APEEJAY SCHOOL.

PITAMPURA
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Why is it that we most commonly use safranin as a stain for staining sections of plants?
Answer:
Safranin (red coloured stain) stains the lignin and suberin and other plant materials easily.

Question 2.
Why should the leaf peel be mounted in glycerine?
Answer:
The leaf peel should be mounted in glycerine so that the cells of peel do not dry up.

Question 3.
Why is it preferred to take an epidermal peel from lower surface of leaf?
Answer:
In monocots, the distribution of stomata on lower and upper surface of leaf is almost similar. But
in case of dicots, the number of stomata are more on the lower surface than upper surface.
Hence, it is preferred to take epidermal peel from lower surface of leaf.

Question 4.
What are guard cells?
Answer:
Guard cells are the cells surrounding the stomatal pore. Each guard cell consists of a nucleus and
many chloroplasts.

Question 5.
What is the shape of guard cells in

1. Dicots
2. Monocots?

Answer:
The shape of guard cells in

1. Dicots — Kidney-shaped
2. Monocots — Dumb-bell-shaped.

Question 6.
Name the instrument used for knowing the relative size of stomata.
Answer:
Porometer.
Question 7.
Where can you find chloroplasts in the stomata?
Answer:
Chloroplasts are present in the guard cells.

Question 8.
Give an example of a plant where stomata is absent.
Answer:
Hydrilla.

Question 9.
How are guard cells different from the rest of the epidermal cells?
Answer:
Guard cells are nucleated and have peculiar shape (either kidney-shaped as in dicots or
dumb¬bell-shaped as in monocots) and possess many chloroplasts. Guard cell walls show
differential thickenings. Epidermal cells on the other hand lack chloroplast and are irregular in
shape.

Question 10.
What is the most important function of stomata?
Answer:
Functions of stomata include gaseous exchange and transpiration.

Question 11.
What is transpiration?
Answer:
The loss of water in the form of vapour from leaves of plant is called transpiration.

Question 12.
State the type of modification in xerophytic plants with respect to structure of stomata.
Answer:
They possess sunken stomata.

Question 13.
Name the plant hormone that helps in opening of stomata.
Answer:
Cytokinin.

Question 14.
Name the plant hormone which causes stomatal closure.
Answer:
Abscisic acid (ABA).

Question 15.
Name the inorganic ions which help in opening and closing of stomata.
Answer:
K+ ions (potassium ions).

Question 16.
Why do guard cells bend, when they swell up?
Answer:
The guard cells bend because of the differential thickenings of its inner and outer walls. The
inner wall of guard cell is thicker and less stretchable as compared to the outer wall.

Question 17.
State the most important functions of leaf.
Answer:
Important functions of leaf include

Photosynthesis
Respiration
Transpiration.

Question 18.
State the most important significance of transpiration.
Answer:
Transpiration helps in upward movement of water (against gravity) in plants.

Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Tradescantia leaf is usually taken for preparing temporary mount of leaf peel to observe stomata.
Why? Name any two other leaves that can be used for this experiment.
Answer:
Tradescantia provides good leaf peel. Therefore, it is commonly used for this experiment. Lily
leaf and Bryophyllum leaf can also be used for preparing temporary mount of leaf peel to
observe stomata.

Question 2.
How can you take out peel from lily leaf? Why is it necessary to keep the peel in water?
Answer:
Take a fresh lily leaf and simply fold it in the centre. Remove the peel from the lower surface.
Leaf peel should be put in a watch glass containing water so that the peel does not dry. If peel
gets dried up, shape of the cell boil becomes distorted.

Question 3.
Name the cells that form stoma. What is their shape?
Answer:
Two guard cells constitute a stoma. In dicotyledons they are kidney-shaped but in
monocotyledons they are dumbbell shaped.
Question 4.
List the various steps of observing a slide under the microscope.
Answer:

Take a clean prepared slide and clip it on

Look in the microscope and adjust the mirror to illuminate the slide.
Move the coarse adjustment screw of microscope to focus the slide (object) under low
power.
Move the nosepiece and adjust the high power objective lens.
Focus the slide (object) at high power by using fine adjustment screw. the stage.

Question 5.
When a student observes a temporary mount of leaf peel under a microscope, he observes two
different types of cells in leaf peel. Name these two different types of cells. On what basis can a
student differentiate between these two cells.
Answer:
Two different types of cells are epidermal cells and guard cells.
Epidermal cells lack chloroplast and are irregular in shape while guard cells have chloroplast.
The guard cells can be kidney-shaped or dumb-bell shaped.

