Data FRAC

Theory and Execution

By Eng. Saad Shabana
The Last Part#

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Agenda (Cont.,)
 Generalized Decline curve analysis; how to plot and interpret (Explain) the
following approaches by yourself:
 G function approach.
 Square Root shut in time approach.
 Square Root shut in time plus pumping time approach.
 Log – log plot approach.
 Horner plot approach.
 Cartesian plot approach.
 How to Calculate :
 Fluid loss coefficient
 Fluid Efficiency
 Fracture dimensions
 How to Calibrate stresses data.
 Identification of non ideal behaviors during shut In.
 New method to determine Closure pressure from calibration pumping period.
 Comparing between different techniques simultaneously.

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DataFRAC Analysis
 To provide accurate fracture design parameters:
 Effective design
 Increased NPV

 Inaccurate design parameters may result in:

 Premature screen out (pad depletion)
 Unpropped fracture
 Increased proppant damage
 Increased treatment cost (excessive pad)

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Basic Decline Curve Analysis
Start Shut-In Closure
Wellhead Pressure Pressure

Shut-In Pressure
Decline

Pump Rate

Closure Time
Injection time Tc
Ti

Time
Objectives of decline curve analysis
 Determination of:
 Fluid loss coefficient
 Fluid Efficiency
 Fracture dimensions
 Calibration of stresses data

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Basic Decline Curve Analysis
Injection Shut-in Linear Flow Radial Flow

Closure Pressure

Reservoir Pressure

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Methods for analysis
 G-Function Plot (the most important).
 Square Root of Time Plot
 Log-Log Plot
 Horner plot

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G-Function Analysis
Algebraic Definition of the G-Function
G-function is a dimensionless function of shut-in time
normalized to pumping time:

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 G‐Function: Two limiting cases

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 Decline Function, G

p CL rp tp
Pws - Pw(DtD) = G (DtD)
2c f

Slope P* = DPi
Gc
 = Gc
2 + Gc

p C L rp t p
The slope of straight line: mG = P*, P* =
2c f
Gc
For non ideal behavior, mG  P*, and  =
2 + Gc
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G plot:

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G plot:

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G plot:

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Non-Ideal Behavior

 Change in fracture penetration after shut-in

 Height growth
 Pressure dependent fluid loss
 Fissure opening

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 “G” Plot Analysis for Non-Ideal Behavior
 Find the slope of “G” plot at DPw And denote as m 3/4
 3/4
DPs
 KGD, Radial model P* = m3/4

 PKN model P* = Max of m 3/4 and m G'

m G' = fc m G,c

Calculate CL

CL = 2 cf P*
p rp tp
 Calculate 
 = G* where G* = DPs ,  = Spurt Correction
2  + G* P*

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“G” Plot Analysis for Non-Ideal Behavior

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 G –plot for tip extension after shut down
500 4950

450
Characteristic Shape on 4900

400
Superposition Derivative:
Early-time data falls below 4850

350 extrapolation of straight line

4800

Bottomhole Pressure, psi

Pressure Derivatives

300
4750

250

4700
200

4650
150
dP/dG
GdP/dG 4600
100

P
50 4550

0 4500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
G Function (=1.0)
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G –plot for Height recession (cont.,)

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 G –plot for Height recession (cont.,)

1400 4500

4300
1200

4100

1000 3900
dP/dG and GdP/dG

3700

BH Pressure
800

3500
dP/dG
600 GdP/dG
Pressure 3300

3100
400

2900

200
2700

0 2500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
G Function

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G –plot for Height recession (cont.,)

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 G –plot for Tip extension after shutdown
500 4800

450 4750

400
dP/dG 4700

Bottomhole Pressure, psi

350
Pressure Derivatives

4650
300
P 4600
250
4550
200
GdP/dG 4500
150
4450
100

50 4400

0 4350
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
G-function

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G –plot for Fissure Opening
1000 5000

900 4800

800 4600

700 4400
GdP/dG
dP/dG and GdP/dG

BH Pressure, spi
600 P 4200

500 4000

400 3800

300 3600

200 3400
dP/dG
100 3200

0 3000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
G Function

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Square Root Shut in time plot

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Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)

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Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)

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Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)

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Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)

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 Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)
Calc'd BH Pressure (psi) A Time CBP SP DP FE
Smoothed Pressure (psi) A 1 Closure 00:15:14 9872 9876 417.1 35.41
A First Derivative (psi/min^0.5) D D
10750 50
1

10500 (Y = 10448.08) 0

10250
-50
(00:13:06, 9999.19)
10000
(m = -242.33)
-100
(00:17:12, 9782.8)
9750
-150
9500

-200
9250

9000 -250

8750 -300
00:30 01:00 01:30 02:00 02:30 03:00
9/12/2002 9/12/2002
Time
Customer: Job Date: Ticket #:
Well Description: UWI: StimWin v4.3.0
17-Apr-03 17:31

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Log-Log Plot:

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Log-Log Plot: (cont.,)

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Log-Log Plot: (cont.,)

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Log-Log Plot: (cont.,)

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Log-Log Plot: well X (cont.,)

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Log-Log Plot: well X (cont.,)

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Horner Plot

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Horner Plot (cont.,)

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Fluid Efficiency Calculation (IFS)

 Nolte Equation:
 F.E. = ((1 + Tc/Ti)1.5 - (Tc/Ti)1.5 - 1) /
(1 + Tc/Ti)1.5 - (Tc/Ti)1.5

Where:
 Tc = closure time (minutes)
 Ti = injection time (minutes)

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 Fluid Efficiency Calculation (FracPro)

Where:
tcD = tc/ti
tc = closure time (minutes)
ti = injection time (minutes)

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 Pad Volume Determination
 Nolte Method % Pad Volume:
 % Pad Volume = (1- F.E.)2 + 0.05

 Shell Method % (Pad + Prepad) Volume:

 % (Pad + Prepad) = (1 - F.E.)/(1 + F.E.)

 Compare FET efficiency with fracture design

efficiency

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Permeability Estimation from Gc
0.0086 0.01 Pz
k 1.96
 Gc E rp 
 ct  0.038 
 
Where:
k = effective perm, md
 = viscosity, cp
Pz = net pressure
 = porosity, fraction
ct = total compressibility, 1/psi
E = Young’s Modulus, MMpsi
rp = leakoff height to gross frac height ratio
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New method to determine Pc
 Real Worked Examples\(8) KSW -19 2ND stage New
method for closure pressure determination.xls

 Real Worked Examples\(7) Asala - 38 New method for

closure pressure determination no 1.xls

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