STEEL AND COMPOSITE BEAMS

WITH

WEB OPENINGS

WARREN K.LUCAS

DAvm DARWIN

A Report on Research Sponsored by

THE AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE

The University of Kansas

Lawrence, Kansas

June 1990
 ii

ABSTRACT

Three design methods, osiginally deveIoped by Donahey and Darwin (19861, for

dewmining the maximum shear capacity of composite beams with unreinforced web openings are

extended to include steel and composite beams with or without reinforcement at the opening. The

three design methods incorporate sirnplirylng assumptions that pennit closed-form sofutions for

maximum shear capacity. The first method assumes that the neutral axes for secondary knding

lie in the flanges of the top and bottom tees and defines the interaction of shear and normal

stresses by a linear approximation of the von Mises yield function. The second method ignores

the contribution of the flanges to secondary bending moments and employs the von Mises yield

function to define the interaction of shear and normal stresses. The third method ignores the

contribution of the flanges to secondary bending moments and defines the interaction between

shear and normal smsses with a linear approximation of the von Mises yield function. Simplified

design expressions for the maximum moment capacity of steel and composite beams with web

openings are presented. Six refinements of the design methods are investigated to determine their

significance in predicting member strengths. Simplified design expressions developed by Darwin

(1990) for determining the maximum moment capacity of steel and composite kams at web

openings are surnmarjzed. The accuracy and ease of application of the design methods presented

in this report (Methods I, TI, and JJI) and applicable procedures proposed by Redwood and

Shrivastava (1980), Redwood and Poumboums (19841, and Redwood and Cho (1986) are

compared with experimental results of fifty steel beams and thirty-five composite beams.

Resistance factors are- calculated for use in LRFD of structural steel buiIdings. The simplest of

the design methods

 iii

presented in this coupled with moment-shear interaction procedures proposed by Donahey

and Darwin (19861, provides excellent agreement with test results and a superior approach in

terms of accuracy and ease of application. Resistance factors of 0.90 and 0.85, applied to both

shear and bending, are suitable for steel and composite beams, respectively.
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report is based on research performed by Warren R Lucas in partfaI fulfillment of

requirements for the M.S.C.E. degree. The research was supported by the American Iron and

Steel Institute and the University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc. Structural Engineering and

Materids Laboratory. Numerical calculations were performed on the HARRIS f 200 computer at

the University of Kansas Computer Aided Engineering Laboratory and microcomputer and VAX

computing resources owned by Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri.

 v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ........................................................ ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1

SECTION 2.0 STRENGTH DESIGN PROCEDURES

2.1 Overview of Design Procedures .................................... 3

2.2 Interaction Curve .............................................. 4
2.3 Forces at the Opening ...........................................5
2.4 Shear Capacity Equations ........................................ 6
2.5 Moment Capacity Equations ..................................... 22

2.6 Redwood Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

SECTION 3.0 ANALYSIS AND RESUILTS

3.1 Introduction ................................................. 31

3.2 Proportioning and Detailing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.3 Resistance Factor Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.4 Effect of Varying h ........................................... 34

3.5 Effect of Reducing Tee Depth for Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.6 Effect ai' Limiting PC,by the Net Top Tee Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.7 Effect of Limiting P, by WeId Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.8 Effect of Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.9 Effect of Limiting M, by M, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.10 Redwood Design Methods ....................................... 39

3.1 1 Comparison of Design Methods with Test Results ...................... 41

 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

SECTION 4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

4.1 S u m m m ................................................... 44

4.2 Conclusions ................................................. 45

REFERENCES ............................................... 48

TABLES .................................................... 53

FIGURES ..................................................... 100

APPENDIX A DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION ......................... 129

APPENDIX B SHEAR CAPACITY EXPRESSIONS FOR

COMPARISON WITH TEST DATA ....................... 136

APPENDIX C DERIVATION ANB CALCULATION OF VALIXS FOR

THEORETICAL COMPARISON OF METHODS I, TI.

ANDIII ............................................ 138

APPENDIX D GUIDELINES FOR PROPORTIONING AND

DETAILING BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

APPENDIX E SUMMARY OF BEAMS NOT MEETING DESIGN

LIMITATIONS ...................................... 153

APPENDTX F DERIVATION OF FOR COMPOSITE BEAM

SIMPLIFIED MOMENT EQUATION ...................... 171

APPENDIX G STEEL AND COMPOSITE BEAM RESULTS FOR

METHODS I AND III WITH h = 1.207 ..................... 175

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LEST OF TABLES

Table Description Page

3.0 References Corresponding to Beam Designations ....................... 53

3.1 Materia1 and Section Properties for Steel Beams ....................... 54

3.2 Material and Section Propesties for Composite Beams ................... 56

33 Design Limitation Summary for Steel Beams ......................... 60

3.4 Design Limitation S u r n m q for Composite Beams ..................... 65

35 Steel Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method I. h = 1.414 ............... 68

3.6 Composite Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method I. h = 1.414 ........... 69

3.7 Steel Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method I1 ...................... 70

3.8 Composite Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method TI .................. 71

3.9 Sted Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method III. h = 1.414 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.10 Composite Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method IIL h = 1.4 14 .......... 73

3.11 Steel Beam Shear Capacity Summary:

Redwood and Shrivastava (1980) .................................. 74

Composite Bearn Shear Capacity Summary:

Redwood and Poumbouras (1984) ................................. 76

Steel Beam Capacity Summary: Method I. = 1.4 14 ................... 77

Composite Beam Capacixy Summary: Method 1. h = 1.414 ............... 79

Steel Beam Capacity Summary: Method I1 ........................... 81

Composite Beam Capacity Summary: Method Il ....................... 83

Steel Beam Capacity Summary: Method 111. h = 1.414 .................. 85

Composite Beam Capacity Summary: Method 111. h = 1.414 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Steel Bean Capacity Summary: Redwood and Shrivastava (1980) . . . . . . . . . . 89

 ix
LTST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Description Page

G.6 Steel Beam Capacity Summary. Method Ill. h = 1.207 .................. 182

G.7 Campsite Beam Capacity Summary. Method I. h = 1.207 ............... 184

GS Composite Beam Capacity Summary. Method 111. h = 1.207 .............. I86

G.9 AnalysisSumma~.h=1.207(MethodsIandIII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

 X

LIST OF l?EURES

Figure Description Page

2.1 Opening CorPZgurations for Steel Beams;

(a) Opening Configuration for an Un~inforcedSteeI Beam

(b) Opening Configuration for a Reinforced Steel Beam . .

2,2 Opening configurations for Comp~siteBeams;

(a) Opening Configuration for an Urninforced Composite Beam

with a Solid Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

(b) Opening Configuration for an Unreinforced Composite Beam

with Transverse Ribs ........................................ 101

(c) Opening Configuration for a Reinforced Cornpasite Beam

with Longitudinal Ribs ........................................ 102

2.3 Cubic Moment-Shear Interaction (Darwin and Donahey 1988) ............ 103

2.4 Forces Acting at a Web Opening (Darwin 1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

25 Normal Forces in a Composite Opening ............................ 105

2.6 Yield Functions for Combined Shear and Normal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.7 Stress Distributions for Design Method I (Darwin 1940) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.8 Stress Distributions for Design Methods I1 and III (Darwin 1990) . . . . . . . . . . 106

2.9 Comparison of Yield Functions Considering Practical Restraints ........... 107

2.10 Difference between Methods I1 and Ill versus aJs. ..................... 107

2.11 Ratio of Methods II and 111 versus ads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

2.12 Comparison of Methods I and III with and without adjustment

inTeeDcpth .............................................. 108

 xi

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure Description Page

2.13 Steel section in pure bending

(a) Unreinforced Steel Beam in Pure Bending ...... ... 109

(b) Reinforced Steel Beam in Pure Bending

with Neutral Axis in Reinforcement .............................. 109

(c) Reinforced Steel Beam in Pure Bending

with Neutral Axis in Web ...................................... 109

2.14 Composite section in pure bending

(a) Compesite Beam in Pure Bending with

Neutral Axis at or above Steel Flange ............................. 110

(b) Composite Beam in Pure Bending with

Neutral Axis in the Steel mange ................................. 110

(c) Composite Beam in Pure Bending with

Neutral Axis in Web .......................................... 110

Legend for Moment .Shear Curves for Figs. 3.1 .3.85 ................. 111

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test B-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test B-2 ...................... 112

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test B-3 ...................... 112

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test B-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CSK-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CRdA .................... 112

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test DO-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test DO-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

 xii

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure Description Page

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test DO-3 ..................... 113

Moment .Shear heraction Curves for Test DO-4 ..................... 113

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test DO-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test RBD-R1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I13

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test RBD-R2 ................... 113

Moment .Shear Intemczion Cusves for Test RM-2F .................... 113

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test RM4F .................... 113

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves forTest RM4R ................... 113

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test M - 1 IH .................. 114

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test M - 2 1H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Moment .Shear Interaction Cusves for Test CZ-4B .................... 114

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CS-E ..................... 114

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CS-2 ..................... 114

Marnem .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CS-3 ..................... 114

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CSK-2 .................... 114

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CSK-5 .................... 114

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CSK-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CSK-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CR-3A .................... 115

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CR-3B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CR4A .................... 115

Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CR43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

 xiii

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure Description Page

331 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CR-SA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

3.32 Moment .Shear Interaction Cuwes for Test CR-I A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

3.33 IMornent .Shear Interaction Curves far Test CR-2A .................... 116

3.34 Moment .Shear heraction Curves for Test CR-2B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

3.35 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CR-2C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

3.36 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test (33-2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

337 Moment .Shear hteraction Cutves for Test CR-TB .................... I16

3-38 Moment .Shear Intemctioo Curves for Test CR-7D .................... 116

3.39 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test RL-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

3.40 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test K - 6 ..................... 116

3.41 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test RB D-C I ................... 117

3.42 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test RM- 1A ................... 117

3.43 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test RM-2A ................... 117

3.44 Moment .Shear Interaction Cusves for Test M - 2 C ................... 117

3.45 Moment .Shear Enteraction Curves for Test RM3A ................... 117

3.46 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test M 4 A ................... 117

3.47 Moment .Shear Intemction Curves for Test M 4 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

3.48 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test M - I B ................... 117

3.49 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test RM-2B ................... 118

3.50 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test Rhf-4B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

3.51 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

3.52 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

 xiv

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure Description Page

353 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-3 ...................... 119

354 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-5A ..................... 119

3.55 Moment .Shear Interaction a w e s for Test D-5B ..................... 119

3.56 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-6A ..................... I19

3.57 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-6B ..................... 119

3.58 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-7A ..................... 119

3.59 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-7B ..................... 120

3.60 Moment .Shear Interaction CElsves for Test D-8A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

3.61 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-9A ..................... 120

3.62 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test D-9B ..................... 120

3.63 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test R-0 ...................... 120

3-64 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test R-1 ...................... 120

3.65 Moment .Shear Tnteractjon Curves for Test R-2 ...................... 120

3.66 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test R-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

3.67 Moment .Shear Interaction &mes for Test R-4 ...................... 121

3*68 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test R-5 ...................... 121

3.69 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test R-6 ...................... 121

3.70 Moment .Shear Interrtction Curves for Test R-7 ...................... 121

3.71 Moment .Shear Tntemction Curves for Test R-8 ...................... 121

3.72 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test C-1 ...................... 121

3.73 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test C-2 ...................... 121

3.74 Moment .Shear Interaction Cusvcs for Test C-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

 xv
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure Description Page

3.7s Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test C-4 ...................... I22

3.76 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test C-5 ...................... 122

3.77 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test C-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

3.7s Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test G-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

3.79 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test G-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

3.80 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test (330-3 .................... 122

3.81 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CHO-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

3.82 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CHO-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

3.83 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CHO-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

3.84 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test CHO-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

3.85 Moment .Shear Interaction Curves for Test WSE-l .................... 123

3.86 Difference Between Methods I and 111 versus At/ A, ................... 124

3.87 Linear Moment-Shear Interaction Curve

(Redwood and Shrivastava 1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Curvilinear Moment-Shear Interaction Curve

(Redwood and Shrivastava 1980) ................................. 126

Comparison of Method III with Test Results

for Steel Beams ............................................. 127

Comparison of Method I11 with Test Results

for Composite Beams ......................................... 128

Limits on Opening Dimensions. a. /ho versus h. /d Darwin 1990) .......... 151

D.2 Limits on Opening Dimensions. a. /s. versus ao/sb.po = 5.6 .............. 152
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

The aims of this repon are to (1) extend three design methods, originally developed by

Donahey and Danvin (1986),for determining the maximum shear capacity of composite beams

with unreinforced web openings to cover steel and composite beams with or without reinforcement

at the opening. (2) summarize simplified design expressions for the maximum moment capaciw

of composite and steel beams with web openings, (3) investigate the effect of the following on

predicted capacities:

(a) the use of a linear approximation for the yon Mises yield function by comparing two

design methods that employ, respectively, the von Mises yield function. and a linear

approximation of the yon Miscs yield function;

(b) the relative sizes of h e flange and the web as a function of the design method by

comparing two design methods where the only difference is whether the flanges are included or

excluded in determining the secondary bending moments in a tee;

(c) reducing the tee depth to approximate the movement of the plastic neutral axis, PNA,

with the addition of reinforcement by comparing two methods, one in which &e PNA is

constrained to the top of the flange, the other in which the PNA is permitted to move within the

flange;

(d) limiting the normal force in the concrete at the high moment end of the opening to

the axial yield capacity of the net top tee steel in a composite tee;

(e) limiting the maximum moment capacity, M,, of reinforced steel beams to ~e plastic

moment capacity of the unperforated section. M,.

( f ) limiting the normal force permitted in the reinforcement at the opening by the strength

of the weld attaching the seinforcing steel to the web at me opening.

 2

(4) compase the accuracy and ease of application of the three methods with procedures proposed

by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980), Redwood and P o u m b u n s (1984), and Redwood and Cho

(19861, and (5) calculate resistance factors, 9, for use in load and resistance factor design of

structuraf steel buildings.