CARBNDIOXIDE GIVEN OUT BY GERMINATING SEEDS

Question 1.
What is respiration?
Answer:
Respiration is a biochemical process by which food material is broken down by cells into simple
substances such as C02 and energy is released in the process.

Question 2.
What are the types of respiration?
Answer:
The types include-

Aerobic respiration- Occurs in presence of O2 and end products are CO, and H2O.
Anaerobic respiration- Occurs in absence of O2 and involves incomplete oxidation.

Question 3.
What is energy output in anaerobic respiration and why is it less than the aerobic respiration?
Answer:
Anaerobic respiration releases 2 ATP, whereas aerobic respiration releases 38 ATP. It is because
aerobic respiration involves complete oxidation or breakdown of glucose whereas in anaerobic
respiration partial breakdown or oxidation of glucose takes place.
Question 4.
Name the steps involved in aerobic respiration.
Answer:
Steps include : Glycolysis —–> Krebs cycle ——> ETS and Oxidative phosphorylation.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is respiration? Why is respiration a catabolic process?
Answer:
Respiration is a biochemical process in which food material is broken down into simple
substances, like carbon dioxide and energy is released. Respiration involves breakdown of larger
molecular (carbohydrates and fats) into smaller molecules. Hence, it is a catabolic process.

Question 2.
Which of the following precautions are to be taken for a successful run of the experiment to
show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration ?
A. Cork should be airtight.
B. Seeds in the flask should be totally dry.
C. A small tube with freshly prepared KOH solution should be placed in the flask.
D. The end of the delivery tube should be above water level.
The correct answer is
(a) A and B
(b) A and C
(c) A, B and C
(d) A, B and D

Question 3.
What would happen if:

1. KOH solution is not hung in conical flask during experiment.

2. seeds are not kept moist during experiment.

Answer:

1. Carbon dioxide released by respiration of seeds will not be absorbed. So, partial vacuum
will not be created and thus there will be no rise in the level of water in the glass tube.
2. If moisture is not available, seeds will dry up and rate of respiration would fall.

Question 4.
Why are germinating seeds taken in the experiment? What would happen if germinating seeds
are replaced by boiled seeds?
Answer:
As germinating seeds respire actively and at a faster rate, they are taken for the experiment.
Boiled seeds do not respire and so no results will be obtained if they replace the germinating
seeds in the experiment.
Question 5.
What happens to carbon dioxide given out by germinating seeds while performing the
experiment?
Answer:
The carbon dioxide given out by germinating seeds is absorbed by KOH and potassium
carbonate is formed.

BINARY FISSION IN AMOEBA AND BUDDING IN YEAST AND HYDRA

Define budding.
Answer:
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a small outgrowth or protuberance called bud
appears. Bud may or may not separate from parent body.

Question 1.
Distinguish between budding in yeast and budding in Hydra.
Answer:
Yeast is a unicellular fungi. The bud formed is unicellular and may remain attached to parent
cell, whereas bud in Hydra is multicellular and appears as branch. This branch separates from
parent body and grows as separate individual.

Question 2
Name the most common method of reproduction in yeast.
Answer:
Budding.

Question 3.
Name the type of cell divisions involved in asexual reproduction.
Answer:
Amitosis and mitosis.

Question 4.
What is vegetative propagation?
Answer:
It is a method of asexual reproduction in which a vegetative part of plant is used to produce new
individual.

Question 5.
Give one term for the division of nucleus.
Answer:
Karyokinesis.

Question 6.
Offsprings formed by asexual reproduction are called clones. What are clones?
Answer:
All individuals which are morphologically and genetically similar to each other and are derived
from a single parent are called clone.

Question 7.
What are spores?
Answer:
A spore is a small unit involved in asexual reproduction. These are microscopic, unicellular
structures which contain small amount of cytoplasm and nucleus.

Question 8.
Amoeba is immortal. Comment.
Answer:
Amoeba divides into two by binary fission, each grows to live and no dead body is left.

Question 9.
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
Answer:
Advantages include

Offsprings are identical to the parents.

Rapid multiplication of organisms.
Vegetative propagation is the only method of reproduction for plants which does not
produce viable seeds.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Question 1.
Which type of cell division is involved in binary fission?
Answer:
Mitosis

Question 2.
How many daughter cells are formed in binary fission?
Answer:
Two

Question 3.
Why are binary fission and budding included under asexual reproduction?
Answer:

Only one parent is involved.

Offsprings are genetically identical.

Question 4.
Are binary fission and budding faster process of reproduction when compared to sexual
reproduction. Justify.
Answer:
Yes, as by simple cell division, daughter cells are formed. In sexual reproduction, formation and
fertilisation of gametes are involved.