PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC: TO SET UP A COMMON BASE TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT
AND TO STUDY ITS INPUT AND OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
AND TO CALCULATE ITS CURRENT GAIN
SUBJECT: PHYSICS

NAME : SHAAN NAYEEM K.

GRADE : XII
ROLL NO. : 05
SCHOOL : KMV RED HILLS HIGH SCHOOL
SESSION : 2019 – 20

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Page 1

Name : SHAAN NAYEEM K. Class : XII
Roll No : 05 Exam No: ________
Institution: KMV RED HILLS HIGH SCHOOL

This is certified to be the bonafide work of the student in the

PHYSICS Laboratory during the Academic Year 2019/2020.

………………………
Teacher In-charge

………………………. ………………………
Examiner’s Signature Principal

Date: ………………… Institution Rubber Stamp

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Page 2

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the Principal, Mrs.
Abak Chatterjee, for her encouragement and for all the facilities that she
provided for this project work. I extend my hearty thanks to our Physics practical
in charge Mr. Arun Kumar who guided me to the successful completion of this
project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for their
invaluable guidance, constant, encouragement, immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all the stages of this project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and our lab assistants
who helped me carry out this project work successfully and for their valuable
advice and support which I received from time to time.

SHAAN NAYEEM K.

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Page 3

 INDEX

1) Introduction ….…………………..5
2) Aim ……..…………………..6
3) Apparatus ………………..6
4) Theory ……..………………...6
5) Diagram ………………………. 7
6) Procedure ……..……….... 7 - 8
7) Observation ……………………………. 8
8) Conclusion …………………...………. 9
9) Precautions ………………………………. 9
10) Sources of Error ………………………….. 9

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 INTRODUCTION
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used
to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to
an external circuit. Transistor can amplify a signal.
Most transistors are made from very pure silicon or germanium, but certain
other semiconductor materials can also be used.
PNP Transistor

In this type of transistor

construction the two diodes are
a Positive-Negative-Positive type
of configuration, with the arrow
which also defines the Emitter
terminal this time pointing inwards
in the transistor symbol. It “sinks” current into its Base. Holes are the more
important carriers for PNP transistors. Then, PNP transistors use a small base
current and a negative base voltage to control a much larger emitter-collector
current.
A PNP Transistor Circuit
The Output Characteristics Curves for a
PNP transistor look very similar to those
for an equivalent NPN transistor except
that they are rotated by 180o to take
account of the reverse polarity voltages
and currents, (that is for a PNP transistor,
electron current flows out of the base and
collector towards the battery). The same dynamic load line can be drawn onto
the I-V curves to find the PNP transistors operating points.

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Page 5

AIM: To set up a common base transistor circuit and to study its input and
output characteristics and to calculate its current gain.

APPARATUS: A pnp transistor, a 3V Battery, a 30V Battery, Two High

Resistance Rheostats, One (0 – 3 V) Voltmeter, Two (0 – 50 mA) milli-
ammeter, Two one- way keys, connecting wires. R0

THEORY: The base is common to both the input and output circuit. The input
section is forward biased by battery VBB and output section is reversed biased by
battery VCC.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
The resistance gain =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅0
= ……………………………………(1)
𝑅𝐼
The current equation, IE = IB + IC ……………………………………(2)

𝛥𝑉𝐸𝐵
(i) Input Resistance, RI = │ VCB = constant
𝛥𝐼𝐸
1
=
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠

𝛥𝑉𝐶𝐵
(ii) Output Resistance, Ro = │ IE = constant
𝛥𝐼𝐶
1
=
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠

𝛥𝐼𝐶
(iii) Current gain , α = │ VCE = constant
𝛥𝐼𝐸
1
α=
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠

𝑅𝑜
(iv) Voltage gain , Av = α
𝑅𝐼
= Current gain × Resistance Gain
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DIAGRAM:

fig: Common-base (pnp) transistor circuit

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw neat circuit diagram and connect accordingly
2. Determine least count and zero errors of voltmeters, milliammeters
3. Keeping the potential divider arrangement to minimum voltage (make,
voltmeters reading zero) and switch on the batteries by inserting the keys K1
and K2.

For Input Characteristics

4. Apply forward bias voltage on emitter function. Read the base voltage (VEB)
by voltmeter and emitter current (IE) from mA.
5. Go on increasing input voltage till IE rises suddenly and note the reading of
IE and VEB.
6. Make collector voltage VCB= - 4 V and repeat steps 4 and 5.
7. Make collector voltage VCB= - 8 V and repeat steps 4 and 5.
8. Make all reading zero.
9. Plot the graph between VBE along X-axis and IE along Y-axis.

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For Output Characteristics

10. Make collector voltage zero. Adjust the input voltage VEB to make
IE = 2 mA. At collector voltage zero, there is a collector current Ic . Note it.
11. Now increase the collector voltage and note the corresponding reading of
milliammeter (IC ). The IC becomes almost constant.
12. Repeat steps 10 and 11 with IE = 4 mA and 6 mA.
13. Plot a graph between VCB along X-axis and IC along Y-axis.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Least count of voltmeter, Vi =_________
2. Range of voltmeter, Vi =_________
3. Zero error of voltmeter, Vi =_________
4. Least count of voltmeter, V0 =_________
5. Range of voltmeter, V0 =_________
6. Zero error of voltmeter, V0 =_________
7. Least count of milliammeter =_________
8. Range of milliammeters =_________
9. Zero error of milliammeters =_________

No. of turns No. of turns Voltage in Voltage in Current in Loss

S Current in
in primary in primary primary coil secondary secondary of
no P. coil (Ip)
coil (Np) coil (Ns) (Ɛp) coil (Ɛs) coil (Is) power

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

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CONCLUSIONS:
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
𝑁
upon the turn ratio ( 𝑠 ) w.r.t. input voltage.
𝑁𝑝

2. The output current of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
𝑁
upon the turn ratio ( 𝑠 ) w.r.t. input current.
𝑁𝑝

3. There is loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep yourself safe from the high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage, the a.c. main supply
should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Values of currents can be changed due to heating effect of current.
2. The eddy current can change the readings.

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