Comparisons are made with experimental results of thirty-five composite beams and fifty

steel beams. The methods for shear and moment capacity found in Section 2.0 are compand with

results obtained using procedures proposed by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980) for steel beams

and with resuIts published by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980), Redwood and Poumburas (1984),

and Redwood and Che (1986) for composite beams with ribkd slabs, and composite beams with

soIid slabs, respective1y.

 3
2.0 STRENGTH DESIGN PROCEDURES

2.1 Overview of Design Procedures

In this section, the three design methods proposed by Donahey and Darwin (1986) for

determining the maximum shear capacity, V,, of cornposi te beams with unreinforced web openings

are modified to account for in for cement at the opening and extcnded to cover steel kams.

Design expressions for the maximum moment capacity, Mm,of composite and steel beams, with

or without reinforcement, are also presented, as are the procedures for moment-shear interaction

proposed by Donahey and Dawin (1986).

Figs. 2.1 and 2.2, respectively, illustrate web openings in stcel beams and web openings

in composite b e m s with solid and ribbed slabs. Openings are of length a,, depth h,, and may

have an eccentricity, e, which is always taken as a positive for steeI beams and positive in the

upward direction for composite beams. The slab thicknesses. r, m d r,', effective slab width, b,,

and steel section dimensions, d, bf , tf , t, , s, , sb , b, and t,, are as indicated in these figures. The

regions above and below the opening are referred to as the top tee and bomm tee, respectively.

Definitions of variables and notation used in the report are given in Appendix A.

The procedures descrikd in this report are based on the following assumptions:

(1) The steel will yield in tension or compression.

(2) Shear forces can be carried in the steel and the concrete at both ends of the opening.

(3) Shear forces in the steeI are carried by the webs of the tees.

(4) Shear stresses are uniformIy distributed over the depth of the webs.

(5) The normal forces in the concrete are applied over an area defined by an equivalent

stress block.

(6) For the calculation of maximum moment capacity, the reinforcement is concentrated

at the edge of the opening in the top and bottom tees.

2.2 Interaction Curve

T h e nominal shear and bending strengths. V, and M,,of a member at an opening

subjected to b t h shear and bending moment are obtained using the interaction equation proposed

by Donahey and Darwin (1986).

This continuous function, iIlustrated in Fig. 2.3, permits the calculation of the nominal

shear and moment capacities and provides good agreement w i h test data (see Section 3.0).

Eq. 2.1 can be reasranged to provide a convenient expression for V, or Mn for a given

moment to shear ratio, MIV.

Setting MJV, = MIV and solving for Vn.gives

2.3 Forces at the Opening

The forces acting at a web opening are shown in Fig. 2.4. Under positive bending, the

top and bottom tees an: each subjected to axial forces P,and P,, shear forces, V, and V,, and

M,,,respectively. Using equilibrium, the following

secondary bending moments, M , , M,,and M,,,

relationships result.

in which V = total shear acting at an opening;

M = primary moment acting at opening center line;

a, = length of the opening; and

z = distance between the local neutrd axes in the top and bottom tees.
2.4 Shear Capacity Equations

In this section, the three design methods, developed by Donahey and Damin (1986) to

predict the maximum shear capacity of composite beams with mreinforced web openings, are

extended to cover both steel and composite h a m s with or without reinforcement at She opening.

Theoretical differences between the methods and limitations of the methods are discussed.

A closed-form solution for the maximum shear capacity at a web opening requires the use

of several simplifying a?sumptions. Three closed-form solutions for the maximum shear capacity

are derived, each simpler than the previous one. These closed-form solutions, hereafter referred

to as Methods I, 11, and 111, are based on the assumption that the normal forces in the top and

bottom tees is zero. As discussed by Qawson and Darwin (1980) and Donahey and Darwin

(19861, this Ioad stare only approximates pure shear at the opening in composite beams because

the secondary bending moments at the high and low moment ends of the top tee are not equal.

As a result, the total moment at the opening center line is cIose to, but not equd to zero. The

procedute, however, does represent pure shear in steel beams and gives a close appmximation of

the me maximum shear maximum capacity at web openings in composite beams.

The approach that is taken in the following sections is to develop an expression for the

maximum shear capacity of the most general case, a top tee in a composite beam with a reinforced

opening. The capacity of the other tees, top or bttom, can l

x obtained from the general case by
neglecting appropriate terms in the expressions. The total shear capacity at an opening is obtained

by summing the shear strengths of the top and bottom tees.

 7
2.4.1. Forces in the Concrete and Steel

Normal forces in a composite tee are illustrated in Fig. 2.5. For composite beams, the

normal force in the concrete at the high moment end of the opening, PC,,is limited by the

compressive strength of the concrete, the shear connector capacity, and the tensile suength of the

top-tee steel. These limitations are expressed as follows.

in which t, = t, for solid slabs;

= t,' for ribbed slabs with mansvene ribs;

= (t, + t,')/2 for ribbed slabs with longitudinal ribs;

= concrete compressive strength, ksi;

= shear connector capacity accounting for appropriate reduction factor for

ribbed slabs;

= area of top tee steel, including reinforcement; and

= number of shear connectors from high moment end of opening to the

support.
 8
Fig. 2.5 shews the location of the concrete normal forces. Shear smsses are assumed to

have no effect on the normal stresses in the concrete at the maximum load.

The concrete force at the low moment end of the tee. PC,,
is dependent upon the number

of shear connectors over the opening, No, and the high moment end concrete force, PC,.

Noand N include only the shear connectors entirely within the opening. Connectors at the edge

of the high-moment end of the opening are not included.

The moment arms of the high moment end and low moment end concrete forces about

the top of the steel fIange, d, and d,, respectively, are given by the foIlowing equations.

For solid slabs,

For ribbed slabs with transverse ribs,

For ribbed slabs with longitudinal: ribs, d, is the distance from the top of the flange to the centroid

force in the concrete. Only the ribs h a t lie within the effective width, b,, are
of the compre~sior~

considered for this calculation. A conservative estimate of dl can be obtained by treating the sum

of the minimum widths of the ribs that lie within the effective width of the slab as b,.
 9
The maximum shear in the top tee, V,, is assumed to be carried by the steel web unIess

V , exceeds the plastic shear capacity of she top tee web, given by

This is possible only for a composite tee, not for other cases derived from the composite

tee. W e n the plastic shear capacity of the sop tee is exceeded, the top tee web will fully yield

in shear and will not contribute to moment equilibrium of the tee. As will 'be explained, Eqs.

2.32, 2.43, and 2.54 predict maximum shear capacity in accordance with Methods I, 11, and 111.

respectively, when the top tee web contributes to moment equilibrium. When the web filly yields

in shear, these equations musr be rederived, excluding any contribu~onof the top tee web to

moment equilibrium. This results in Eq. 2.33 for Method I and Eq. 2.46 for Meshods I1 and 111.

In this case, the normal force in the concrete, at high moment end of the opening, PC,,is further

limited based on the reduced normal force in the top tee steel.

in which P, = noma1 force in the reinforcement in the top tee.

P, = F,,f (b, - tJ s F,*,Q,

2fi

The term on the right side of the inequality in Eq. 2.20 represents the horizontal shear strength

of the web below or above the opening. Following the determination of V,, the result must be

compared to the combined shear capacity of the steel web and the concrete over the opening, VdSh,,

given by Eq. 2.21.

 VW) = v, + V,

in which V, = pure shear -city of the concrete slab = 0 . 1 1 ~ k~ip;

~ .

f,' and fl me in lai; and

A, = effective concrete shear area = 3 t ~

T h e maximum shear capacity of the bottom tee, V , , assumed to be non-composite, may not

exceed the plastic shear capacity of the web in the bottom tee, which is

The maximum shear capacity of the section, V,, is the sum of the maximum capacities of the top

and bottom tees expressed as

2.42 Derivation of the Design Methods

The three design methods are developed for the most general case, a composite tee with

a reinforced opening. In each of the three design methods, the von Mises yield function. or a
simplification of the function, is used to model the reduced normal yield strength of the web. 5,
caused by interaction with the shear stress, T.

For a material with yield strength. F,, the von Mises yield function is given by

which is iIlustrated in Fig. 2.6.

 11

The three design methods derived in the following sections empIoy simpIiQing

assumptions that permit a cIosed-form solution for the maximum shear capacity.

2.42.1 Method I
The fully plastic s t m s distribution at an opening with zero axial force in the tees is

illustrated in Fig. 2.7. Two simplifying assumptions wdl be made in the derivation of this method

to facilitate a closed-form solution for the maximum shear capacity. First, the position of the

neutral axis in the top and bottom tees for secondary bending is assumed 'to lie in the flanges.

Second, the interaction of shear and normal stresses is defined by a linear approximation of the

von Mises yield fbnction given by

h = a factor used to adjust the approximation to obtain an improved match with

experimental results. Donahey and Darwin (1986) used h = (1 + @/'2 = 1.207.

As will be shown in Section 3.0, a value of h = fi appears to give better results.

The maximum shear capacity of a composite tee is found by using the moment

equilibrium equation for the tee.

based on the stresses in the steeI and concrete, the locations of

To determine M,, and M,,

the neutral axes at the high and low moment ends of the opening, g, and g,, must be known. g,

and g, are measured with respect 20 the outside of the flange @g. 2.7).
Assuming the neutral axis to k in the flange and using normal force equilibrium,

i n which PI = Fyrt,(b, - tJ

Substituting Eq. 2.25 for F; in Eqs. 2.27 and 2.28 results in the following expressions for gh and
g,,

Using moment equilibrium of the tee

Substituting the resulting expressions for g, and g, into Eq. 2-31 and simplifying results in an

equation that is quadratic in V,. This equation can k reduced u>

For the derivation of preceding terms using the different yield strengths for the flanges, web, and

reinforcement see Appendix B.

 14

If V, > V,, the web has yielded. Resolving Eq. 2.29 through Eq. 2.31 with = 0.0

gives

2.4.22 Method ll

The primary simplification madc in this method is to ignore the conribution of the flanges

to the secondary bending moments. This approximation works kcause the contribution of the

normal stresses in the flanges to the secondary moments is small when moments are calculated

about the extreme edges of the Ranges. Both the normal and the shear smsses are assumed to

be uniform within the web. The normaI stresses in the reinforcement are assumed to act at the

centroid of the reinforcement. The plastic stress distribution is illustrated in Fig. 2.8. The van

Mises yield function, Eq. 2.24, controls the stresses in the web.

The normal force in the web when shear is acting on a tee, P,, is given by

The shear stress, z, is

Substituting Eq. 2.34 and Eq. 2.35 into the von Mises yidd function results in the following

equation for the normal force in the web.

Taking moments about the top of the flange results in

V,ao = P,s +Pchdh- P c , d , + 2Prd,

Eq. 2.37 can be more simpIy represented by

* Vmmo = PwrS, + PV~J,

in which p = P c ~ d- ~PCP,+ 2Prdr

Vp,s,

Substituting Eq. 2.36 into Eg. 2.38 and solving gives,

Substituting u = aspect ratio of the tee = ads, into Eq. 2.42 and solving for V, gives

When reinforcement is added at the edge of the opening, the pIastic n e u t d axis, PNA,

will shift toward the opening to maintain equilibrium in the tee. However, a key assumption made

in the derivation of this method is that the PNA is located at the top of the flange. This
 16
assumption becomes increasingly unconsentative as more reinforcement is added. An adjustment

can be made to approximate the true movement of the PNA by reducing the effective depth of the

steel tee, in the calmtation of u, by a distance which is proportional to the amount of

reinforcement present.

Ar
in which; = s - -
2bs

The procedure to approximate the movement of the PNA is discussed in greater detail in Section

2.4.3.2.

When V , exceeds the plastic shear capacity of the web, V,,, an ahemate determination of

maximum shear capacity is necessary because the web has yielded in shear. In this case, P, =

0.0 and Eq. 2.38 gives

Solving for V, gives

in which p is defined in Eq. 2-38 and u = ads. adjustment is necessary in s for Eq. 2.46,

when reinforcement is presenz

 17
2.423 Method III

A linear solution for the maximum shear capacity is possible by adding the linear

approximation for the von Mises yield function, Eq. 2.25, used in Method I to the simplified stress

distribution used in Method I1 (see Fig. 2.8).

The normal force in the web when shear is acting on a tee is given by

pW = Fys,tw

Substituting Eq. 2.47 into Eq. 2.25 results in

Rewriting Eq. 2.48 in terms of V , and V , results in

The maximum shear capacity in the top tee, V,, can be found by taking moments about the top

of the flange.

Substituting Eq. 2.49 into Eq. 2.50 gives

V,no = 6 ( h v P- V_)s, + P,dk c PC#,r 2P,dr

ConsoIidating terms results in

 18
Rearranging. and using u and p as defined in Eqs. 2.38 and 2.44,

As with Method 11, the definition of u shodd be altered to account for the shift in the PNA when

reinforcement is added to a tee (see Eq. 2.44, also Section 2.4.3.2).

When V , exceeds the plastic shear capacity of the web, V,,, the alternate determination

of maximum shear capacity summarized in Eq. 2.46 applies.

2-43 Limitations and Differences Between Design Methods

The preceding derivations can be more fufulIy understood by exploring the limitations of

the simplibing assumptions.

En this section, the effect of the Iinear approximation for the von Mises yield function for

secondary bending will be evaluated by compating the predicted maximum shear capacities using

M e ~ o d sII and 111. The effect of neglecting the flanges when determining maximum shear

capacity will be established by comparing Methods I and III over the range of pennissibIe

combinations of opening length and tee depths.

Fig. 2.6 Iustsates the von Mises yield funchon and its Iinear approximations when h =

1.207 and h = 1.414. Two concerns arise when the linear approximation of the von Mises yield

function is used. First, for slender tees (high u), it is possible that the predicted normal stress in

the web, Fy,

will exceed the yield stress of the web, F;, This unconsewative prediction of 5
 19
results in a Iess conservative and potentidy unconservative prediction of the maximum shear

capacity when using Methods I and HI, compared to the maximum shear capacity predicted by

Method 11. Second, for stocky tees (low u), it is possible that the predicted shear stress in the

web, T, will exceed the shear stress predicted by the von Mises yield function. This will also

result in less consewative predictions of maximum shear capacity for Methods I and III compared

to Method 11.

