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Amplitude: Modulation

1. Amplitude modulation involves varying the amplitude of a carrier wave using an information signal. 2. It is a simple and early form of modulation that is still used for broadcasting audio and video signals as well as mobile radio communications. 3. There are different types of amplitude modulation including double sideband with large carrier, double sideband suppressed carrier, single sideband, and vestigial sideband modulation.

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62 views19 pages

Amplitude: Modulation

1. Amplitude modulation involves varying the amplitude of a carrier wave using an information signal. 2. It is a simple and early form of modulation that is still used for broadcasting audio and video signals as well as mobile radio communications. 3. There are different types of amplitude modulation including double sideband with large carrier, double sideband suppressed carrier, single sideband, and vestigial sideband modulation.

Uploaded by

kaleem ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Amplitude
Modulation

By: Durgesh Suthar


En. No: 11115027
What is Modulation 2

 Modulation
 In the modulation process, some characteristic of
a high-frequency carrier signal (bandpass), is
changed according to the instantaneous
amplitude of the information (baseband) signal.
 Why Modulation is used
 Suitable for signal transmission (distance…etc)
 Multiple signals transmitted on the same channel
 Capacitive or inductive devices require high
frequency AC input (carrier) to operate.
 Stability and noise rejection
About Modulation 3

 Application Examples
 broadcasting of both audio
and video signals.
 Mobile radio communications,
such as cell phone.

• Basic modulation types


– Amplitude Modulation: changes the amplitude.
– Frequency Modulation: changes the frequency.
– Phase Modulation: changes the phase.
Modulation Theory 4

 A sine wave is represented as follows


 c(t)= Ac cos(2πfct +φ(t)

 Here Ac, fc and φ(t) all represent parameters


that can be modulated in the carrier waveform
in order to carry information. The modulation
schèmes are known as :
 Ac -> Amplitude Modulation
 fc -> Frequency Modulation
 Φ(t) -> Phase Modulation
Basic Amplitude
Modulation
 Amplitude
Modulation is the
simplest and earliest
form of transmitters
 The information signal
varies the
instantaneous
amplitude of the
carrier
Benefits of Modulation 6

 Modulation can shift the spectral content of a message signal


into a band which is better suited to the channel
 Antennas only efficiently radiate and admit signals whose
wavelength is similar to their physical aperture.
 Hence, to transmit and receive, say, voice, by radio we need to shift
the voice signal to a much higher frequency band.
7

 Modulation permits the use of


multiplexing
 Multiplexing means allowing simultaneous
communication by multiple users on the same
channel.
 For instance, the radio frequency spectrum must be
shared and modulation allows users to separate
themselves into bands.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)8

 In amplitude modulation, the message signal m(t) is impressed


on the amplitude of the carrier signal c(t) = Accos(2fct)
 This results in a sinusoidal signal whose amplitude is a function
of the message signal m(t)
 There are several different ways of amplitude modulating
the carrier signal by m(t)
 Each results in different spectral characteristics for the
transmitted signal
 Mainly these methods are used for AM:
(a) Double Sideband with Large carrier AM (DSB-LC AM)
(b) Double sideband, suppressed-carrier AM (DSB-SC AM)
(c) Single-sideband AM (SSB AM)
(d) Vestigial Sideband (VSB) modulation
9
10
Full AM modulation ( DSB-LC) 11

1 The carrier signal is


sc (t )  Ac cos( c t ) where  c  2f c
2 In the same way, a modulating signal (information
signal) can also be expressed as

sm (t )  Am cos  m t
13
3 The amplitude-modulated wave can be expressed as

s(t )  Ac  sm (t )cos(c t )


4 By substitution

s (t )  Ac  Am cos( mt )cos( c t )


5 The modulation index.

Am
m 
Ac
13
6 Therefore The full AM signal may be
written as

s(t )  Ac (1  m cos( mt )) cos( c t )

cos A cos B  1 / 2[cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)]

mAc mAc
s(t )  Ac (cos ct )  cos( c   m )t  cos( c   m )t
2 2
Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM
14

 A double-sideband, suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) AM signal is


obtained by multiplying the message signal m(t) with the carrier
signal c(t) = Accos(2fct)

 Amplitude-modulated signal
u (t )  m(t )c(t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t )

 An example of the message signal m(t), the carrier c(t), and the
modulated signal u (t) are shown in fig in next slide.

 This figure shows that a relatively slowly varying message signal m(t) is
changed into a rapidly varying modulated signal u(t), and due to its
rapid changes with time, it contains higher frequency components

 At the same time, the modulated signal retains the main characteristics
of the message signal; therefore, it can be used to retrieve the message
signal at the receiver
Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier
AM 15

 Figure : An example of message, carrier, and DSB-SC modulated


signals
16
Single-Sideband AM
 The two sidebands of an AM signal are
mirror images of one another
 As a result, one of the sidebands is
redundant
 Using single-sideband suppressed-carrier
transmission results in reduced bandwidth
and therefore twice as many signals may be
transmitted in the same spectrum allotment
Single-Sideband AM 17

.
 A method, illustrated in
Figure, generates a
DSB-SC AM signal and
then employs a filter
that selects either the
Figure : Generation of a single-
upper sideband or the sideband AM signal by filtering one of
the sidebands of a DSB-SC AM signal.
lower sideband of the
double-sideband AM
signal
Sideband and carrier power 18

 Carrier term does not carry information, and hence the carrier
power is wasted

 AM (t )  A cos ct  m(t ) cos ct  carrier  sidebands


 The carrier power Pc is the mean sq. value of
A cos c t which is A2 / 2
 The sideband power P is the mean sq. value
s
of m(t ) cos  c t which is m (t ) / 2
2
Advantages/disadvantages
20
Advantages of Amplitude Modulation, AM
There are several advantages of amplitude modulation, and some of these
reasons have meant that it is still in widespread use today:
 It is simple to implement
 it can be demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few components
 AM receivers are very cheap as no specialized components are needed.

Disadvantages of amplitude modulation


Amplitude modulation is a very basic form of modulation, and although its
simplicity is one of its major advantages, other more sophisticated systems
provide a number of advantages. Accordingly it is worth looking at some of
the disadvantages of amplitude modulation.
 It is not efficient in terms of its power usage
 It is not efficient in terms of its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth equal
to twice that of the highest audio frequency
 It is prone to high levels of noise because most noise is amplitude based and
obviously AM detectors are sensitive to it.

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