1st Term SY 2019-2020

Chapter 3:
Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces

Mech 311 Fluid Mechanics

Aloysius C. Mapalo, MSCE, PICE
[email protected]

Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• Applications:

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Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• Applications:

Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• Applications:

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Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• When analyzing hydrostatic forces on submerged
surfaces, the atmospheric pressure can be
subtracted for simplicity when it acts on both sides
of the structure.
• Three
characteristics of
hydrostatic forces
will be evaluated:
• magnitude,
• direction, and
• location.

Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• Semi-graphical analysis using pressure prism (for
plane surfaces):

l.s.

h1
p1 = γh1
p2 = γh2
P = volume of pressure
diagram (trapezoidal prism h2 p1
for rectangular surfaces),
acting at the volume’s
centroid.

p2

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Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• Semi-graphical analysis using pressure prism (for
plane surfaces):
l.s.
𝑝$ + 𝑝&
𝐹= 𝑏 𝑎 h1
2 p1
or 𝑦 = ℎ = ℎ$ + 𝑏⁄2

𝐹 = 𝑃+ + 𝛾(ℎ$ + 𝑏⁄2) 𝑎𝑏
when P0 = 0, pcg
cg+

2
𝐹 = 𝛾(ℎ$ + 𝑏⁄2) 𝑎𝑏 = 𝛾ℎ𝑎𝑏
F

𝐹 = 𝑝34 𝐴 p2

vertical plate

Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• Semi-graphical analysis using pressure prism (for
plane surfaces):
l.s.
𝑝$ + 𝑝&
𝐹= 𝑏 𝑎 ℎ = 𝑦 sin 𝜃
2 p1 𝑦
or

𝐹 = 𝑃+ + 𝛾(𝑠 + 𝑏⁄2) sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑏

pcg F
when P0 = 0,

2
𝐹 = 𝛾(𝑦2 sin 𝜃) 𝑎𝑏 = 𝛾ℎ𝑎𝑏 cg+

p2
𝐹 = 𝑝34 𝐴
tilted plate

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Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• Semi-graphical analysis using pressure prism (for
plane surfaces):
l.s.

𝐹 = 𝑝𝑎 𝑏

or

𝐹 = 𝑃+ + 𝛾ℎ 𝑎𝑏
when P0 = 0,

𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝑎𝑏 p

𝐹 = 𝑝34 𝐴 cg+

horizontal plate

Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• Semi-graphical analysis using pressure prism (for
plane surfaces
l.s. P0

𝑝
𝐹= 𝑏 𝑎 ℎ = 𝑏⁄2
2
𝐹 = 𝑃+ + 𝛾ℎ2 𝑎𝑏 b
cg+

when P0 = 0,

𝐹 = 𝑝34 𝐴
p

vertical plate, with edge on liquid surface

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Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• Semi-graphical analysis using pressure prism (for
plane surfaces
l.s. P0

location of pressure force F: ℎ = 𝑏⁄2

(centroid of the pressure prism)
2 2
𝑦; = 𝑏 b
𝑦; = 𝑏 3 cg+
3 e

eccentricity: F
2 1
𝑒= 𝑏− 𝑏 p
3 2
1
𝑒= 𝑏
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Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• General Formula:

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Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• General Formula:

for the total pressure force:

𝐹 = A 𝑝𝑑𝐴 = 𝑝34 𝐴

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Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• General Formula:
for the location of center
of pressure, yP:

𝑦C 𝐹 = A 𝑦𝑝 𝑑𝐴
D

𝑦C 𝐹 = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 A 𝑦 & 𝑑𝐴
D
but:
A 𝑦 & 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼FF,H = 𝐼FF,34 + 𝑦2 &𝐴
D
therefore:
𝐼FF,34
𝑦; = 𝑦2 +
𝑦𝐴
2

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Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

• General Formula:
for the location of center
of pressure, yP:

𝐼FF,34
𝑒=
𝑦2 𝑦𝐴
2
e = eccentricity
e Ixx,cg = area moment
of inertia about x-
axis at centroid

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Centroidal Moments of Inertia:

rectangle triangle

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Centroidal Moments of Inertia:

circle semi-circle

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Centroidal Moments of Inertia:

ellipse semi-ellipse

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Sample Problems:
1. A heavy car plunges into a
lake during an accident
and lands at the bottom of
the lake on its wheels. The
door is 1.2 m high and 1 m
wide, and the top edge of
the door is 8 m below the
free surface of the water.
Determine the hydrostatic
force on the door and the
location of the pressure
center, and discuss if the
driver can open the door.
Assume: A strong person can lift 100
kg, or about 1 kN.