2.43.1 Effect of the Linear Approximation of the von Mises Yield Function

The linear approximation of the von Mises yield function allows the normal stress in &e

web, 5,to be overpredicted by as much as 41 % when h = 1.414, as indicated in Fig. 2.9, which
is a comparison of yield functions considering practical restraints. While this large averprediction

is possible, the practical maximum stress predicted by the linear yield function is 1.236FY when

u is limited to 12.0 and h = 1.414 (see Appendix C). At this same practical maximum. for an

unreinfarced tee, Method III predicts a maximum shear capacity that exceeds that predicted by

Method TI by 24.5%, while the absolute difference between Methods II and III is 3.5% of the

plastic shear capacity of the tee, V,. For an unreinforced tee, when h. = 1.207 and u = 12.0, the

predicted maximum shear capaci~esof Method I1 and IIZ differ by 6.3% which translates to 0.90%

of V,. Another practicd consideration that further reduces the effect of the unconservative normal

stress in the web on the predicted maximum shear capacity is a restriction, p,, placed on the size

of the opening (see Appendix 13). This restriction limits the value of u for the second tee to

2.836 when p, = 5.6, adh, = 3.0 and u = 12.0 for first tee. This is illustrated for h = 1.414 and

h = 1.207 in Figs. 2.10 and 2.1 1. Fig 2.10 iflustrates she difference between the maximum shear

capacities predicted by Methods II and I11 for the top and bottom tees normalized on the plastic

shear capacity of the perforated web versus adsr Fig. 2.11 illustrates the ratio of Methods I1 and
 20

versus ads,. A W21X44 beam with an opening depth, h,, equal m 50% of the overall beam

depth is used for the comparisons. The curves were generated by varying the opening length, a,

me ratio of opening length to tee depth for the bottom we, ads,, becomes limited as the opening
length increases, consequently, the difference in h e combined maximum shear capacities of the

top and bottom tees predicted by Methods 11 and I11 diminishes as she opening length increases.

Fig. 2.11 was generated with the same beam and opening except the ratio of the maximum shear

capacities predicted by Methods I1 and III is plotted with respect to aJq. For either value of h,

the predicted maximum shear capacity is not significantly affected by the unconservative

prediction of the normal saess in the web by the linear approximation of the von Mises yield

function.

For openings with a 'low U, the Iinear approximation of the von Mises yield function can

predict the shear stress in the web of a tee to be as much as 9.7% higher than that predicted by

the von Mises yield function when 3c = 1.414 and u = 0.727,as illustrated in Fig 2.9. The

correspondingmaximum shear capacities predicted by Methods I1 and III differ by 9.9%, or 9.0%

of the plastic shear capacity of the tee. When h = 1.207 and u = 0.359, the linear approximation
overpredicts the shear smss in the web by 2.1%, and the corresponding maximum shear capacities

predicred by Methods I1 and IIE differ by 2.2%, or 2.1% of the plastic shear capacity of the tee.

When h = 1.414 and u = 0.717, the potential difference k m e e n the maximum shear capacities

predicted by Methods TI and 111 are significant and will have the most effect on the nominal shear

capacity when the opening is under high shear. Openings with u = 0.717 or 0.359 are very

unlikely, however. Comequentty, potentially unconsetvative predictions of maximum shear

capacity by Method HI are very unlikely to occur in practice.

The effect of the linear approximation of the von Mses yield function on the predicted

capacities of fifty steel and thirty-five composite beams is investigated further in Section 3.4.
 2.43.2 Effect of Reducing the Tee Depth in Proportion to Reinforcement

For an unreinfotced steel tee, with p = 0.0, Method I predicts a higher maximum shear

capacity than Method 111 over the entire range of acceptable vaIues of u = ads. as illustrated in

Fig. 2.12. This difference is as high as 15% of the pIastic shear capacity of the tee when ads =

2.00. As reinforcement is added to a tee, the PNA will shift toward the opening, and the

assumption made in the derivation of M e h d s I1 and III, that the PNA is at the top of the flange,

kcomes increasingly unconservative. Method I accounts far the shift of the PNA, so reasonably

conservative predictions of shear capacity can k expected regardless of the amount of

reinforcement at an opening. The unconservative difference between Methods I and I11 when

nothing is done to account for the shift in the PNA is about 7.5% of the plastic shear capacity of

the tee when y = 9.0 and ads = 12.0. By reducing the depth of h e tee in propofiion to the

reinforcement present (Eq. 2.44), the uncon~svativedifference between Methods 1 and III is

reduced to a b u t 2% of V,, for heavily reinforced slender tees. As shown in Fig. 2.12, with

increasing quantities of reinforcement, it becomes more likely that the maximum sheat capacity

of a steel tee will be governed by the plastic shear capacity of the tee. The unconsezvazive affect

on predicted shear capacity by an unadjusted PNA Iocation for Method I11 will likely be lessened

in many situations because the plastic shear capacity of a tee will govern However. reducing the

tee depth in proportion to the reinforcement present to approximate the actual shift in the PNA

pennits the prediction of maximum shear capacity more in line with those predicted by

Method I.
2 5 Moment Capacity Equations

The expressions for the maximum moment capacity of steel and compasitc beams with

web openings presented in this section are applicable only to members meeting AISC (19861

criteria for compact sections. InstabiIities in the compression flange or web, likely in non-compact

sections, may render the expressions of this section unconsemative because the full smngth at the

opening may not bc attained.

Well established strength procedures are employed in deriving the expressions for

maximum moment capacity, M,. En all cases, fully plastic behavior is aqsumed for the steeI

section in both tension and compression.

2.5.1 Steel Beams

The maximum moment capacity of unreinforced steel beams, as derived in this section,

invoIves no approximations. Simplified, conservative design expressions for reinforced steel

bearns are derived by assuming that she reinforcement is concentrated along the top and bottom

edges of the opening and that the thickness of the reinforcement is small. For members with an

eccentric opening, e $0, the plastic neutraI axis will be Iocated in the reinforcement at the edge

of the opening closest to fithe centroid of the original steel section or in the web of the deeper tee.
When reinforcement is used, the maximum moment capacity, M,, should not exceed the flexural

strength of the unperforated beam, M,.

The eccentricity of an opening, e, is always taken to be positive in steel bearns. Figs.

2.13(a), 2.13(b), and 2.13(c) illustrate st~essdiagrams for steel sections in pure bending.
 23
25.1.1 Unreinforced Openings

For members with unreinforced openings and eccentricity, e, the maximum moment

capacity of a steel member can be expressed as

in which A A, = hotw,

2.5.12 Reinforced Openings

The maximum moment capacity of steel beams with reinforcement along both the top and

lmttorn edges of the opening are derived in this section. Two simplifying assumptions are used

in the following derivation so that concise, conselvative expressions for M, are possibIe. First,

the reinforcement is assumed to be concentrated dong the top and bttorn edges of the opening,

and second, zhe thickness of the reinforcement is assumed to be small. The maximum moment

capacity of a perforated, reinforced, steel beam in which the PNA resides in the reinforcement and

eI FA,/ F,t, can en be expressed as

in which F, = yield strength of the reinforcement

A, = area of reinforcement at the top or bottom of an opening

 24

The maximum moment capacity of a perforated, reinforced, steel beam in which the PNA

resides in the web and e 2 F d , / F,P, can be expressed as

["[
M m = Mp - Fytw - + eh, - -2e + -
:])+F#&-!&]5Mp (2-581

Further simplification is possible if Eq. 2.58 is rewritten in terms of the original

unperforated cross-section.

in which AA, = h0t - 2ArFF

W

FY

2.52 Composite Beams

Expressions for the maximum moment capacity of composite k a m s p a w i n 1990) arc

presented in this section. Simplified design expressions (Darwin 1990) are also developed

following a review of the more precise moment capacity equations. When the opening is

reinforced, the maximum moment capacity, M,. should not exceed the flexural stsength of the

unperforated composite section, M,. The eccentricity of the opening, e. is taken to be positive

in the upward direction in composite kms. Figs. 2.14(a), 2.14(b), 2.14(c) illustmle m e s s

diagrams for composite beams in pure bending.

 2.5.2.1 Derivation

For a given beam and opening configuration. the force in the concrete, PC,is limited to

the lower of the concrete compressive strength, the shear connector capacity, or the tensile

capacity of the net steel section.

The depth of the concrete stress block, a, for solid slabs or for ribbed slabs with transverse ribs

is given by

The maximum moment capacity, M,, is dependent on the governing inequality from Eqs. 2.60,

2.67, and 2.62. If PC= T' [Eq. 2.62, Fig. 2.141a)l. the PNA resides at the top of the steel flange

and the maximum moment capacity is expressed by

2*,Fr
in which AAr = hotw - -
FY

e = opening eccentricity. (+) upward for composite beams

 26

Eq. 2.63 is valid for ribkd dabs if a It,'. If a > t,', as is possible for ribbed slabs with

longitudinal ribs, the term jt, - d 2 ) in Eq. 2.64 must be replaced with the appropriate expression
for lhe distance between the top of the steel flange and the centroid of the concrete force.
If PC< T *(Eq. 2.60 or Eq. 2.61), the PNA is in the steel section, placing a portion of the

steel member in compression. The PNA can k eithcr in the flange or the web of the top tee,

based on the inequality

in which A, = flange area = b, 9.

If the force in the concrete and the tensile capacity of the flange (left side of Eq. 2.55)

exceeds the tensile capacity of the web (right side of Eq. 2.65). the PNA will be in the flange (Fig.

2.14(b)) at a distance x from the top of the flange, For this case,

The corresponding maximum moment capacity can k expressed as

If the tensile capacity of the web exceeds the capacity of the concrete slab and steel flange,

the PNA will reside in the web at a distance x from the top of the flange. as illustrated in Fig. 2.15

(6). For this case,

The corresponding maximum moment capacity can be expressed as

2.522 Design Equations

Simplified design expressions (Damin 1990) for the maximum moment capacity of

perforated composite beams are developed in this section. When the PNA in an unperforated

member resides at the top of the steeI flange, Eq. 2.64, a simplified design expression is possible

by assuming sat F, = F,, and that lthe inlemal moment a m between tensile and compressive

forces is not significantly affected by the loss in steel area due to the opening or the addition of

steel from the reinforcement.

Using the first assumption, Eq. 2.64 can then be rewritten as

in which A, = A, - hotw + 2.4,

Rearranging,
 28
Using the second assumption. the term (di2 + t, - a12)is assumed to be about the same for the

perforated and mperforated sections. Thus the first term of Eq. 2.71 can k expressed in terms

of the maximum moment capacity of an unperforated composite section, MF.

Eq. 2.72 is usually accurate within a few percent and is conservative when the steel cross-sectional

area of the reinforced beam at the opening is Iess than that of the original unreinforced beam.

When the PNA in the unperforated member resides in the steel section, [Eq. 2.61 or 2.621,

one design expression for M, is possible by assuming that the tern -b,2lA, in Eg. 2.67 and the

term [-(bf - $),s - ~A]/A,

in Eq. 2.69 are smaEl in comparison to d 2 and, thus, can be ignored.

The following simplified expression results.

Rearranging,

x used in place of
Eq. 2.74 is exact when the PNA lies at the top of the flange and can I

Eq. 2.72, and it is very accurate, but slightly unconservative, when the PNA is in Ehe flange. Eq.

2.74 becomes progressively more unconservative as the PNA moves into the web, A limitation

on the application of Eg. 2.74 is then necessary to preclude overly unconservative results. This

can be conservatively accomplished by limiting the magnitude of the terms neglected by Eq. 2.74
 29
(see Eq. 2.67 and 2.69) to less h n 4 percent of dl2 for members in which the flange area is

greater than or equal to 40 percent of the web area [i.e., (bf- tJtf 1 0.4m.This is accomplished

by limiting the force in the concrete, PC,to values greater than FY(0.75t& - M,). The flange-to-

web area ratio stipulation is consemative, and as that ratio increases. the accuracy of Eq. 2.74

improves. For members in which the PNA resides in the web, arid either PC< F,(0.75twd - M,),

or the flange-to-web area ratio is less than 0.40, M, must be determined using Eq. 2.67 or 2.69.

A derivation of the stipulation on P, for configurations where the PNA is located in the web can

be found in Appendix E.

2.6 Redwood Methods

In Ibis section, the design expressions proposed by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980) for

determining the maximum shear capacity, Vm, and an intermediate value of moment used for

moment-shear interaction, M,.for steel beams with and without reinforcement at the opening are

altered to account for the yield strengths of the web and rcinforcent. These aItered expressions

are used in calculating the norninaI capacities of steel beams which are summarized in Tables

3.11, 3.19, and E.6. The expressions for determining moment capacity used with expressions

presented in this section are those derived in Section 2.5.

The intermediate moment capacity, M, for an unreinforced beam at which the nominal

shear capacity commences to diminish kcause of increasing moment at the opening is given by
 30

The maximum shear capacity, V,, of the top and bottom tees of an unreinfozced beam is

in which

The intermediate moment capacity, w,far a reinforced beam at which the nominal shear
capacity commences to diminish because of increasing moment at the opening is given by

The maximum shear capacity, Vm,of the top and bottom tees of a reinforced beam is
 31

3.0 ANALYSTS AND RESULTS

3.1 Introduction

In this section, the three design methods described in Section 2.0 are evaluated. The

results from fifty steel beams and thirty-five composite beams are used for comparison. Of the

fifty steel kams, nineteen are unreinfocced with rectangular openings, ten are unreinforced with

circular openings, and twenty-one are reinforced with rectangular openings. Of the thirty-five

composite beams. twenty-two have ribbed slabs and thirteen have solid slabs. Two of the beams

with solid slabs and one of the beams wizh ribbed slabs are reinforced at the opening. The

proportioning and detailing guidelines presented in Appendix D are also discussed in this section,

along with the equations used to calculate resistance factors. The results of six specific amas of

investigation are presented in Sections 3.4 - 3.9. The six areas investigated are the effects of (1)

varying h, the factor used in the linear approximation of the von Mises yield function, (2)

reducing she tee depth of a reinforced tee to approximate the actual rnoverncnt of the plastic

neutral axis with the addition of reinforcement, (3) limiting PC,,the normal force in the concrete

at the high moment end of the opening, by the axiaf yield capacity of the net steel in a composite

tee, (4) limiting the nonnd force in the reinforcement at an opening by the capacity of the

accompanying weld. ( 5 ) size of the flanges relative to the web as a hncrion of the design method,

and (6) limiting the maximum moment capacity of a perforated beam to the plastic moment

capacity of the unperforated beam. These six areas are important because they are refinements,

simplificadons, and limitations that impact the accurate prediction of shear and moment capacity.

