LAB REPORT NO: 06

Title:

To verify the principal if forces in a beam supported at its end of parallel forces apparatus.

Objectives:

• To verify the principal if forces in a beam supported at its ends.

• To show that the clockwise moment is equal to counter-clockwise moment or if not, to find out the
magnitude of error.

Apparatus used:

Wooden frame digital balances 2 required 1 meter beam with graduated scale hanger weight 1 kg ( 4 required)

Background Theory:

If a system of coplanar forces acting on a rigid body keeps it in equilibrium, then the algebraic sum of
their moments about any point in their plane is zero.

Coplanar forces:

Parallel forces lie in the same plane and have lines of action that never intersect each other.
Two forces that are parallel can either be in the same direction or in opposite directions.

Tare weight:

Tare weight, sometimes called unladen weight, is the weight of an empty vehicle or container. By
subtracting it from the gross weight, the weight of the goods carried may be determined.

Figure parallel forces apparatus

The following report is under process. Corrections and suggestions are welcome.
Procedure:

Before experiment:

• Hang the beam from its ends through the digital balance on the wooden frame.
• Hang two hangers against any division marked on them and Turn on the digital balances.
• When the readings on the digital balances are stable, press the tare button.
• Turn off the digital balances.

During experiment:

• Suspended two weights on the hangers.

• Turn on the digital balances.
• Note the reaction on the beam given by the reading of digital balances.
• Find the sum of clockwise moment about the midpoints of the beam and find also the sum of anti-
clockwise moment.
• Find the algebraic sum of both the moments it should be zero for the beam under forces.
• Find percentage error between clockwise and anti-clockwise moment.

After experiment:

• Experiment can be repeated by hanging three or four weights at different graduated divisions of the
beam and find percentage error between clockwise and anti-clockwise moments as before as the same
algebraic sum of moments for the beam in equilibrium.
• Remove the weights, hangers and digital balances and place them in the cupboard in their respective
places.

Figure 13

The following report is under process. Corrections and suggestions are welcome.
From the principle of moments.
Σ Mcw=Σ Mccw
Here ΣMcw=W3X3 + R1L1
And ΣMccw= W1X1 +W2X2 + R2L2
And also the %age error= {(ΣMcw-ΣMccw)/ ΣMcw} x 100%

S.No. Mcw Mccw %Error

The following report is under process. Corrections and suggestions are welcome.
 LAB REPORT NO: 07

Title:

To measure the forces in the members of a framed structure/truss.

Objectives:

• The find out the forces in all the members of a framework/truss.

Apparatus used:

Roof truss apparatus, spring balance, 2 compression spring balances, and weights.

Background Theory:

A truss is a framework\truss one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose end are
connected at joints referred to as nodes structure are made from a series of members which carry load.

TIE is in tension and prevent two parts from moving apart.

STURT is in compression and prevent two parts from moving to words.

Roof Truss Apparatus

Procedure:

Before experiment:

• Place the apparatus on a plane horizontal surface, and by using a bubble gauge, make adjustments to make
the apparatus properly aligned by adjusting the pivots/supports
• Measure the deflection in the leaf gauges and write them down.
During experiment:

• Measure the length of the truss members.

The following report is under process. Corrections and suggestions are welcome.
• Suspending the weight from the junction of two compression spring balances.
• Read the forces in the three balances and note the inclination of the compression balances to the horizontal.

After experiment:

• By drawing or calculations, find the forces in three members due to applied weight W.
• Remove the weights and place the equipment at its proper place.

FAB β FCB
FBA FBC
α

A FAC FCA C

Mathematical calculations:

Cosine Law: A2 = B2 + C2 – 2AB cos α

Sine law: A/sin α = B/sin β = C/sin ¥
FAB = W / 2 sin α = W / 2 cos β
FBC = W / 2 sin α
FBC = W / 2 tan α

Table:

Member Experiment Theory

FAB

FBC

FCA

The following report is under process. Corrections and suggestions are welcome.
 LAB REPORT NO: 08

Title:

To Calculate Stresses in Various member of Jib and Crane Apparatus.

Objectives:

• To calculate stresses in various member of jib and crane apparatus.

Back ground theory:

Tie and jib crane represent a planer central forces system/coplanar forces system in which multiple forces acts on
single point of application. The apparatus consists of two tubular spring balance.

• Tension forces balance (0-50N Range)

• Compression forces balance (0-50N Range)

When the system is loaded; it causes tension in one balance and compression in the other one.

Procedure:

Before experiment:

• Place the apparatus on a plane horizontal surface, and by using a bubble gauge, make adjustments
to make the apparatus properly aligned by adjusting the supports.
• Note down the zero errors (initial reading) in the compression and tension spring balance
separately.

• Note down the length of all the members of the apparatus in unloaded condition.

During experiment:

• Attached the known weight, W with the chain as shown in the figure.
• Note down the final readings of the compression and tension spring balances.
• From these two readings, find the observed value by subtracting the initial reading from the final
reading.
• Measure the lengths of vertical post, tie and jib.
• From these dimensions draw the outline diagrams ABC of the jib crane.

After experiment:

• Made calculation and find the stresses.

• Handover all the loads and apparatus to the lab engineer.

The following report is under process. Corrections and suggestions are welcome.