Example – Vector Shift Relay Operation

Vector Shift is used to protect an Embedded Generator. Calculate the

voltage angle change if the generator output increased from 15MW to
25MW as a result of an LOM event. Before islanding the generator
operated at unity power factor pf1=1 and after loss of grid connection
power factor changed to pf2=0.85 (lagging load). Assume that at the
time of islanding the generator terminal voltage was VT1 = 1/0ºpu.
Generator: Sn = 30 MVA Vn = 33 kV
Xd” = 0.23 pu Ra = 0.05 pu

Xd
Xd ’
Xd ”
IL R

Ed E d’ Ed ” VT
Vector Shift Relay Operation
Before LOM After LOM
100

50
V [V]

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

-50

-100

t [s]

VT1 θ
VT2
 Vector Shift Relay Operation (contd)

Xd” Ra
IL

Ed” VT

”
Ed

I L1 Xd ”
α VT1
IL1 IL 1 R a

Before LOM
 Vector Shift Relay Operation (contd)

Xd” Ra
IL

Ed” VT

”
Ed

Before LOM
 Vector Shift Relay Operation (contd)

Xd” Ra
IL

Ed” VT

E d"

”
Xd
IL 2
α
ϕ2 θ IL 2
VT 2 Ra
IL 2

After LOM
 Vector Shift Relay Operation (contd)
It is assumed that E"d = E"d1 = E"d2 is constant during a step change in load.
Nominal current of the generator:
Sn 30 ⋅ 106 Ed
”
In = = = 524.86A

I L1 Xd ”
3Vn 3 × 33 ⋅ 10 3

α VT1
Current before LOM: IL 1 IL 1 R a

P1 15 ⋅ 106
I L1 = = = 262.43A Before LOM
3Vn ⋅ pf1 3 × 33 ⋅ 10 × 1
3

I L1 262.43
I L1, pu = = = 0.5
I n 524.86

Taking VT1 at angle 0° as a reference:

I L1,pu = 0.5∠ 0°
 Vector Shift Relay Operation (contd)
Voltage E"d1 before LOM:

E′d,′ pu = VT1,pu + I L1,pu ⋅ ( Ra + jX d′′ ) ”

Ed
= 1 + 0.5 × ( 0.05 + j 0.23) = 1.031∠ 6.4°

I L1 Xd ”
α VT1
Current after LOM: IL 1 IL 1 R a

P2 25 ⋅ 106 Before LOM

I L2 = = = 514.57A
3Vn ⋅ pf 2 3 × 33 ⋅ 10 × 0.85
3

"
Ed

”
I L 2 514.57

Xd
I L 2, pu = = = 0.98

IL2
I n 524.86 α
ϕ2 θ IL 2
VT 2 Ra
IL 2

I L2,pu = I L 2, pu∠ − arccos( pf 2 ) − θ = 0.98∠ − 31.8° − θ After LOM

Vector Shift Relay Operation (contd)
Terminal voltage after LOM:

VT2,pu = E′d,′ pu − I L2,pu ⋅ ( Ra + jX d′′ )

”
Ed
′′ ∠ α − I L2,pu ∠ (− θ − ϕ 2 ) ⋅ ( Ra + jX d′′ )

I L1 Xd ”
VT2,pu ∠ − θ = Ed,pu

Multiply both sides by 1/θ: α VT1

′′ ∠ ( α + θ ) − I L2,pu ∠ − ϕ 2 ⋅ ( Ra + jX d′′ )
IL 1 IL 1 R a
VT2,pu = Ed,pu
Before LOM
′′ ∠ (α + θ ) − I L2,pu ∠ − ϕ 2 ⋅ Z G ∠ θ G
VT2,pu = Ed,pu

"
Using the imaginary part of the equation: Ed

”
Xd
′′ sin ( α + θ ) − I L2,pu ⋅ Z G sin (θ G − ϕ 2 )

IL2
0 = Ed,pu α

′′ sin ( α + θ ) = I L2,pu ⋅ Z G sin (θ G − ϕ 2 ) ϕ2 θ IL 2

Ed,pu VT 2 Ra
IL 2

After LOM
Vector Shift Relay Operation (contd)
I L2,pu ⋅ Z G sin (θ G − ϕ 2 )
sin ( α + θ ) =
′′
Ed,pu Ed
"

”
 I L2,pu ⋅ Z G sin (θ G − ϕ 2 ) 

Xd
IL2
θ = arcsin −α
 E ′′  α
 d,pu  ϕ2 θ IL 2
VT 2 Ra
′′
 X d,pu  IL 2
 = arctan
0.23  After LOM
θG = arctan  = 77.7°
 Ra   0.05 
ϕ 2 = arccos( pf 2 ) = 31.8°

 0.98 × 0.235 × sin ( 77.7° − 31.8° ) 

θ = arcsin  − 6.4° = 2.85°
 1.031 
Vector Shift protection will measure the angle of θ = 2.85°

If we assume pf2=1 the angle would be θ = 6.23°