The comparisons made in Sections 3.4 - 3.9 are not based on tests specifically fomuIated

to validate the refinement, simplification, or limitation in question, however. Consequently, the

 32
comparisons, in themselves, may not present a complete picture and the theoretical basis of these

comparisons is of greater importance.

Dimensions znd properties for the steel and composite beams included in Lhe analysis are

contained in Tables 3.1 and 3.2, respectively.

The resuIts obtained using the expressions developed in Section 2.0 and presented in

Appendix B to account for the yield strengths of the flanges, web, and reinforcement are

summarized in Tables 3.3 - 3.10, and 3.13 - 3.18. Results obtained using the appropriate methods

proposed by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980), Redwood and Poumbouras (1984) and Redwood

and Cho (1986) are summarized in Tables 3.1 I. 3.12, 3.19 and 3.20. Table 3.21 is an overall

summary of the results of the analysis for all of the methods considered.

3.2 Proportion~ngand Detailing Guidelines

Proportioning guidelines have been developed for web openings in steel and composite

beams which ar.: r o s t recently summarized by Darwin (1990). These appear in Appendix D.

The majority of h c guidelines help to insure that failure of a beam, as predicted by the design

methods presented in Section 2.0, does not occur prernatu~ly.

The design limitations dictated by the proportioning and detailing guidelines for h a m s

used in the analysis are presented in Table 3.3 for steel beams and in Table 3.4 for composite

beams. Ten of the beams used in the analysis violate one or more of the proportioning

guideleines which are summarized in Table 3.30and Table 3.4(d) for steel and composite beams,

respectively. These beams were retained in the analysis because either the violdon was reIated

more to detailing practice than to the strength of the beam and/or faiIure did not occur bcause

of the violation.
 33

Twenty-one steel beams and one composite beam tested in previous studies have been

excluded from consideration in this maIysis due to violations of the proportioning and detailing

guidelines. Sixteen steel hams tested by Kim (1980)were excluded because of extremely

conservative testltheory ratios for tests with shear acting at the opening. Dimensions and

properties, design limitations and results for the design methods presented in this repart and the

applicable Redwood method for the excluded beams are presented in Appendix E.

3 3 Resistance Factor Determination

Resistance factors appropriate for the design methods presented in this report and design

methods proposed by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980), Redwood and Poumbouras (I984),and

Redwood and Cho (1986) were determined in accordance with proceduses outlined in AlSC

(1986). The basic equation for determining the resistance factor, 4, is

in which R, = mezn resistance

R, = nominal resistance according to expressions in Section 2.0

ip = reliability index = 3.0

V, = coefficient of variation of the resistance

The term RJR, is the average testltheosy mtio for a group of beams, expressed as
 34

in which FYJFY" = mean steel strengthlnominal steel strength = 1.07;

This vaIue was determined by Gdmbos (1978) using a large number of test coupons

from steel beams. It serves te account for the additional strength available from steel

beams beyond the nominal yield strength.

V, = actual shear capacity at an opening

vm = predicted shear capacity at an opening

Mtes, = actual moment capacity at an opening

Mn = predicted moment capacity at an opening

The term V, is the coefficient of variation ~ w l t i n gfrom several sources of variation, which is

given by

in which V, = coefficient of variation of F,JFp = 0.10 (Galambs 1978)

V, = coefficient of variation of construction = 0.05 (Gdmbos I9783

V,, = coeficient of variation of the prediction method (obtained from comparison of

predicted strengths with test results)

3.4 Effect of Varying h

Ttie first of six areas investigated is the effect of varying h, the variabIe used in the linear

approximation of the von Mises yield function. The effect of varying his investigated to establish

a value that yields the most accurate predictions of maximum shear capacity by Methods E and

111. Two values for h are considered, 1.207 and 1.414. Donahey and Darwin (1986)used h=
 35
1.207 which represents the best uniform approximation of the von Mises yeEd function This

study uses h = 1.414, which represents the practical upper limit for a linear approximation (Fig

2.6). The maximum shear capacities, and the predicted nominal shear and moment capacities for

steel and composite beams using h = I .414 are presented in Tables 3.5 - 3.10,3.13 - 3.18 and

3.21. The maximum shear capacities, and the predicted nominal shear and moment capacities for

steel and composite beams using h = 1.207 are presented in Tables G.1 - G.9.

For the fifty steel b e m s . when h = 1.414, the mean tesvheory mtios are 1.158, 1.213.

and 1.183 and the coefficients of variation are 0.134, 0.179,and 0.150 for Methods I, 11, and 111,

respectively. The corresponding resistance factors for the three methods are 0.929, 0.916, and

0.929. Considering the tesqtheory means, Method I is the most accurate foPlowed by Mchod 111

and Method TI. The fact that Method 111is more accurate, for the bems considered, than Method

I1 might not be expected considering Method 111 is a simpIification of M~:thod11. However,

Method En,with A = 1.414, tends to give a better match with the test data because the y o n Mises

yield function does not account for strain hardening, which appears in virtudly all of the high

shear tests. The higher values of shear strength obtained with Methods I and TIT with h = 1.474

take advantage of this behavior. For the same steel beams, when h = 1.207, the mean testltheory

ratios are 1.232 and 1.281 and the coefficients of variation are 0.166 and 0.193 for Methods I and

111, respectiveIy. The corresponding ~siszancefactors for Methods 1 and IIE are 0.947 and 0.949.

Method 11 is not influenced by h Considering test/theory means, coefficients of variation, and

resistance factors, Method I is rhe most accurate followed by Method II and Method III, when

h = 1.207. In ger-esal, for the steel beams, using h = 1.414 for Methods I and 111 produces lower

testltheosy ratios, lower coefficients of variation, and lower resistance factors. In all cases,

resistance factors are higher than 0.90.

 36

For the thirty-five composite beams, when A = 1.414. the mean test/theory ratios are

1.02.4, 1.065, and 1.039 and the coeficients of variation are 0.084,0.088,and 0.092 for Methods

I. 11, and IIT, respectively. The comsponding resistance factors for the three methods are 0.870,

0.901, and 0.876. Considering the tesvtheory means, coefficients of variation, and resistance

factors, Method I is the most accurate followed by Methods 111 and 11. For the same composite

hams, when h = 1.207, the mean testhheory ratios are 1.060 and 1.083 and the coefficients of

variation are 0.079 and 0.086 for Methods t and 111, respectively. The corresponding resisance

factors for Mcthods I and III are 0.905 and 0.918. Method 11 is not influenced by h. Considering

tesvtheory means, coefficients of variation, and resistance factors, Methed I is the most accurate

followed by Method II and Method In, when h = 1.207. In general. for the composite beams,

using h = 1.414 produces lower test/theory ratios, slightly higher coefficients of variation, and

lower resistance factors. In a l l cases, resistance factors are higher than 0.85. Using h = 1.414 for

both steel and composite beams produces more accurate predictions of nominaI capacity.

3.5 Effect of Reducing Tee Depth for Reinforcement

The effect of reducing the depth of a tee when reinforcement is present for Methods II

and III is investigated to establish its significance with test data. ResuIts obtained using Method

111 with no adjustment in the tee for reinforcement are compared wirh results obtained using

Method III with am adjustment in the tee for reinforcement. me effect of rcducing the depth of
a tee in the cdculation of u in Eq. 2.44 is summarized in Table 3.22 for twenty-one reinforced

steel beams and three reinforced composite beams. Reducing the tee depth for reinforcement does

reduce the predicted maximum shear capacity and produces slightly more conservative nominal

capacities for those k a m s affected. The overall testJtheory ratio mean for the steel beams

increases from 1.141 to 1.148, the coefficient of variation does not change and the resistance
 37
factor increases from 0,929 to 0.935 when the stub is reduced proportionally ~y the reinforcement

present. The test/thcory ratio for the single reinforced composite beam affected (CRO-6) increases

from 1.1I2 to 1.118 when the stub is reduced. The other two beams have very little shear (CHO-

7) or no shear ( W E - 2 ) and are thus not affected. Reducing the tee depth by an amount

proportional to the reinforcement present does not have a large affect on many other beams

because the reinforcement contributes to shear capacity in excess of the maximum permitted by

Section D.1.2. This restriction serves to maintain sirniliar conservatism availabIe with Method I

for tees with significant quantities of reinforcement.

3.6 Effect of Limiting P,, by the Net Top Tee Steel

The effect of limiting PC,,the normal force in the concrete slab at the high-moment end

of the opening. by the normal force in the net steel in the top tee when V , < Ve for Methods II

and I11 was investigated to estabIish if the limitation could be applied accurately and consistently

with all three design methods for predicting maximum shear capacity presented in Section 2.0.

The basis of comparison is h e resuIts obtained from Methods 11 and 111 with h = 1.414 and PC,

not limited to the normal force in the net steel when V , < V,. Donahey and Darwin (1986) did

not limit P, when V, c V,, for Methods II and IIE because this was thought 10 be unconservative

and hconsistent with the assumptions made in the derivation of Methods I1 and 111.

The results of limiting PC,by the net steel when V , < V, and h = 1.414 are summarized

for Method 111 in Table 3.23. For the D-series k m s , the test/theosy mean is unchanged at 0.974,

the coefficient of variation increases from 0.060 to 0.067 and the resistance factor decreases From

0.845 to 0.84 1 when the limitation is applied to PC,. For the R-series beams, the testltheory mean

decreases from 1.065 to 1.050, the coefficient of variation decreases from 0.087 to 0.057, and the

resistance factor increases from 0.902 to 0.915. For the C, G and CHO-series beams the
 38
test/theory mean decreases from I. 121 to 1.1 16. the coemcient of variation increases from 0.076

to 0.080.and the resistance factor decreases from 0.960 to 0.952. For the CHO-series bems

(reinforced) the testhheory mean, the coefficient of variation and the resistance factor do not

change. For h e composite beams as a group, the test/theory mean decrease from 1.Q48to 1.043,

the coefficient of variation decreases from 0.1395 to 0.091 and the resistance factor is unchanged

at 0.880. For the thirty-five composite beams considered with h = 1.414, the limitation on PC,

yields tedtheory means closer to l.MM and smaller coefficients of variation, though the

differences are small.

3.7 Effect of Limiting P, by Weld Strength

The effect of limiting the normal force in the reinforcement by the weld strength in

determining the maximum shear capacity is checked to establish its significance on the prediction

of maximum shear capzcity for reinforced beams. The results of this investigation are summarized

in Table 3.24. F , kr. nine beams of the twenty-four reinforced beans was affected by the

limitation. Of these nine beams, the maximum shear capacity of only one. CHO-6, was

influenced. No change was seen in the maximum shear capacity for the other eight beams

because the maximum shear capacity was limited by the plastic shear capacity of the tee even after

applying the limitation.

3.8 Effect of Flanges

Because Methods TI and I11 ignore the cemribution of the flanges to the secondary bending

moments, is is possiMe, for beams with large A, /A, ratios, that these rwo methods could

significantly undetpxdict h e maximum shear capacity when compared LQ Method I. Fig. 3.86

(refer to Table 3.25 for selected members and other study parameters) illustrates that. as the Af /A,
 39
ratio increases, the difference between Methods I and III also increases and can be very

significant. Within the typical range of Af /A. 0.40 to 0.80,the difference between thc two

methods is never larger than 5% of V,. For A, /A, ratios larger an 0.80, for sections typically

used as beams, the difference between the two methods is as high as 16% (for a W12x58). A

larger difference between the two methods occurs for a W 14x109, but t h i s section is not typically

used as a h a m . me effect of ignoring the contribution of the flanges to the secondary bending
moments for sections typicdly used as hams with moderate flange areas is not significant.

However, unnecessarily conservative predictions of shear capacity can result for some beam

sections using Methods 11 or 111, if the A, /A, rasio exceeds 0.80.

3.9 Effect of Limiting M, by M,

The effcct of limiting the maximum moment capacity by the plastic moment capacity of

the unperforated section is summarized in Table 3.26. All but two of the twenty-one reinforced

steel beams are affected by the limitation. As a group, the tesutheory ratio mean increased from

1.233 to 1.148, the coefficient of variation dropped from 0.128 to 0.122, and the resistance factor

increased from 0.9:6 to 0.935. Insuring that M, IMp provides slightly more conservative

predictions of strengh than when M, is not limited to M,.

3.10 Redwood Design Methods

For the purpose of comparison with the current work, nominal shear and moment

capacities are obtained for all of the steel and composite beams considered in the report using

applicable methods deveIoped by Redwood and his coworkers. Maximum capacities are

cdculated for the steel beams using procedures proposed by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980) and

are given in Table 3.11 for beams included in the analysis and in Table E.6 for ;beams not used
 40

in the analysis. Equations proposed by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980) are modified in Section

2.6 to account for the individual yield strengths of the flanges, web and reinforcement. Tables

3.1 E and E.6 contain intermediate values, defined in the respective table nnd the respective

reference, used to calculate the maximum shear capacities. Maximum shear capacities are

calculated for thirteen composite beams with ribtxd-slabs tested by Donahey and Darwin (1986)

(D-series) using procedures presented by Redwood: and Pournburas (1984) which are given in

Table 3.12. Capacities for nine composite beams with ribbed slabs tested: by Redwood and

Pournbouras (1984) (R-series) are taken from published values. The capacities for the remaining

unreinforced composite beams with solid slabs are taken from values published by Redwood and

Cho (1986). The predicted nominal shear and moment capacities for the steel and composite

beams are presented in Tables 3-19 and 3.20, respectively. Capacities were not calculated or

provided for beams CHO-6,CHO-7, and W E - 1 because no Redwood method has been published

which accounts for reinforcement in cornpsitc beams. Several of the calculated capacities for

composite beams do not agree with capacities published by Redwood. These discrepencies may

be due to the way in which the shear connector capacities are calculated (see Donahey and Darwin

(7986)).

