BUUG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

MATHEMATICS GRADE 9

PEDE I. CASING, MAED-MATH

 MODULE 1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Lesson 1. Illustrations of Quadratic Equations

In this lesson, we shall learn about quadratic equations and the different ways of finding
their roots. We shall also describe the nature of the roots of quadratic equations, find the sum and
product of the roots, and apply our knowledge of solving quadratic equations in solving word
problems. Knowledge of the basic operations on quadratic equations can be solved using
quadratic equations.

A quadratic equation in standard form is given by ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are

constants and a ≠ 0. This equation is quadratic in x. To solve a quadratic equation means to find
the roots or solutions of the equation. These are the values of x that will satisfy the equation.

This equation can be solved for x using methods that will be discussed in the next section.
Since this equation is of the second degree, we expect to find two roots that need to be distinct.

We have a complete quadratic equation when a, b, and c are all nonzero as in 5x2 – x + 4 = 0.
Here, a = 5, b = -1, and c = 4. The equation x2 + 9 = 0 is an incomplete quadratic equations since b =
0. Similarly, 7x2 – 3x = 0 is an incomplete quadratic equation since c = 0.

Example 1. Write the equation in standard form and identify the values of a, b, and c.

a. – 6x + x2 – 4 = 0
b. 3x(4 + x) = 0

Solution: Rewriting the given equation in its standard form and simplifying, we get

a. X2 – 6x – 4 = 0, where a = 1, b = -6 and c = -4
b. 3x(4 + x) = 0
12x + 3x2 = 0 or
3x2 + 12x = 0, where a = 3, b = 12, and c = 0.

Note here that variables other than x may be used in the quadratic equation. For example,
4y2 – 7y – 5 = 0, 2r2 – 7r + 8 = 0, and 5w2 + 4w – 7 = 0 are quadratic equations in y, r, and w,
respectively.
Lesson 2A. Solving Quadratic Equations by Extracting Square Roots

A quadratic equation, where a ≠ 0, b = 0, and c ≠ 0, can be solved by rewriting the equation

in such a way that the constant is on one side of the equation so that the square root of both
members can be extracted. Let us recall the square root property which follows:

If c > 0, then the solutions of x2 = c are √𝑐 and - √𝑐.

If c < 0, √𝑐 is not defined in the set of real numbers. This indicates that we cannot find real
number solutions for quadratic equations such as x2 = -c. For example, x2 + 25 = 0 which is
equivalent to x2 = -25 will not give a real number for x. This led to the extension of the real number
system to the complex number system where such equations can be solved.

The imaginary number i is defined such that i2 = -1 or i = √−1, where all rules of arithmetic
apply similarly to i.

A complex number is in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, a is the real part and
b, the imaginary part.
In the complex number system,
if b = 0, then a + bi is the real number a + 0i or a.
if a = 0, then a + bi, where b ≠ 0, is the imaginary number 0 + bi or bi.

Recall the concept of square root, which states that if a is a positive real number, then √𝑎 =
b, if and only if a = b2 and b > 0. Thus, we define √−𝑎 = i√𝑎 , where a > 0. Consider the other
examples below.

√−25= i√25 = 5i

√−144 = 12i

1 1
√− = i
4 2

Again, if we want the negative root, we write

–√−25= – 5i

−√−144 = –12i

1 1
–√− 4 = – 2 i.
Example 1. Find the roots of 2x2 – 98 = 0.

Solution: Notice that b = 0 in this quadratic equation. To solve for x, we multiply both
1
members of the equation by 2 . Thus,
x2 – 49 = 0
x2 = 49.
Extracting the square root of both sides of the equation, we obtain
x = √49 and x = – √49
x=7 and x=–7
or x = ± 7.
To check, we substitute the values of x in the original equation as shown below.

When x = 7, When x = – 7,
(2)(7)2 – 98 = 0 (2)(–7)2 – 98 = 0
(2)(49) – 98 = 0 (2)(49) – 98 = 0
98 – 98 = 0. 98 – 98 = 0.
Example 2. Find the solution set of 2x2 + 7 = 295.

Solution: Simplifying the given equation, we have

2x2 = 295 – 7
2x2 = 288
x2 = 144
Extracting the square root of both sides of the equation, we have x = ± √144
or x = ±12.

Example 3. Find the roots of (x + 5)2 = 7.

Solution: Extracting the roots of both members of the given equation, we have

x + 5 = ±7
or x = –5 ± √7
Thus, the roots are x = –5 + √7 and x = –5 – √7 .
Example 4. Solve x2 + 25 = 0.

Solution: Rewriting, we obtain x2 = –25.

Thus, x = ± √−25 or x = ± 5i.

Lesson 2B. Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

We can also solve a quadratic equation by factoring. To find the roots of a quadratic
equation, we start by getting the factors of the given quadratic equation. Then, use the Zero
Product Property which states that if a and b are real numbers and ab = 0, then either a = 0 or b =
0.

Example 1. Find the roots of the following equations.

a. (7x – 5)(4x + 9) = 0
b. (x + 7)(x + 5) = 63
c. 3x2 + 8x = 3

Solution:
a. Since the given equation is already in factored form with 0 on the right hand, we
can use the Zero Product Property, that is,

7x – 5 =0 or 4x + 9 = 0

Solving for x, we obtain the following roots.

5 −9
x=7 or x= 4

b. The right hand member of the given equation is not 0. Thus, we have to rewrite
the equation first so that it is in standard form as shown below.
x2 + 12x + 35 = 63
x2 + 12x – 28 = 0

Factoring, we have
(x + 14)(x – 2) = 0
x + 14 = 0 or x–2=0
x = –14 x = 2.

c. Rewriting the given equation in standard form and solving for the roots, we have
3x2 + 8x – 3 = 0
(3x – 1)(x + 3) = 0.
1
Thus, the roots are x = 3 and x = –3.
Example 2. Find the value of x in 2x2 = 8x.

Solution: Rewriting the equation in standard form and factoring, we have

2x2 – 8x = 0
2x(x – 4) = 0.
Using the Zero Product Property, we have
2x = 0 or x–4=0
x=0 or x = 4.
Therefore, the roots are 0 and 4.

Checking is left as an exercise for you.

Example 3. Find the solution set of

a. x2 + x – 20 = 0
b. 4x2 + 14x + 6 = 0

Solution: a. Factoring the given equation, we have

(x – 4)(x + 5) = 0.
Using the Zero Product Property, we get
x–4=0 or x+5=0
x=4 or x = –5.

Therefore, the solutions are 4 and –5.

Checking is left as an exercise for you.

b. Notice that the terms of the given quadratic equation has a greatest common
factor which is 2. We can write the equation as
2(2x2 + 7x + 3) = 0.
1
Multiplying both members of the equation by 2 and factoring, we have
(2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0.
Equating each factor to zero and solving for x, we get
2x + 1 = 0 or x+3=0
2x = –1 x = –3
1
x =– 2
1
The solution set is {– 2 , – 3}.
Lesson 2C. Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square

Another method used in finding the roots of a quadratic equation is by completing the
square. To illustrate this method, consider the following examples.

Example 1. Solve for the roots of x2