffOddEven(){
root = null;
}
//difference() will calculate the difference between sum of odd and even levels of binary tree
public int difference() {
int oddLevel = 0, evenLevel = 0, diffOddEven = 0;
//Variable nodesInLevel keep tracks of number of nodes in each level
int nodesInLevel = 0;
//Variable currentLevel keep track of level in binary tree
int currentLevel = 0;
//Queue will be used to keep track of nodes of tree level-wise
Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();
//Check if root is null
if(root == null) {
System.out.println("Tree is empty");
return 0;
}
else {
//Add root node to queue as it represents the first level
queue.add(root);
currentLevel++;
while(queue.size() != 0) {
//Variable nodesInLevel will hold the size of queue i.e. number of elements in queue
nodesInLevel = queue.size();
while(nodesInLevel > 0) {
Node current = queue.remove();
//Checks if currentLevel is even or not.
if(currentLevel % 2 == 0)
//If level is even, add nodes's to variable evenLevel
evenLevel += current.data;
else
//If level is odd, add nodes's to variable oddLevel
oddLevel += current.data;
⇧
//Adds left child to queue
if(current.left != null)
queue.add(current.left);
//Adds right child to queue
if(current.right != null)
queue.add(current.right);
nodesInLevel--;
}
currentLevel++;
}
//Calculates difference between oddLevel and evenLevel
diffOddEven = Math.abs(oddLevel - evenLevel);
}
return diffOddEven;
}
public static void main (String[] args) {
DiffOddEven bt = new DiffOddEven();
//Add nodes to the binary tree
bt.root = new Node(1);
bt.root.left = new Node(2);
bt.root.right = new Node(3);
bt.root.left.left = new Node(4);
bt.root.right.left = new Node(5);
bt.root.right.right = new Node(6);
//Display the difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes
System.out.println("Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: " + bt.difference());
}
}
Output:
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