Two moment-shear interaction procedures have been proposed by Redwood and

Shrivnstava (1980). Both require the calculation of an intermediate value for the moment, M,,at

which interaction with shear begins to have an influence on the moment capacity. M,. The first

interaction diagram is composed of two straight lines connecting the maximum shear capacity, Vm,

to M*,and M , to the maximum moment capacity, M m (see Fig. 3.87). This method is referred to

as Redwood&). The second interaction procedure used by Redwood uses a straight line to

connect V, to M,,and a circuIar arc to connect Mv to M m (see Fig. 3.88). This procedure is
 41

referred to as RedwoodCC). Both interaction procedures are used for the steel beams, while only

Redwood(C) is used for the composite k a m s .

3.11 Compariscn of Design Methods with Test Results

In this section the nominal shear and moment capacities obtained using the design

methods discussed in Section 2.0. using h = 1.414, and those by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980),

Redwood and Poumbouras (1984) and Redwood and Cho (1986) are compared with test results.

The analysis includes fifty steel beams and thirty-five composite beams. A tabular summary of

resuIts for both steel and composite beams is given in Table 3.21. Individual moment-shear

interaction curves and the respective beam test values are given in Figs. 3.1 - 3.85 for the steel

and composite beams. GraphicaI comparisons of the predicted strengths using Method TI1 and the

amaI test v f ues for the steel and composite beams art: given in Figs. 3.89 and 3.90, respectively.

3.1 1.1 Steel Beams

Nineteen of the fifty steel beams are unreinforced with rectangular openings, ten are

unreinfomd with circuIar openings, and twenty-one are reinforced with rectangular openings. The

beams with unreinforced mcmgular openings have testltheory means of 1.213. 1.302, 1.250,

1.265, and 1.391 with coefficients of variation of 0.142, 0.21 1, 0.167, 0.191 and 0.195 for

Methods I, 3E, HI, Redwmd(C), and Redwood&), respectiveIy. The corresponding resistance

factors are Q.963,0.939, 0.960,0.939, and 1.027. The beams with unreinforced circuIar openings

have testhheory means of 1 .OM,1.145, 1.127, 1.1 I I, and 1.264 with coefficients of variation of

0.1 19, 0.154, 0.142, 0.140 and 0.131 for Methods I, 11, 111, Redwood(C), and Redwood&),

respectively. The corresponding resistance factors are 0.889,0.895,0.895,0.885,and 1.018. The

 42

group of beams with reinforced rectangular openings have tesmeory means of 1.143, 1,166.

1.148, 1.142, and 1.362 w i h coefficients of variation of 0.121, 0.125, 0.122, 0,151 and 0.195 for

Methods I, IT, IEI, Redwood(C), and Redwood&), respectively. me corresponding resistance

factors are 0.932, 0.946, 0.935, 0.896, and 1.006. Overall. the fifay steel beams have test/Lheory

means of 1.158, 1.213, 1.183, 1.183, and 1.353 with coefficients of variation of 0.134, 0.179,

0.150, 0.174 and 0-185 for Methods I, 11. 111, RedwoadCC), and Redwood(L3, respectively. The

cemsponding resistance factors are 0.929, 0.916, 0.930, 0.900, and 1.013. Generally, Method I

provides testhltheory means closest to 1.000, followed by Method 111, Redwood(C), Method 11, and:

Redwood&). Method I gives the smallest coefficients of variation, followed by Method EII,

Redwood(C), Method II, and Redwood&). Redwood(C) gives the lowest resistance factor

followed by Method PI, Method I, ,Method 111, and Redwood(L).

3.11.2 Composite Beams

OF the thirty-five cornpositc beams, twenty-one have ribbed slabs and unreinforced

rectangular openings. eleven have solid slabs and unreinforced rectangular openings, one has a

ribbed slab and a reinforced rectangular opening, and two have solid slabs and reinforced

rectangular openings. Methods I, Il and 111 are applied to all thirty-five kms. The Redwood(Q

method (Ftedwood and Pornbourn (1984) and Redwood and Cho (1986)) is applied to the thirty-

two beams without reinforcement. Redwood&) is not applicable. The gmup of beams with

rjbkd slabs and unreinforced rectangular openings have test/theery means of 0.995, 1.037, 1.W6,

and 1.090 with coefficients of variation of 0.071, 0.069, 0,072, and 0.121 for Methods I, IT, 111,

and Redwood(C), respectively. The corresponding resistance factors are 0.856,0.893,0.8@, and

0.889. T h e hams with solid slabs and unreinforced ectangutar openings have test'theoq means

of 1.092, 1.I41, 1.1 16, and 1.207 with coefficients of variation of 0.066, 0.075, 0.080, and 0.124
 43

for Methods 1, 11, 111, and Redwood(Q, respectively. The corresponding resistance factors are

0.943, 0.978,0.952, and 0.98 1. The beams with ribbed and solid slabs with reinforced rectangular

openings have testhheory means of 0.978, 0.985, and 0.983 with coefficients of variation of 0.1 10,

0.122. and 0.1 19 for Methods I, 11, and III, respectively. The corresponding resistance factors are

0.808, 0.802, and 0.803. These low values are due to h e fact that only three beams are used for

this calculation, and the results are dominated by a singIe member (WE-1) for which failure was

controlled by shear connector capacity (Wiss et al. 1914). Thus these values are not considered

to be representative of what is expected in practice.

The thirty-five composite beams [thirty-two for Redwood(C)] have tesvtheory means of

1.024, 1.065, 1.039, and 1.131, with coefficients of variation of 0.084, 0.088, 0.092, and 0.128

for Methods I, II, 111, and Redwood(C), respectively. The corresponding resistance factors are

0.870, 0.901, 0,875,and 0.895. Overall, Method I provides tesmeory means closest lo 1.000,

followed by Method 111, Method 11, and RedwoodCC). Method I provides the smallest coefficients

of variation, followed by Method 11, Method 111, and Redwood(C). Method I yields the lowest

resistance factor followed by Meshod 111, RedwoodlC), and Method 31.

3.113 Recommendations

Method 111, the simplest of the design methods for determining maximum shear capacity.

coupled with the cubic moment-shear interaction procedure proposed by Donahey and Darwin

(1986) i s recommended for design. Resistance factors of 0.90 and 0.85, applied to shear and

bending, are recommended for the design of steel and composite beams, respectively. As

illustrated in Figs. 3.89 and 3.90, none of the hams used for the comparisons had a strength

M o w the product of the resistance factor and the predicted strength,

 44

SECTION 4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

4.1 Summary

Three design methods, originally developed by Donahey and Darwin (1986). for

determining the maximum shear capacity of composite beams with unreinfocced web openings are

extended to include steel and composite beams with or without reinforcement at the opening. The

three design methods incorporate simplifying assumptions that permit closed-form solutions for

maximum shear capacity. The first method assumes that the neutral axes for secondary bending

lie in the flanges of the top and bottom tees and defines the interaction of shear and normal

stresses by a linear approximation of the von Mises yield function. The second method ignores

the contribution of the flanges to secondary bending moments and employs the von Mises yield

function to define the interaction of shear and normal smsses. The third method ignores the

contribution of the flanges to secondary bending moments and defines the interaction between

shear and normal suesses w i a ~linear approximation of the yon Mises yield function Simplified

design expressions for the maximum moment capacity of steel and composite beams with web

openings are presented. Six refinements of the design methods are investigated to determine their

significance in predicting member strengths. Simplified design expressions developed by Darwin

(1990) for determining rhe maximum moment capacity of steel and composite beams at web

opnings are summarized. The accuracy and ease of application of the design methods presented

in this report (Methods I, IT, and 111) and applicable procedures proposed by Redwood and

Shrivastava (1980). Redwood and Poumbouras (1984). and Redwood and Cho (1986) are

compared with experimental results of fifty steel beams and thirty-five composite beams.

Resistance factors are calculated for use in LRFD of structural steel buildings.
4.2 ConcIusions

Based on the work presented in this report, the following concIusions can be made:

1. For slender tees, the predictions of normal stress made by the linear approximation of

the von Mises yield function, when h = 1.414, can be as much as 41% higher than the normal

s t ~ s spredicted by the von Mises yield function. Considering practical design limitations on

opening sizes (Appendix D), lthe normal stress is overpredicted by 26.3%. This translates into a

maximum shear capacity that is overpredicted by 3.5% of the plustic shear capacity of a tee when

considering the design limitations presented in Appendix D.

2. stocky tees, the linear approximation of the von Mises yield function can

overpredict the shear stress in a tee by as much as 9.7% when h = t .414 and u = 0.717. This

translates into a difference in predicted maximum shear capacity of 9.0% of the plastic shear

capacity of a see. While this difference is signicant,such low values of u are very unlikely to

occur in practice.

3. Using h = 1.414 with Methods E and In, instead of 1.207, for both steel and

composite beams produces more accurate predictions of nominal capacity and more consistent

resistance factors for different opening and slab types thus eliminating unnecessary conservatism

from potential designs.

4. Unnecessatily conservative predictions of shear capacity can result for some beam

sections using Methods IT or III, if the ratio of the area of the flange to the area of the web, AjA,,

exceeds 0.80.

5. The effect of reducing the tee depth by an amount proportional to the reinforcement

present, when calculating the maximum shear capacity at an opening, did not have a large effect

in many of the reinforced beams considered, because the reinforcement contributed to shear

capacity in excess of the maximum permitted by Section D.1.2. The procedure, however, serves
 46
to maintain conscrvalism similiar to that obtained with Method I for tees with significant

quantities of reinforcement.

6. For the thirty-five composite beams considered, with h = 1.414, consiskntIy limiting

PC,by Ihe axial yield capacity of the top tee steel gives test/theory means closer to 1.0 and smaller

coefficients of variation, than when PC,is not Iimited by the net top tee steel.

7. Insuricg that M, 5 M, provides sIightly more conservative predictions of moment

capacity than when M, is not limited to M,.

8. Insuring that the normal force in the reinforcement is Iess than the capacity of the

corresponding weld provides predictions of shear capacity that are more conservative than when

the normal force in the reinforcement is not limited by the weld capacity.

9. For the steel beams, Method I provides tesvtheory means closest to 1.0, followed by

Method III, Redwood(C), Method 11, and Redwood&). Method I gives the smallest coefficients

of variation, followed by Method 111, Redwood(C), Method 11, and Redwood(L). For the group

of steel beams, Redwood(C) yieIds the lowest resistance factor followed by Method II, Method

I, Method 111, and Redwood&). Far the composite beams, Method I provides testhheory means

closest to 1.0, foIlowed by Method 11, Method 111, and Redwood(C). Method I yields the smallest

coefficients of variation, followed by Method /I, Method 111, and Redwood(C). Method I gives

the lowem resistance factor followed by Method ITE, Redwood(C), and Method 11.

10. Methods proposed by Redwood and Shrivastava (1980), Redwood and Pournbouras

(1986)and Redwood and Cho (1986) for determining shear and moment capacity for steel beams.

composite beams with ribbed slabs, and composite beams with soIid slabs, respectively, are

genesally more complex than the methods in this report and do nos offer any additional accuracy.
 47

11, Method I11 coupled with the moment-shear interaction procedures proposed by

Donahey and Dsnvin (1986) is easily applied and provides strength predictions that are in

excellent agreement with test data.

12. Resistance factors for shear and bending of 0.90 and 0.85 are appropriate for steel

and composite beams, respectively.

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Lupien, Roger, and Redwood, Richard G. (1978). "Steel Beams wilh Web Openings Reinforced
on One Side," Canadian Journal of Civil En~ineering,Vol. 5, No. 4, Dec., pp. 45 1-461.

McComick, Michael M. (1972a). "Opcn Web Beams - Behavior, Andysis and Design,"
Report, MRL 17/18, Melbourne Research Laboratories, The Broken Hill Proprietary Company
Limited, Clayton, Vic., Australia, Feb., 195 pp.

McCormick, Michael M. (1972b). Discussion of "Suggested Design Guides for Beams with Web
Holes," Journal of the StmctvraI Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, No. ST12,Dec., pp. 2814-2816.

Poumbouras, George. (1983). "Modification of a Theory Predicting the Shear Strength of

Composite Beams with Large Web Openings," Project Report No. U83-20, Department of Civil
Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaApr., 109 pp.

Rectanpular, Concentric and Eccentric Unreinforced Web Penetrations in Steel Beams - A Desim
-
Aid. (1986). Revised Ed., ADUSS 27-8482-02, U.S. Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Apr,,
3 2 ~ ~ .

Rectangular, Concentric and Eccentric Reinforced Web Penetrations in Composite Steel Beams
- A Design Aid. (1984). ADUSS 27-8532-01, US. Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Oct., 27
Rectanmlar, Concentric and Eccentric Unreinforced Web Penetrations in Composite SteeI Beams
- A Design Aid. (1981). ADUSS 27-7108-01, U.S. Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June,

Redwood, Richard G. (1968a). "Plastic Behavior and Design of Beams with Web Openings,"
Proceedings, first Camdim Stmctusal Engineering Conference, Toronto,Canadian Steel Industries
Construction Council, Toronto, Canada, Feb., pp. 127-158.

Redwood, Richard G. (1968b). "Ultimate Strength of Beams with Multiple Openings." P ~ p r i n t

No. 757, ASCE Structural Engineering conference, Pittsburgh, Oct.

Redwood, Richard G.(1969). "The Strength of Steel Beams with Unreinforced Web Holes," Civil
Eneineerin-4 and Public Works Review (London), VoI. M, No. 755, June, pp. 559-562.

Redwood, Richard G. (197 1). "Simplified Plastic Andy sis for Reinforced Web Holes," AISC
Engineerin2 Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 128-131.

