EDB

3023 : Data & Computer Network

Chapter 3 : Data Transmission
Lecturer: Ir. Dr. Huzein Fahmi b. Hawari
Phone: 05-368 7877
Office: Room 23-03-29
Email: [email protected]
 Agenda
• Data Transmission-Concepts & Terminology
• Analog & Digital Data Transmission
• Transmission Impairments
• Channel Capacity

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 Course Objective
Upon completion of this topic, the students will be able to do the
following:
• To describe the data transmission concepts used in computer
communication systems
• To analyze and differentiate the Analog and Digital Transmission
• To compare type of transmission impairments available
• To describe the channel capacity

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Data Transmission:
Concepts & Terminology
 A Simple Data Communication Model

The successful transmission of data depends principally on two

factors:
• The quality of the signal being transmitted.
• The characteristics of the transmission medium

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 Transmission Terminology (1)
• Data transmission occurs between transmitter and receiver over
some transmission medium

e.g. air, water, vacuum

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 Transmission Terminology (2)
• Direct link
• no intermediate devices
• Except amplifiers or repeaters
• Point-to-point
• direct link
• only 2 devices share medium(link)
• Multi-point
• more than two devices share the medium (link)

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 Transmission Terminology (3)
•  Simplex
— One direction
•  e.g. Television

•  Half duplex
— Either direction, but only one way at a time
•  e.g. police radio

•  Full duplex
— Both directions at the same time
•  e.g. telephone

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 Frequency, Spectrum and Bandwidth
• Time domain concepts: viewed as a function of time
•  Can be analog or digital
• Analog signal
• Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range.
As the wave moves from value A to value B, it passes through
and includes an infinite number of values along its paths
• Digital signal
• only a limited number of values. Maintains a constant level then
changes to another constant level
• Periodic signal
• pattern repeated over time
• Aperiodic signal
• pattern not repeated over time

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 Frequency Domain Concepts

• Signal are made up of many frequencies

• Components are sine waves
• Fourier Analysis can shown that any signal
is made up of component sine waves
• Can plot frequency domain functions
Fourier Analysis:
The complex wave at the top can
be decomposed into the sum of
the three simple sine waves
shown here.

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 Spectrum and Bandwidth
• Spectrum
• Range of frequencies contained in signal
• Absolute bandwidth
•  Width of spectrum
• Effective bandwidth (or just bandwidth)
• Narrow band of frequencies containing most
of the energy
• DC Component
• Component of zero frequency

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 Date Rate and Bandwidth
• Any transmission system has a limited band of frequencies. Thus, this
limits the data rate that can be carried
• Square wave have infinite frequency components and hence bandwidth,
but most of its energy in focused in first few components (harmonics)
• Limited bandwidth increases distortion
• Have a direct relationship between data rate & bandwidth

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Analog & Digital Data Transmission
 Analog and Digital Data
• Data
• entities that convey meaning or information
• Signals
• electric or electromagnetic representations of data.
• Signaling
• physical propagation of the signal along a suitable medium
• Transmission
• communication of data by propagation and processing of signals

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 Analog and Digital Signaling

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of Digital Signaling

• Cheaper than analog signalling

• Privacy preserved (Data encrypt.)
• Less susceptible to noise
• But, greater attenuation
• Digital now the preferred choice

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 So, which signal to choose?
• Digital data, digital signal
— Equipment for encoding is less expensive than digital-to-
analog equipment
• Analog data, digital signal
— Conversion permits use of modern digital transmission and
switching equipment
• Digital data, analog signal
— Some transmission media will only propagate analog signals
— Examples include optical fiber and satellite
• Analog data, analog signal
— Analog data easily converted to analog signal
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 In ________ transmission signals are transmitted in only one
direction; one station is the transmitter and the other is the
receiver.

A) half duplex B) simplex

C) full duplex D) multipoint

3: Reflection

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Computer Eng. Degree and Elective Subjects

Channel Capacity
 Channel Capacity
• Channel capacity (C) is the maximum rate at which data can be
transmitted over a given communication channel.
• We need to consider:
1. Data rate, measured in bits per second (bps), is the rate at which data can
be communicated.
2. The Bandwidth (B) of channel, measured in cycles per second or Hertz.
3. Noise, the average level across the communication channel.
4. Bit Error Rate on the channel resulting from the noise.

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 Channel Capacity and Bandwidth
• Communication facilities are expensive
• Greater the bandwidth, more expense
• Bandwidth limitations are due to physical properties of transmission
mediums
• Want to make most efficient use of channel capacity
• Other main constrain being noise

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 Nyquist Bandwidth
• Nyquist formula (for noise free channels):
Channel capacity, C = 2B ( two voltage level only)
• if rate of signal transmission is 2B then it can carry signal with frequencies no greater
than B Hz
• i.e. given bandwidth B, highest signal rate is 2B bps
• In a noise free channel, the channel capacity, in bps, of the channel is at best twice the
bandwidth of the channel. C=2B
• Example: Consider a voice channel being used, via modem, to transmit digital data.
Assume a bandwidth of 3100 Hz. The capacity C, of the channel is 2B=2(3100)=6200 bps