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Sample Problems:
2. Determine the magnitude and point of application of
the resultant force acting on the circular plate covering
the opening in the water tank shown.

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Sample Problems:
3. The rectangular tank
is closed and at the
top surface of the oil
is pressurized with air
to psiag. What is the
minimum force Q that
must be applied to
the top edge of the
gate to keep it
closed?

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Sample Problems:
4. For the dam shown, find
the total pressure force
acting on the dam.

40 ft

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Sample Problems:
5. The For the system
shown, find the vertical
force Q required to
keep the rectangular
gate closed. The
uniform gate weighs
5,000 N and has a
width of 4m.

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Analysis of Dams
• Horizontal Forces acting on Dams:
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
WIND PRESSURE
WAVE ACTION
FLOATING OBJECTS

HEADWATER
FORCE
TAILWATER

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Analysis of Dams
• Horizontal Forces acting on Dams:
1. Hydrostatic Pressure Force on vertical
projections of submerged portions of the
dam
2. Wind Pressure
3. Wave Action
4. Floating Bodies
5. Earthquake Load

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Analysis of Dams
• Verccal Forces accng on Dams:

PERMANENT STRUCTURES

WEIGHT OF WATER

WEIGHT OF DAM

HYDROSTATIC UPLIFT

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Analysis of Dams
• Verccal Forces accng on Dams:
1. Weight of Dam
2. Weight of Water
3. Hydrostacc Uplie
4. Weight of Permanent Structures on the
Dam

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Analysis of Dams
• Sliding Failure:
Ø if horizontal forces is greater from upstream

NET FORCE

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Analysis of Dams
• Overturning Failure:
Ø if overturning moment (about the toe) is greater than
righting moment.

OVERTURNING
MOMENT

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Analysis of Dams
• Overturning Failure:
Ø if overturning moment (about the toe) is greater than
righting moment.

OVERTURNING
MOMENT

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Analysis of Dams
• General Procedure:
1. Consider 1-m length (or 1 ft) of dam.
2. Determine all forces acting
3. Solve for the Reactions
a) Vertical Reaction, Rv = ΣFv
b) Horizontal Reaction, Rh = ΣFh
4. Solve for Moments About the Toe
a) Righting Moment, RM = ΣM towards upstream side
b) Overturning moment, OM = ΣM towards downstream side
5. Find Location of Rv
R v x = SM = RM - OM
RM - OM
x=
Rv

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Analysis of Dams
• General Procedure:
6. Solve for Factors of Safety:
a) Factor of Safety against Sliding
µR v
FSs =
Rh
where μ = sliding coefficient of friction
b) Factor of Safety against Overturning
RM
FSo =
OM

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Analysis of Dams
• General Procedure:
7. Solve for Foundation Pressure:
using stress formula:

P Mc
f = ±
A I
relatively:

Rv æ 6e ö
f = ç1 ± ÷
B è Bø
where: B = base area = b(1m)
e = distance of Rv from base centroid

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Analysis of Dams
• General Procedure:
7. Solve for Foundation Pressure:

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Sample Problems:
6. A concrete dam retaining water is shown. If specific weight
of concrete is 24 kN/m3, find:
a) the factor of safety against sliding
b) the factor of safety against overturning
c) base pressure distribution
4m
3m

12m

14m
3m
3m 3m
7m 8m

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Sample Problems:
7. For the dam shown, find:
a) where the resultant crosses the base and compute the maximum
and the minimum pressure intensity at the base. Neglect hydrostatic
uplift.
b) If hydrostatic is considered to be linearly varying from 19m at A to
zero at the toe, what would be the new pressure intensity
distribution at the base?
4m

6m

19m
s = 2.5
3m

7m 11m

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Analysis of Dams
Pressure Intensity at the Base:
Rv æ 6e ö
f = ç1 ± ÷
heel
B è Bø
toe

fh

Rv ft
e

unit width
base
(1m or 1ft)

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Analysis of Dams
Pressure Intensity at the Base:
Rv æ 6e ö
f = ç1 ± ÷
heel
B è Bø
toe

fh ft

Rv

e=0

unit width
base
(1m or 1ft)

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Analysis of Dams
Pressure Intensity at the Base:
Rv æ 6e ö
f = ç1 ± ÷
heel
B è Bø
toe

fh = 0

Rv ft

e = 1/6 B

unit width
base
(1m or 1ft)

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Analysis of Dams
Pressure Intensity at the Base:
Rv æ 6e ö
f = ç1 ± ÷
- fh
B è Bø
toe

Rv ft
e

unit width
base
(1m or 1ft)

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