Redwood, Richard 6 .(3983). "Design of I-Beams with Web Perforations," Chapter 4, Beams and
Beam Columns: Stability and Strenjgh, R. Narayanan, Ed., Applied Science Publishers, London
and New York, pp. 95-133.

Redwood, Richard G. (1986). "Tile Design of Composite Beams with Web Openings,"
Proceedinns, Firs! Pacific Strtlcmral Steel Conference, Auktand, New Zealand, Vol. I, Aug.,pp.
169-185.

Redwood. Richard G.; Baranda. Heman; and Daly. Michael J . (1978). "Tests of Thin-Webkd
Beams with Unreinfbsced HoIes," Journal of the Structural Division, A S E , Vol. 104, No. ST3,
Mar., pp. 577-595.

Redwood. Richard G.,and McCutcheon, John 0. (1968). "Beam Tests with Unreinforced Web
Openings," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. ST1,Jan., pp. 1-17.

Redwood, Richard G., and Poumbouras, George. (1983). "Tests of Composite Beams with Web
Holes," Canadian Journal of Civil Enfineerinq, Vol. 10, No. 4, kc., pp 713-721.

Redwood, Richard G., and Poumbouras, George. (1984). "Analysis of Composite Beams with Web
Openings," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, VoI. 110, No. ST9, Sep.. pp. 1949-1958.

Redwood. Richard G.,and Shrivastava, Suresh C. (1980). "Design Recommendations for Steel
Beams with Web Holes," Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 4, Dec., pp 642-650.

Redwood, Richard G.,and Uenoya, Minoru. (I979). "Critical Loads for Webs with Holes,"Journd
of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. STTO,Oct, pp. 2053-2076.

Redwood, Richard G., and Wong, Pahick K.(1982). "Web Holes in Composite Beams with SteeI
Deck," Pmwedincs, Ei~hth Canadian Structurd Enfineering Conference, Canadian Steel
Construction Council, Willowdale, Ontario. Canada, Feb.. 41 pp.
Structural: lnvestipation of a Typical moor Beam at the 200 West Adams Buildinn Chicago,
-
Illinois. (1984). W E No. 840795,Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois,
Aug.. 21 pp.

"Suggested Design Guides for Beams with Web Holes." (1971). By the S u ~ m r n i m eon Beams
with Web Openings of the Task Committee on Flexure Memlxrs of the Smctural Division. John
E. Bower, Chmn., Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. ST1 1, Nov., pp.
2707-2728. Closure to Discussion, Vol. 99, No. ST.6, June 1973, pp. 1312-1315.

Todd, David M., and Cooper, Peter 3. (1980). ' S ~ t ~ n g tof

h Composite Beams with Web
Openings," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, VoI. 106, No. STZ, Feb., pp. 431-444.

Uenoya, Minoru, and Redwood, Richard G. (1978). "Buckling of Webs witb Openings,"
Computers and Structures, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 191-199.

Wang, Tsong-Miirt; SneU, Robert R.; and Cooper, Peter B. (1975). "Strength of Beams with
Eccentric Reinforced Holes." Journal af the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No. ST9, Sep.,
pp. 1783-1799.
 53

Table 3.0 References Corresponding to Beam Designations

Designation Reference

Steel Beams

Bower (1968)

Clawson and Darwin (1980)

Congdon and Redwood (1970)

CS Cooper and Snell (1972)

CSK Cooper, Snell, and hostman (1972)

DO Doughterty (1980)

KKS Kim (1980)

RBD Redwood, Baranda, and Daly (1978)

Lupien and Redwood (1978)

Redwood and McCutcheon (1968)

Composite Beams

Clawson and Danvin (1980)

D Donahey and Darwin (1986)

CHO Ch3 (1982)

tiranade (1968)

Redwood and Pournbouras (19 83)

WJE Wiss, Janney, and Elstnet (1984)

Table 3.1 Material and Section Properties for Steel Reams

(in hches unless noted)

Web Opening Reinforcement Top Tee Rottom Tee

Test'" d

RBD-CI 16.970
RM-IA 8.125
RM-I0 8.125
RM-2A 8.125
RM-2R 8.WO
RM-X 8.040
RM-3A 8.125
WM-4A 81s
RM-4B 8.123
RM-4C 8.125
CK-1A 9.890
CR-ZA 14.130
CR-ZB 14.130
CR-2C 14.220
CR-ZR 14,2'M
CH-3A 14.13[1
CR-3R 14.220
CR4A 14.220
CR4B 14220
CR-SA 14220
CR-7B 14.270
CK-7D 14.270
CSK-2 16.330
CSK-5 16.010
CSK-6 16.010
CSK-7 16.010
CS-I 12.w
CS-2 12.m
CS-3 12.m
RL.5 16.330
RL-6 16.350
B-1 15.940
B-2 15.810
B-3 15.880
B-4 15.800
&4B 17.875
CRaA 14.220
CSK-I 16.130
W-l 7.920
DO-2 7.920
Table 3.1 (continued)

Web w i g Reinforcement Top Tse Bottom Tee

1. Refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

Table 3.2 Material and Section Properties for Composite Reams

(in inches unless noted)

(a) STEEL SECTION

Web owing Reinforcement Top Tee Rottorn Tee

Table 3.2 (continued)

Testu" Type (psi) b, 4' 4 4 W- W- wr f*,

TRIB
TRlB
TRIB
TRIn
TRIA
THIR
1,HIl3
1.HI13
LRlU
THlH
THlR
THlB
THlH
THlU
TKlR
TRIIt
TRlR
TRIH
TRIR
TKII3
TRIB
501,
SOL
SOL
SOL
SOL
SOL
SOL
SOL
SOL
SOL
SOL
SOL
SOL
TRll3
ma
Table 3.2 (continued)

(c) SHEAR CONNECTORS

F" A, & h*Q, R,*Q, L"F,

, NZm N,(I) N,,O , (ksi) Dia. i n ) R," RIrn (k) (k) &) &)

D-1 30m
D-2 3000
U-3 30.00
D-5A Ma)
D5R MOO
D-6A 3000
D-&I3 3000
D-?A MOO
0-7B 3000
D-8A 19.39
D8R W 85
D-9A n.92
6-9tl 30 39
R-O 30 39
R-l OM
R-2 om
R-3 000
K-4 000
R-5 000
R- 6 000
R-7 om
R-8 000
C-1 001)
C-2 000
C-3 om
c-4 0.00
C-5 0.00
C-6 0.00
G-1 am
G-2 000
CHO-3 om
CH04 000
CIIO-5 000
CHO-6 000
Cll#7 am
WIFxI 000
Table 3.2 (continued)

Notes:

(I) refer m Table 3.0 for key of beam designations

(2) N, = number of studshib in Erst set(*) of ribs
(3) hF1 = number of studsfrib in s e c ~ n dset(*) of ribs
(4) N, = number of studs over the opening
( 5 ) N,, = number of ribs in First set(*]
(6) N,, = number of ribs in second set(*)
(7) R, = reduction factor for h t set of shear connectors
(8) R, = reduction Factor for second set of shear connectors

(*3 A set of ribs i s a series of sibs with the same number of

stubs per rib.
 60
Table 3.3 Design Limitation Summary for Steel Beams

(a) h a l Buckling of @] Web Buckling (D.1.2)

Compression Flange
(D.l.1)

Test"'

RBD-CI
RM-IA
RM-IB
RM-2.4
RM-ZB
RW-2C
RM-314
RM4A
R.M4R
R1W4C
CR-IA
CR-2.4
CR-2B
CR-32
CR-2D
CR-3A
CR-3R
CR4A
CR4B
CR-5A
CR-7R
CR-m
CSK-2
CSK-5
CSK-6
CSK-7
CS- I
CS-2
CS-3
RL-5
RL4
B-1
B-2
B-3
B4
CMB
C A-6.4
CSK-I
DO-1
W-2
m3
Do4
DO-S
RBPRlB
RBPW
RM-lfH
RM-21H
RM-2F
RM4F
RM4H
Table 3.3 (continued)

(c) Buckling of Tee Shaped Compression Zone (D.1.3)

RBDCl
RM-I-IA
RM*lB
RM-2.4
RM-2B
R>f-2C
RM-3A
R.Ua.4
RM4B
RM4C
CR-1A
CR-2.4
CR-2B
CR-aC
CR-2D
CR-3b
CR-W
CR-4A
CR4B
CR-SA
CR-70
CR-m
CSK-2
CSK-5
CSK-&
CSK-7
CS- 1
CS-2
CS-3
RL-S
Rtb
B-1
B-2
B-3
B4
CL4B
CR-6A
CSK-I
m1
W-2
Do-3
m4
DO-5
KBDRlB
RBDR2
RM-11H
RM-ZIH
RM-ZF
RM4F
RM4H
Table 3.3 (continued)

(d) Hole Reshictions (D3.1)

h, c 0.7d s, & s, > 0.1%

Test""i.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)

RBDCl
RM-IA
RM-1B
RM-U
RM-ZB
RM-2C
RM-3A
RM4A
RM4B
RM4C
CR-IA
CR-2.4
CR-28
CR-2C
CR-2D
CR-3A
CR-38
CR4A
CR-43
CR-5A
a-7B
CR-m
CSK-2
CSK-5
CSK-6
CSK-7
CS-l
CS-2
CS-3
Rt-5
RG6
B-1
B-2
B-3
B4
CL4B
CK-6A
CSK-I
m1
DO-2
m3
Da4
W S
RBD-RIB
RBD-R2
RM-1131
RMZlH
RM-2F
RM4F
RMdH
Table 33 (continued)

(e) One-sided Reinfofcemenr (D.3.5)

Test/') (in?) aJh0 5 23 s,/ t , s, If, 5 lqJ-, M,I(V,*d) l 20

Table 3.3 (continued)

Notes:

(1) refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

(2) The T e s t l T h q ratios fm Method IH,k = 1.414,are provided

as some indication of the effect of a potential violation of the design
parameter on the predicted capacity. If the tee-shaped compression zone
were to buckle prernarurely. unconservarive predictions would result.

(3) Design parameters violated by the respective beams listed did not adversely affect
the prdicted capaciti~sand did not conkibute to premature failure.
 65
Table 3.4 Design Limitation Summary for Composite Beams

(a) Local Buckling of (b) Web Buckling (D.1.2)

Compression Flange
(D.I. 1)
Table 3.4 (continued)

( c ) Hole Resaictions (D.3.1)

ha < 0.7d s, B s, > 0.1%

Ted1' (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
Table 3.4 (continued)

Test") (d) Violations

(1) refer ta Table 3.0 for key to beams designatims

(2) Design pmamteters violated by the respective beams did not adversely affect
the predicted capacities and did not contribute to premature failure.
Table 3.5 Steel Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method I, h = 1,414
(values in kips)

Test vnbl v*
RBD+Cl 57.72 47.30
RM-1A 14.89 14.88
RM-IR 7.M 14.69
RM-?A 16.10 15.94
RM-2B 6.41 12.16
RM-2C 11 .a8 11.91
RM-3A 15.02 15.05
RM4A 15.U2 15.02
RM4B 7.63 14.M
RMdC 16.35 16.79
CR-1A 14.39 17.67
CR-?A 30.35 27.71
CR-2n 30.35 27.71
CR-2C 33.00 35.47
CR-2D 33.M) 35.47
CR-3.4 30 36 27.71
CR-3B 39.a2 35.47
ca - a ~ 26.64 35.47
CRAB 26.64 35.47
CR-5A 23.67 25.6
CR-'IB 31.a 31.W
CR-7D 28.47 31.60
CSK-3 8a.n 64.83
CSK-5 M.91 55.15
CSK-6 10.21 15.79
CSK-'I 13.02 15.79
CS- l W.60 21.98
CS-2 23.87 21.16
CS-3 23.54 21.92
RL5 21.30 34.74
RL.4 11.84 21.60
B-1 21.59 33.W
B-2 19.68 30.23
8 -3 18.60 28.88
R4 24.53 34.12
CUB 9.26 31.51
CR4.4 19.13 35.47
CSK-I 5l.m 63.M
DO-I r 1-27 19.43
W-2 4.00 11.19
DO-3 19.18 27.69
lm.4 9.w m.n
DO-5 6.72 11.18
RBD-RIB 49.59 53.80
RBPR2 28.29 43.24
RM-I1H 7.98 17.32
RM-21H 5.35 11.29
RM-2F 5.40 11.17
RM4F 6.81 14.16
RM4A 5.62 11.86

Notes:

refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

V,,, V, = shear capaciw of bottom and top tee, respectively, wing Eq. B.1.
v+-v~ = plastic shear capacity of bottom and top tee, respectively. using Eqs. 2.22 and 2.18.
v*im Vp~ = governing shear capacity of top and bottom tees. respectively.
vM = maximum permissible shear capacity of beam per Section D.1.2.
v, = maximum shear capacity as predicted by Method I.
Table 3,6 Composite Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method I, h = 1.414

(values in kips)

Test

D-1
D-2
D.3
P5A
D*5B
D6A
D-6R
D7.4
D=IB
D-814
P 9A
D9B
R-O
A-1
R-2
R-3
R4
R-5
R-6
R-7
R-Il
C-l
C-2
C-3
C-4
C.5:
C-5
GI
'3-2
CH03
cm-4
c3o.5
CnO-6
CHO=I
WE-I

Notes:

refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

shear capachy of top tee using Eq. B. 1.

shear capacity cf top tee using Eq. 2.33.
plastic shear capacity of top tee using Eq. 218
combined plastic shear capacity of top tee and concrete using Eq. 2.21.
governing shear capacity of 'top tee.
shear capacity of bottom tee using Eq. B.1.
plastic shear capacity of h t t o m tee using Eq. 2-22.
governing shew capacity of bottom tee.
maximum shear capaciq as predicted by Method I.
Table 3.7 Steel Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method Il
(values in kips)

