• Power Supplies

• Bandgap Reference
• Case Study

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 1

 Power Supply Designs

• AC to DC power supplies  110‐240vac 50/60Hz
– Linear 
– Switch mode 

• DC to DC power supplies  +5v, +14v
– Linear
– Switch mode

• Bandgap reference

• Case study 
6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 2
 Power Supply Specifications
• Line regulation:  change in output voltage 
with input change

• Load regulation: change in output voltage 
with varying load

• Output ripple
• Holdup time
• Input voltage range/frequency
• Efficiency
• Power density W/cu in
• Cost  watt/$

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 3

 Safety  DC AC line

• Safety is major issue in power 
supplies.

• Operation world wide with 
one design 
desireable/required
optoisolators

• Input (primary) must be 
isolated from output 
(secondary)

350W PC Power Supply

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 4

 Primary Secondary Isolation
Transformer

Opto-isolator

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 5

 Connector Voltage Drop

• +12V currents up to 
20 amps!

• Voltage drop major 
issue.

• Solution: additional 
connectors in 
parallel

• Must be backwards 
compatible

ATX Motherboard power connector

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 6

 AC‐DC Power Supply

• Internal: PC power supply
• Brick/Wart:  USB charge, cell phone, 
etc…
• AC input range
– 100‐240VAC (min 92VAC in Japan)
– 50‐60Hz

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 7

 AC‐DC Design Philosophy

• Step down voltage (110‐240) at 50/60hz
– Simple design
– Large transformer required

• Off‐Line Switching
– Rectify line voltage, step down at 20 ‐ >100kHz
– Small transformer
– More complex design
– Switching noise filter required

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 8

 Step Down Design Philosophy
60hz 20-80kHz

Opto-isolator

push pull

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 9

 Linear Regulator: Zener + BJT

• Simple design
• Output voltage varies (slightly) with current
• Temperature drift
• BJT power dissipation limited
• Low efficiency

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 10

 Linear Voltage Regulator
Vin

• Simple/low cost design
• Low noise/low ripple
Vout • Fast transient response
• Low dropout voltage

Vout I V
• Efficiency   out
Vout I  (Vin  Vout ) I Vin

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 11

 7805
Overvoltage
protection

Bandgap Short circuit

reference protection

7905
7812
7912
.
.
.

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 12

 LM317 

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 13

 LM317 – Three Terminal Adjustable Regulator

• First 3 terminal adjustable voltage regulator
• 1.2 ‐ 25 Voltage output range
• Short circuit protected
• Thermal shutdown

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 14

 Switching Regulators

• Buck converter – step down converter
• Boost converter – step up
• Flyback converter
• Can be used to generate multiple voltages 
from single source.
• Extremely efficient

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 15

 Inductor Capacitor Behavior
• Current through an inductor cannot be changed instantly.  
Since V = L(di/dt), a step change in i would imply an infinite voltage.
– Result: The current through an inductor just before the switching equals the 
current just after.

• Steady state voltage across an ideal inductor must be zero.  
A steady state voltage would imply a constant, nonzero di/dt which 
results in infinite current.  
– Result: In equilibrium, the voltage across an ideal inductor is zero.  (real 
inductors have resistance which will lead to an IR drop) .

• Voltage across a capacitor cannot be changed instantly.  Since 
i=C(dv/dt) a step change in V would imply an infinite current .
– Result: the voltage before the switching or pulse equals the voltage just after.

• Steady state current in a capacitor must be zero.  A steady state 
current would integrate to an infinite charge and infinite voltage.
– Result:  in the steady state the average current into a capacitor is zero.

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 16

 Voltage Schemes

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 17

 Buck Converter* with MOSFET

Vout < Vin

* Linear.com Appnote AN140-1

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 18

 Buck Converter

T
iL (t)  iL (To )   vL (t)dt
di (t) 1 S
vL (t)  L L
dt L To

At steady state, the current are the same at every Ts or

T
iL (To  TS )  iL (To ) or iL (To  TS )  iL (To )  0   vL (t)dt
1 S
L To

Therefore: average voltage across an inductor must be

zero
vL(average)  TON   vIN  vO   TS  TON    vO   0

TON T
 vO  vIN D  ON (duty cycle)
TS TS

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 19

 Inverting Converter
• The current following into the 
inductor when the MOSFET is 
on is:  v
i L (on)  in TON
L
• When the MOSFET is off,  the 
diode is conducting; the change 
in inductor current is 
vO
i L (off )  (TS  TON )
L

• In equilibrium, they are equal 
and opposite 
TON T
 vO   v IN  ON v IN with TOFF  TS  TON
T S TON TOFF

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 20

 Boost Converter* with BJT
Wrong!
iL

Vin

Vo > Vin

diL Vin diL Vin  Vo

 
dt L dt L
Q is on for t(on) Q is off for [T-t(on)]
*Texas Instruments App note AN-556
Introduction to Power Supplies
Vin
Vo  T *
(T  t(on ) )
6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 21
 Continuous Conduction Mode

• For light loads or low 
switch frequencies, the 
current in the inductor can 
fall to zero. 
– MOSFET and diode 
become capacitive 
forming a RLC circuit