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 Nyquist Bandwidth: Example
• As an example, consider a telephone line (voice channel) used to transmit digital data:
• On a telephone channel with a frequency range from 300Hz to 3400Hz, what is the channel
capacity? (assumes two level (binary) signalling)
• The bandwidth is B = f highest – f lowest
B = 3400 – 300 = 3100Hz
• Hence, the channel capacity is at best: C=2B
C = 2 x 3100 = 6200 bps
• In binary signalling, two voltage levels are used
• The signal rate can be increased by using more than two signal levels (multilevels)
• With multilevel signaling, the Nyquist formulation becomes: C = 2B log2 M, (where M is
the number of discrete signal or voltage levels.)
• Example: M=8, a value used with some modems.
For a bandwidth of 3100Hz,
C= 2(3100) log 2 8=18600 bps

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 Shannon Capacity Formula
• Consider relation of data rate, noise & error rate
• Faster data rate shortens each bit, so bursts of noise affect more bits
• Given noise level, higher rates means more errors
• Key parameter is Signal to noise ratio
• — SNRdB=10 log10 (signal power/noise power)
• Shannon Capacity, C = B log2(1+ SNR)
• This is the theoretical maximum capacity but we can only get lower capacity in practise
• because formula only assumes white noise (thermal noise)
• Signal to noise ratio is usually expressed in decibels dB
SNRdB = 10 log10 (SNR)

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 Shannon Capacity Formula: Example
1. The spectrum(BW) of a channel is between 3 MHz to 3. How many signalling levels are required
4 MHz and SNRdB = 24 dB. Determine SNR. to achieve this capacity of 8 Mbps?

Bandwidth (B)= (4 – 3) = 1 MHz

Using Nyquist formula:
24 dB = 10 log10 (SNR)
SNR = 102.4 C = 2B log2 M
SNR = 251 8 x106 = 2 x 106 x log2M
2. What is the capacity of the channel? 4 = log2M
Using Shannon’s formula, M = 24
M = 16
C = 106 x log2(1+ 251)
≈ 106 x 8 = 8 Mbps

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 Significance for Data Networking
• Nyquist’stheoremencouragesengineersto exploreways to encodebits
on a signal because a clever encodingallows more bits to be transmitted
per unit time

• Shannon’sTheoreminformsengineersthat no amountof clever

encodingcan overcomethe laws of physicsthat place a
fundamental limit on the numberof bits per secondthat can be
transmittedin a real communication system.

26 *play movie if enough time

Transmission Impairments
 Transmission Impairments
• Signal received may differ from signal transmitted causing
impairment:
• Analog transmission - degradation of signal quality
• Digital transmission - bit errors
• Most significant impairments are
1.Attenuation and attenuation distortion
2.Delay distortion
3.Noise NOISE

DISTORTI
ON

ATTENUATI
ON

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 Transmission Impairments: (1) Attenuation
• Where the signal strength falls off with distance
• Depends on transmission medium
• It is a increasing function of frequency
• Received signal strength must be:
• Strong enough to be detected
• Sufficiently higher than noise so as to receive without error
• So, we increase strength using amplifiers/repeaters

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 Transmission Impairments: (2) Delay Distortion
• Distortion – Waveform perturbation
caused by imperfect response of the
system to the desired signal itself.
• Only occurs in guided media
• Propagation velocity varies with
frequency. Hence various frequency
components arrive at different times
• Particularly critical for digital data
• Because some of the signal components of
one bit position will spill over into other bit
positions, hence causing Inter-Symbol
Interference (ISI)

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 Transmission Impairments: (3) Noise
• Noise is the additional signals that is inserted between
transmitter and receiver
• Thermal noise
• Due to thermal agitation of electrons
• Present in all electronic devices & transmission media
• Function of temperature
• Uniformly distributed, cannot be eliminated
• Also referred as white noise
• Intermodulation noise
• Signals that are the sum and difference of original
frequencies sharing a medium

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 Transmission Impairments: (3) Noise
• Crosstalk
• A signal from one line is picked up by another
• Impulse
• irregular pulses or spikes. eg. external electromagnetic
interference
• short duration
• high amplitude
• a minor annoyance for analog signals
• but a major source of error in digital data
• a noise spike could corrupt many bits

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 A reduction in strength is ________.

A) delay distortion B) attenuation

C) pulsing D) interlacing

3: Reflection

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 Summary
In this chapter, we have covered:
• Transmission terminology • Transmission impairments
• Frequency, spectrum, and – Attenuation
bandwidth – Delay distortion
• Analog and digital data – Noise
transmission
• Channel capacity
– Analog and digital data
– Analog and digital signals – Nyquist bandwidth
– Analog and digital – Shannon capacity formula
transmission
– Asynchronous and
synchronous transmission
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 THANK YOU
35 end
 Logarithms formulas / rules
A = Log b N
Logb (A B) = Logb(A) + Logb(B)
N = b A
Logb (A /B) = Logb(A) - Logb(B)
Logb x
b =x

Logb 1 = 0 for any base b

Logb (A ) = Logn(A)
Logb b = 1 for any base b Logn(b)
Logb (An) = n Logb(A)

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 Examples
Q. The signal-to-noise ratio is often given in decibels. Assume that SNRdB = 36 and the channel
bandwidth is 2 MHz. The theoretical channel capacity can be calculated as

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