Test Vnbz VM Vbz V d V va v- Vt

RBPCl
RM-1A
RM-IH
RM-2A
RM-2B
RM-2C
RM3A
RM4A
RM4B
RMN
CR-IA
CR-2-4
CR-ZB
CR-2C
CR-2D
CR-3.4
CR-3R
CR-4A
CR-48
CR-5A
CR-m
CR-m
CSK-2
CSK-S
CSK-6
CSK-7
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
RL-5
R M
B-l
B-2
B-3
B4
CUE
CR-6A
CSGE
DO-1
W-2
Do-3
W-l
D0.5
RED-RI B
RBQ-R2
RM-11B
RM-21H
RM+E
R,WF
RM4H

Notes:

refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

V,, V, = shear capacity of battorn and top tee, respectively. using Eq. 2.43.
Yev~ = plastic shear capacity OF bottom and top tee, respectively, using Eqs. 2.22 and 2.18.
vm v3 = govcming sheat capacity of h t t o m and bottom tees, respectivefy.
vm = maximum permissible shear capacity of beam pa Section 0.1.2.
v2 = maximum shear capacity as predicted by Method IL.
Table 3.8 Composite Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method II

(values in kips)

Test VNa,

Dl 29.00
D-2 29.n
D-3 30.48
D5A 26.40
D-513 29.93
D-6~ n.01
B6B 41.03
D-7A 327'7
D78 31.36
D8A 0.m
D-9A D.[Y)
D-9B 0.00
R4 0.00
PI-1 17.84
R-2 21.87
R-3 0.m
R4 18.64
R-5 0.00
R-6 1248
R.7 0.00
R.8 0.03
C-1 0.00
C-Z 29.41
C-3 30.74
C4 35.29
C-5 34.90
ca 0.00
G-l 0.00
G2 0.00
ma3 0.m
4x04 0.00
CHO-5 0.00
CHM 0.03
6HG7 0.00
WJE-I 0.00

Notes:

refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

shear capacity of top tee using Eq. 2.43

shear capacity of top tee using Eq.2.46.
plastic shear capacity of top tee using Eq. 2-18
combined plastic shear capacity OF top tee and concrete using Eq. 2.21.
governing shear capacity of top tee.
shear capacit~lof bottom tee using Eq. 243.
plastic shear capacity of ;bottom tee using Q. 2.22.
governing shear capacity of bottom tee.
maximum shear capacity as predicted by Method II.
Table 3.9 Steel Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method m, h = 1.414
(values in kips)

Test

RBD-Ct
RM-IA
RMlB
RM-24
RM-2B
RM-2C
RM-3A
RM4A
RM4E
RMX
CR-IA
CR-2A
CR-2B
CR-2C
CR-2D
CR-3A
CR-3B
CR-4A
CR-4B
EX-5A
CR-7B
CR-m
CSK-2
CSK-5
CSK-6
CSK-7
CS-I
CS-Z
CS-3
At5
Rt6
B-1
B -2
B-3
Bd
CLdB
CR-M
CSK-I
w-1
Da2
DO-3
DO-4
W-5
RBD-R1 B
RBDR2
RM-1TH
RM-21H
RM-2F
RM4F
RM4H

Notes:
refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

V, V, = shear capacity of bottom and top tee, respectively. wing Eq. 2.54.
V,, V, = plastic shear capacity of h a o m and top tee. respectiveIy, using Eqs. 2.22 and 218.
V,, V, = governing shear capacity of bottom and bamm tees, respectively.
vm = maximum permissible shear capacity of beam per Section D.1.2.
VJ = maximum shear capacity as predicted by Method Dl.
Table 3.10 Composite Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method EX,h = 1.414

(values in kips)

refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

she= capacity of top tee using Eq. 2.54.

shear capacity of top tee using Eq. 2.46.
plastic shear capacity of top tee using Eq. 2.18
combined plastic shear capacity of top tee and concrete using Eq. 2.21.
governing shear capacity of top tee.
shear capacity of bottom tee using Eq. 2.43.
plastic shear capacity of bottom tee using Eq. 2.22.
governing shear capacity of bottom tee.
maximum shear capacity as predicted by Method 111.
Table 3.11 Steel Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Redwood and Shrivastava (1980)

v,
Test Ik) 01, a, term, term,

R8BC1
RM-IA
RMlB
RM-9-24
RM-2E
RM-2C
RM-3A
RMJA
RM4R
RM4C
CR-IA
CR-24
CR-2&
CR-2C
CR-ZD
CR-3A
CR-3B
CR-4A
CR4B
CR-5A
CR-7B
CR-7Q
CSK-2
CSK-5
CSK-6
CSK-7
Table 3.11 (continued)

VP v, v, Y
Test (k) a, term, term, d l (k) 6) Ik)
CS-I 0.0 0.00 0.50 0.00 3257 43.95 43.95
Cs-2 0.m a.m aso 0.m 3x57 4x31 4231
CS-3 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 3257 43.84 43.84
RL5 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 56.56 18.71 69.49
RL-6 0.00 QW 0.14 0.00 58.29 17.51 43.20
B-1 0.67 0.67 0.17 0-17 48.W 4293 67.80
B-2 0.70 0.70 0.18 0.18 49.9.90 3Z.m M56
B-3 0.68 0.H 0.17 0.17 48.48 36.72 57.76
B4 1.05 1.05 0.B 0.m 47.40 48.84 68.P
aaB O.M 0.11 0 0.07 49.29 20.16 6240
CF-6.4 0.36 0.36 0.13 0.13 43Al 36.43 70.96
CSK- I 0.35 1.85 0.10 0.35 43.48 64.67 90.38
Do1 0.4 0.66 0.20 0.M 31.42 21.811 36.W
W-2 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.M 31.42 6.23 2236
W 3 0.15 0.94 0.07 0.35 31.42 23.32 36.94
W-4 0 OR 025 Q 05 0.16 28.02 1252 3256
DO-5 0.34 0.34 0.10 0.10 3t.42 11.30 2L35
RBD-RIB 3.39 3.39 0.38 0.38 59.08 94.56 83.01
RBIE W 0.75 0.75 0.22 0.B 58.42 56.58 83.81
RM-I1 W 0.2 0.z 0.m 0.09 21.37 14.61 34.65
RM-21H 0.20 0.20 0.09 0.09 3224 9.25 2259
RM-2F 0.21 0.21 0.09 0.09 31.3 9.28 2233
RM4F 0.22 0.Z 0.W 0.09 29.92 11.W 28.31
RM4H 0.21 0.21 QW 0.09 3237 9.79 23.72

Notes:

refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

V = plastic shear capacity of unperforatd web
a, = expression used in Eq. 2.76
a, = expression used in Eq. 2.76
term, = fnst part of Eq. 2.76 for unreinfmed beams
Eq. 2.781(1 - h J 4 for reinforced k a m s
term, = second part of Eq. 2.76 for unreinfmced beams,
0.0 for Teinforced beams
v* = term, + ter- ) * v,
Vm = maximum permissible shear capacity per Smtion D.1.2 of this report
V = governing shear capacity
Table 3.12 Composite Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Redwood and Poumhuras
(1984)

c, c, cz v, v, v, M,
Test (k) (k) (k) k6 p Y (k) (kj 04 (in.-k)

Notes:

ref- to TabIe 3.0 for key to beam designations

fuIl mmpresive resistance of the sIab

compressiv :force in concrete at the high moment end of the opening
cornpressiq.c force in concrete at the low moment end of the opening
c,/c*
C4Ca
term relating the in- moments of compression forces at the ends
of the opening and C, she= capacity of the tee and tee depth
to the plastic
opening length/tee depth
bottom tee shear capacity
top tee shear capacity
maximum shear capacity without moment interaction
maximum moment capacity without shear interaction
 77
Table 3.13 Steel Beam Capacity Summary: Method I, h = 1.414

vm MI, vm, Mn \ Test/

(k) lm.-k) (k) lm.-k) (k) Theory

Cicular Opening

Mepn ........................ 1.088

Cocffient of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 I9
Rtsirmncc Rmr ................ 0.889

Rectangular Opening

B-1
B-2
B-3
B4
CUB
CR-M
CSK-1
Do.1
DO-2
DO-3
Da4
m 5
RBD-RIB
RBDR2
RM-EIH
RM-21 H
RM-2F
RM-4F
RMdH

Mun ........................ 1113

Cdtimn d Variatim . . . . . . . . . . . 0.142
Rsiswcc Factor ................ 0.963

Mean ........... 1.170

Cafficien of Variation ........... 0.143
R d n a Famr ........... 0.923
TabIe 3.13 (continued)

v, M,-,
Test?? (in--k) (k) (in.-k)

Reinforced

Rectangular Oper-ing
CR-1A
CR-2A
CR-Z3
CR-2C
CR-ZD
CR-3A
CR-3R
CR-4A
CR-4A
CReSA
CR-7B
CR-7D
CSK-2
CSK-5
CSK-6
C S K-7
CS-I
CS-2
CS-3
RL-5
RL6

Mean ........................ 1,143

Cafficimr of Vinaliun ........... 0.121
Resistance Fa-. ............... 0.932
O v e d Steel Beams
Mean ............................. 1.158
CdEicnt of Variatim ................ 0.134
Resisranm Factor .................... 0.929

Notes:

(1) refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

Table 3.14 (continued)

Reinforced

Ribbed Slab

WE-I 7782.56 37.85 7155.63 0.W 778256 0.00 0.919

Solid Slab

Rcsiaancc Factor ...........

Overall Reinforced
Mcan .............................
Coeff~cimtof Variatim ...............
Rcslstance Fanor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overall Composite Beamr
M a n ................................
C&cim of Vanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R m t a n c c Facm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notes:

(1) refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

(2) excluded form malysis (see Appendix E)
Table 3.15 SteeI Beam Capacity Summary: Method TI

Mm v, M , V,, Mm V, Test/
Test""in.-k) (k) (h.-k) Ikl (in.-k) (k) Theoty

Man ........................ 1.145

...........
C o t f T i n i of Variation 0.141
R&me Fanor. ............... 0.895

RectanguIar Opening

Overall Unreinfwced
M a n . . . . . . . ...................... 1.248
C a f i c i s u of Variation ................ 0.203
Rcgistpnec Famr .................... 0.911
Table 3.15 (continued)

M, vm MM VM M, V, Test/
Test'" (in.-k) Ik) h-k) Ik) h.-k) (k) n~
Reinfarced

Rectangular Opening

a-IA 1079.61
CR-2A 236284
CR-28 u6284
CR-2C 2T73.20
CR-2D m3.m
CR-3A 236284
a-3B ZT'3.m
CR-4A Zn3.20
CR4B 2773.23
CR-5A m3.20
CR-70 2501.55
CR-7D 2501.55
CSK-2 3680.73
CSK-5 3141.22
CSK-6 3W3.56
CSK-7 3043.56
CS-I 2137.01
CS-2 2155.60
CS-3 2055%
RL5 2667.74
RL-6 2702.97

M a ........................ 1.166
Cafficicnt of Variation ........... 0.1 25
...............
Overall Steel Beams
Rcsist4na Factor.
-
0.946

M-n......................... .... 1213

................
Cocflitimt of Variation 0.179
R-ancc Fa- .................... 0.916

Notes:

(1) refer to Table 3.0for key to beam designations

Table 3.16 Composite Beam Capacity Summary: Method I1

Ribbed Slab

Mcan ........................
Codician of Variation ...........
R m n m r Factor ................

Mran ........................ 1.141

cocr1Cicnt of vrrintim ........... 0.075
R e k u n c e Factor ............... 0.971

M e a n . . . . . . . . . . .................. 1.073
Cwfficknt of Variation ............... 0.084
R&arsccFactor ................... 0.912
Table 3.16 (continued)

M, vm hP,, VIPI Mm V Test/

TesP [in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) - (k) Themy

Ribbed Slab

SaIid Slab

Muul ......................
Cocfficlcnt of Variation ...........
Rcnstancc Fanor ...............
Q v d Reinforced
Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.~cfficimtof Variation ...............
R&tmec Factor ...................
Overall Composite Beams
Mean ...............................
Cocffieinn of Variation ...................
RmsumFactor .......................

Notes:

(1) refer to Table ?.tl for key to beam designations

(2) excluded from maly LS (see Appendix E)
 85

Table 3.17 Steel Beam Capacity Summary: Method PIE, h = 1.414

M, v,
Test"' (in.-k) (k)

Circular Opening

RBD*Cl
RM-IA
RM-1B
RM-2.4
RM-2E
RM-2C
RM-3.4
RM4A
RM4B
RM4C

Rectangular Opening

B-1
B.2
B-3
B4
CWB
CR-6A
CSK-I
W-l
m 2
m 3
DCF4
W 5
RBPRIB
RBD-R2
RM-IlH
RM-ZIH
RMZF
RM4F
RM4H

Mean ......................... 1.250

............
C M i m i of Vaiiatim 0.167
...............
Overall U n r t i n f d
R k t a n c c Factor..
-
0.960
Table 3.17 (continued)

Reinforced

Rectangular Opening

CR-IA 914.16 21.12 907.83 21.m 1.W

CR-24 154237 70.m 11603 53.09 1.320
CR-2B 2331.35 51.74 1925.81 4274 1.211
CR-ZC 21 1221 70.36 1768.33 58.90 1.194
CR-2D 1404.33 8253 1085.19 63.77 1.294
CR-3A 1707.37 77.57 1168.60 53.W 2.461
CR-3B 2704.85 60.10 2344.37 52W 1.154
CRdA 1487.37 67.57 IldZY 51.93 1.302
CRAB 2313.35 51.34 2029.72 45.05 1.140
CR-5.4 1554.23 51.76 1331.72 44.35 1.167
CR-m 2d48.35 54.34 2086.21 d6.39 1.174
CR-m 1319.33 77.58 9R2.G 57.78 1.343
CSK-2 287239 95.69 2473.48 8240 1.161
CSK-5 2309.50 76.93 2084.50 69.44 1.108
CSK-6 1471.10 48.99 1468.61 48.91 1.002
CSK-7 1780.10 59.29 1679.31 55.93 l.W
CS-1 1811.25 30.08 185600 30.82 0.W6
CS-2 171225 29.43 1840.91 30.57 0.963
CS-3 1Wl.00 d0.M 1504.35 37.54 1-066
RLS 2993.50 0.00 2667.74 0.M LOB5
RIA 1M8.89 21.24 1131.03 23.M 0.927

Mun ......................... 1.148

CoefSrcian of V&tica ............ 0.1Z2
Rcsistanea Fador. ................ 0.935
Overall Steel Beams
Mean. ............................ 1.183
................
Cafficicnt of Vanation 0.150
Resistance Factor .................... 0.930

Notes:

(1) refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

 87
Table 3.18 Composite Beam Capacity Summary: Method III, h = 1.414

Mm v- MM VM M. V Test/
Test'" {in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) Theory

Ribbed Slab

Dl 5405.49
D-2 5967.14
D-3 604661
D-SA 5388.57
D-5B 5226.80
P6A 542256
D-6B 5733.80
D-?A 4665.32
D-78 436293
nsn 1w.57
c-8~ lo%.s
D-9A 4791.16
D-98 4588.71
R-0 1258.17
R-l 2630.28
R-2 3516.43
R -3 3774.33
R4 30228
R-5 2791.69
Rd 2594.96
R-7 2833.23
R-8 2817.84

Mean .........................
Coefficient of Varirum ............
Resmancc Rmr ................