• Requires more detailed 
analysis and design in the 
 vO  feedback and regulation 
f  (1 D)   loop.
 2iO L 
T 
D   ON 
 TS 
6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 22
 Integrated Circuit Solutions

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 23

 Integrated Solutions

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 24

 Auto USB Charger

Cin IC C2
L1

D1

Capacitor
104 = 10x104 pf
= 0.1 µf

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 25

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 26
 Flyback Converter

• Typically used in off‐line 
switching regulator
• Single or push pull transistor 
configuration
• Transformer size approximately 
inversely proportional  to 
frequency.
• Multiple output voltages 
possible.
• Isolation between primary and 
secondary absolutely essential.
• EMI line filtering necessary

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 27

 5V ‐ 3.3V  Converters

• 5VDC – existing standard for digital logic 
and USB
• 3.3V new standard embedded logic
– Linear regular:  LDO   LM1117
– Buck converter LM3671

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 28

 USB C

• Universal connector for power and data – first product 
MacBook Air – one and only port!
• Symmetrical – no orientation (Good for 10,000 
insert/withdrawals)
• Supports DisplayPort, HDMI, power, USB, and VGA. 
Uses differential bidirectional serial communications
• Supplies up to 100W power 
• Voltage dictated by software handshake, etc..
• New adapters required for DisplayPort, HDMI, power, 
USB, and VGA  …….

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 29

 USB  C  ‐ Power Profiles

www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/sales_and_
marketing/presentation/product_presentation/
group0/5a/b1/8e/6c/2b/0d/46/3c/Apec/files/AP
EC_2016_USB_Power.pdf/_jcr_content/transl
ations/en.APEC_2016_USB_Power.pdf

At any power level, all previous

voltages must be supported: a
60w source must supply:
20V@3A,
15@3A,
9V@3A and
5V@3A
(Source: Figure 10-2 in the USB PD Specification v3.0)

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 30

 Band Gap Reference
• Conceptualize by David Hibiber 1964
• Realized/implemented by Bob Widlar 1971
• Summed voltage = 1.25 (silicon bandgap voltage)*

kT
Vt 
q

temp coefficent ~ 0 with VBE  kVt

*bandgap: amount of energy needed to free an electron from its orbit to become a mobile charge carrier.
6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 31
 LM309 Bandgap

 qV BE 1   qV BE 1 
   
 kT   kT 
I  I (e   1)  I e 
B S S
kT I
I1 V  ln( I ) I  B
BE 1 q 1 1 I
S
kT I
V V V  ln( 1 )
BE BE 1 BE 2 q I
2

Widlar, Robert J. (February 1971), "New Developments in IC Voltage Regulators",

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 6 (1): 2–7, doi:10.1109/JSSC.1971.1050151

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 32

 Case Study TI‐5500 I/O Expander

• Power supply for control system
• Input:  90‐120VAC  50‐60Hz
• Output
– (2)  8.5V 15 amp  
– 5V 1 amp
– Undervoltage sense
– Overvoltage shutdown
– Overcurrent protection

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 33

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 34
 EMI surge
protection Push pull
flyback

optoisolation

crowbar
Linear regulator 7805 Remote current sense

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 35

 Walk Through

• Heat sink
• EMI
• MOV
• Opto‐isolation
• Crowbar
• Fast recovery diodes
• Low ESR capacitors
• Hi Pot 

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 36

 Black Heatsinks
• Property: emissivity  
Highly polished (shiny, 
white) objects have low 
emissivity, black object 
have high emissivity.

• Black surfaces absorb heat 
better, but it also radiates 
it better.  

• The SR‐71 Blackbird is 
black for radiative heat 
transfer – cooler than 
unpainted. At Mach 3.5 air 
is heating up the plane.

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 37

 EMI Filter

http://www.murata.com/products/catalog/pdf/c35e.pdf

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 38

 MOV 
• Metal Oxide Varistor
• Zinc Oxide + other metal 
oxide forming small multiple 
back to back diodes

• Specs: 
– energy rating in joules, 
– operating voltage, 
– response time, 
– maximum current, 
– breakdown (clamping) voltage.

• Key component in surge 
protectors

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 39

 Littlefuse MOV

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 40

Push Pull Flyback

High breakdown voltage

Low beta

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 41

 Optoisolators

• Electrically isolate circuits 
in two voltage domains

• Isolator achieved through 
vacuum or air gap

• Typical isolation:  5000 
volts rms

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 42

 Crowbar
• Circuit to protect against 
overvoltage failure

• Overvoltage triggers 
SCR/TRIAC

• Relies on overcurrent 
protection or fuse.

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 43

 Fast Recovery Diodes

Fast recovery times achieved by

manipulating doping levels and
junction geometry

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 44

 Low ESR Capacitors

• ESR – Equivalent Series Resistance
• Electrolytic 10uf: 0.1‐3Ω
• Ceramic, low ESR: <0.015Ω

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 45

 Hi Pot

• Safety test to verify 
isolation between 
primary and 
secondary.

• High potential test

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 46

 Switching Power Supply Losses

• Inductor loss
• Capacitor ESR loss
• Diode loss
• BJT/MOSFET conduction loss
• BJT/MOSFET rise/fall time  loss
• Gate drive loss

6.101 Spring 2019 Lecture 9 47