Solid Slab

M u . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cpfficht of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ruisuncc F a c m ................
Overall Unreinforced
Table 3.18 (continued)

M, v, v-, Mm V, Testl
Testcn (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) (in--k) (k) Theory

Reinforced

Ribbed Slab
WIE-I 7782% 38.31

Solid Slab

M m .........................
C d c i c n t of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . .
R&ancc F a m r ................

O v e d Composite Beams

Notes:

(1) refer to Table 2.0 fur key to beam designations

(2) excluded from analysis (see Appendix E)
Table 3.19 Steel Beam Capacity Summary: Redwood and Shrivastava (1980)
Cwilinear Linear

Mm v, M, v,mi M. V, Test1 M, V, Test/

Test""in,-k) (k) (in.-k) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) Thwry (ii-k) (k) Theory

C i l a t Opening

M a . ...............
...
C d i c i u n of Variatiun
Rcsislancc Factor .......

Rectangular Opening

47.22 159.M 4293 1.100 859.07 4293 1.100

4256 1M.53 34.07 1.249 10M.81 25.70 1.656
49.74 1.33 3472 1.355 1.33 3&72 1.355
50.12 976.41 48+7J 1.M7 936.42 48.84 1.026
n.so 711.93 I . 1.405 711 93 19.79 1.405
5 5 801.92 36.43 1.512 801.92 36.43 1.512
78.54 1863.39 6205 1.266 1501.53 49.53 1.586
2a.W 2 4 OR 21-84 1.142 344.m 21.84 1.142
11.59 99.W 6.28 1.845 99.W 6.28 1.845
19.73 528.17 16.74 1.178 373.51 1200 1.644
15.75 373.68 11.84 1.330 2W.29 9.60 1.641
0.00 674.35 0.00 1.081 674.35 0.00 1.081
85.06 1675.21 8290 1.026 159688 83.01 1,025
59.86 l200.11 5658 1.a58 1EQ.11 56.58 1.058
0.m 749.12 aCKl 1.M1 749.12 0.00 1.031
14.27 22229 9.25 1.542 2
n29 9.25 1.542
15.80 161.15 9.28 1.702 167.15 9.3 1.702
1P.n 5m.n 10.81 1.m8 391.7 3.6 1.3~)
I . 438.59 9.10 1.103 338.09 7.38 1.M

Man ................. 1.265 ................... 1.391

.... 0.191 ...................
Cafflcimt of Vuirtim 0,195
R-na Factor........ 0.939 .................. 1.m

Mun ...................... 1.212 ................... 1.347

t V~atim.........
C M i ~ n of 0.186 ................... 0.182
Reastame Factor ............. 0.939 .................. 1.013
Table 3.19 (continued)

Curvilinear Line a?

M, vm
Test'" (in.-k) (k]

Overall Steel Beams

Mun ..................... 1.183
Cdcient of Variation ........ 0.174
R@ar~ee Factm ............ 0.900

Notes:

(1) refer ta Table 3.0 for key to k m designations

 91

'Sable 3.20 Composite Beam Capacity Summary: Redwood et al.

Ribbed Slab (Redwood and Poumboufas 1984)

Solid Slab (Redwood and Cho 1986)

2886.00 33.W 2214.14 2632 1.269

4lM.m 36.80 3076.26 27.56 1.335
5468.00 14.00 399.70 8.% 1.562
1723.00 47.60 1541.29 4258 1.11%
3511.00 48.10 2726.45 37.35 1.288
1471.00 40.40 1295.86 35.59 1.135
791.W. 3270 7Q7.06 29.Z 1.119
1X00 26.50 1262.97 25.82 1.026
634.00 35.30 534.55 30.11) 1.186
14?74n.a) 46.70 131213 41.49 1.126
2319.00 17.W ZWt.50 16.14 1.109

Man ........................... 1.m

CDctfician of Variation .............. 0.124
R&pnoeFacror ................... 0.981

Mean ............................... 1.131

Cocmcian or Vpri.tion ..................0.128
R & ~ n c a F a c t o r . . ..................... 0.914
Table 3.20 Composite Beam Capacity Summary: Redwood et al. (continued)

Urn M,' v, M v Mw v,m Mrn va Test/

Tedu (in.-k) (in-k) m) k (in-k) Ck) (h-k] Ik) =WM

Reinforced

(1) refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designxions

(2) cumlinear interaction used
(3) exduded from analysis (see A p d i x E)

M, = moment capacity based on full composite action

M,' = moment capacity based on actud parrial composite action
Vm = maximum shear capacity
M, = moment at which shexu interaction begins to diminish moment capacity
Table 3.21 Analysis Summary, h = 1.414 (Methods I and

STEEL BEAMS

RMlnptnr Opening
C h l a r Opening

Rcclangulu O p a h g

OVERALL STEn

MMPOSTTE BEAMS

32 1.028 ).On 1.044 1.131 NIA 0081 0.084 O W 0128 NIA 0.676 0912 0.882 0914 N/A

Riblxd Slab 21 0.995 1.037 1.M 1.090 NI.4 0071 0.019 0.m 0.121 NIA 0.856 0.893 0864 0 889 NIA
Solid Slab 11 1092 1.141 1.116 1.207 NIA 0065 0075 0080 0.124 NIA 0943 0.978 0.952 0.981 NIA

3 0978 0985 0983 NIA NIA 0.110 0.122 0.119 NIA NIA 0.808 0.801 0803 NIA NIA

Ribbed Slab 1 0.919 0.919 0919 N/A NIA NIA N/A NIA A NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA
Solid S t b 2 1.M8 1.019 1.016 NIA NIA 0.133 0.146 0 143 NJA NIA 0.810 0.805 O.$M NIA NIA

35 1.024 1.065 1.039 1.131 NIA 0.084 0.088 0.092 0.l2e NIA 0.870 0.901 0.876 Q.895 FF/A
Table 3.22 Effect of Reducing the Tee Depth in Proportion to the Reinforcement Present,
Method III, h = 1.414

M, vp VmoJ Vi31 MM V-, M, V Tesd M, V, Test/

Tesr'" (in.-k) (k) @) (k) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) Theory (in,-k) (k) Theory

(I) refer to Tabla 3.0for key to beam designations

(2) no reduction in tee depth for reinforcement
(3) tee depth reduced (as used in this study)
Table 3.23 Effect of Limiting P,, by the Net Top Tee Steel
Method III, h = 1.414

Mr
n Vmm vmm M-r VM M. Vm Tesv rM, V, Test/
Ted' (in.-k) Ck) (k) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) Theory @I.-k) (k} Theory

D-1 5405.49 42% 43.95 1606.06 33.80 1773.29 41.74 0.906 184219 43.36 0.872
B2 5967.14 40.79 43.41 -5.M) 39.00 30813 38.83 1.004 3248.86 40.W 0.953
D-3 m661 4202 44.49 m~.m 11.m 6057.19 11.n 1.~3 6063.33 11.28 1.002
D5A 5388.57 40.n 40.73 2768.00 24.m 3048.48 38.11 0.908 3048.68 38.11 0.908
D5B 5226.80 33.72 34.17 2568.00 32m 2576.94 3231 0.997 2607.65 3270 0.985
D6.4 542256 41.27 41.27 0.00 41.00 0.m 41.27 0.994 0.00 41.27 0.W4
D-6B 5733.80 58.81 $416 2U70.00 48.90 2424.95 533 QS54 2323.46 54.89 0.891
M A M5.32 45.78 45.24 1845.00 4350 1897.03 44.73 0.973 1876.15 . 0.983
B3& 436293 46.48 43.45 3379.a) 4260 3150.W 39.71 1.073 3015.41 38.02 1.121
D-%A 1344.57 21-53 21.53 774.00 19.W 795.M) 14.93 0.974 795.00 19.93 0.974
P9A 4791.16 35.38 35.38 1474.M) 34.50 1496.23 35.02 0.985 149623 35.02 a985
D-9B 4588.71 47.25 47 28 1755.00 47.30 172263 46.43 1.019 172L63 46.43 1.019
- -
..
Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.974.. . .. .. .. .. . .. .... . a974
C M i d c m of Variatim . . . . . . . . . . ... .... .
0.058 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.067
Resutancc Factor . . ... . . . .. . .. 0.845 . .. .. .. .. ... ... ... . . 0.W1

Mtan ..................... 1.065 .................... 1.050

CoEffidmt of Varhiiur~. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . ... .. .... ...
0.087 O.M7
R w Actor .......... ... 0.W2.. .. .. . . .. . .. . ... ... 0.913
Table 3.23 (continued)

Mm vmm Vmm M, v ~ , Mm Vc Test/ Ma I/, Test/

Test"' (in.-k) (k) (k) (in.-kg (k) (in.-k) &) Theory (in.-k) (k) Themy

c-l
C-2
C-3
C4
C-5
C-5
G.1
G-2
CH0.3
CHO-4

Mean ..............
C o c f f ~ c i moIV~ristim
t ..
R&unec Factor ......

- -
Man ..................... 1.016 .................... 1.016
Cdcimt of Variation ......... 0. I45 .................... 0.145
Rmistancc Factor ............. 0.8W .................... 0.854
- -
Man ..................... 1.048.................... 1.039
C d c i e n t of Vuietim ......... 0 . m .................... 0.091
R&ance Factor ............. 0.880 .................... 0.880

Notes:

(1) refer ta Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

(2) P, not limited by A, x F,
(3) P, limited by A, x F, (as used in current study)
Table 3.24 Effed of Restricting Normal Force in Reinforcement
by the Weld Strength

CR-IA 35.29 23.1% 28.47 23.18 25.47 1.007

CR-M 55.42 41.41 55.42 40.65 55.42 1.320
CR-rn 55.42 41.41 55.42 40.65 55.42 1.211
(IR-2C 70.W 35.37 65.10. 353 65.10 1.194
CR-2D 70.94 35.37 65.10 35.37 65.10 1.294
CR-3A 55.42 83.03 55.42 40.65 55.42 1.461
CR-3B 70.94 58.85 70.94 5E.M 70.94 1.154
CR4A 70.94 35.37 53.17 35.9 53.17 1.302
CR4B 70.94 35.- 53.17 35.37 53.17 1.140
CR-SA 51.29 57.011 6 1 2 57.08 46.12 1.167
CR--78 63.21 37.71 61.83 37.71 61.83 1.174
CR-7D 63.21 37.71 59.00 37.71 59.M 1.343
CSK-2 92.96 43.37 9296 41.29 9296 1.161
CSK-5 78.81 4272 77.91 6272 n.91 l.lO8
CSK4 63.06 35.52 S0.W 35.52 50.89 E,WX
CSK-7 63.06 35.52 59.47 35.52 59.47 1.060
CS- I 43.95 5212 43.95 32W 43.95 0.976
CS-2 42.31 5257 4231 31.42 42.31 0.963
CS-3 43.84 49.n 4184 3255 4330 1.066
RL-5 69.49 18.17 43.01 18-17 43.01 1.085
Rt.4 42.20 41.62 23.63 41.62 23.63 0.W
CH06 nla 47.16 40 50 24.68 36.93 1.091
CH07 nle 46.92 55.85 4.92 55.85 0.913
WE-1 nh 84.43 38.31 85.47 38.31 0.919

Notes:

(1) refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

(2) no reshiction on normal f m e in reinforcement
(3) nonnal force resPicted

V, = ptasdc shear capacity of the top and bottom tees

P, = normal force in the remforcement
Vm = nanimum shear capacity as predicted by Method
Table 3-25 Effect of Flanges, Method T versus Method E
l
h = 1.414

Notes:

Consistent rdative opening dimensions calculated using:

aJh, = 2.0
hJd = 0,60
= 0.15d
Sb = d - h, - $,
V, = maximum shear capacity of top and bottom tees
calculated using Eq. 232
V, = maximum shear capacity of tap and bttorn tew
cdculated using Eq. 2.54
Vp = plastic shear capacity of top and bottom tees
Table 3.26 Effect of Limiting the Maximum Moment Capacity, M,,
to the Plastic Moment Capacity, Mp,
Method El,h = 1.414

12)

4 M, Vm M,m, vw Mu v. Test/ Ma V, Test/

Test'" ( k ) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) Theory (in.-k) (k) Theory

CXIA IU79,61 T1026Q 28.47 914.16 21.22 919.11 21.33 0.995

CR-;?A 23284 2487.76 55.42 1542.37 70.07 1175.41 53.40 1.312
CR-rn 236284 2487.76 55.42 2331.35 51.74 1978.26 43.90 1.178
CR-2C 273.20 281231 65.10 2112.23 70.3 1714.62 59.11 1.190
CR-2D 2773.20 281231 65.10 1404.33 8253 1086.05 63.83 1.293
CR-3A 236284 2779.13 55.42 1707.37 77.57 1187.27 53.94 1.438
CR-3B 2773.20 2976.45 70.94 Z704.85 60.10 244232 54.n 1.107
CA4A ZT'3.20 281231 53.17 1487.37 67.57 1143.55 51.95 1.301
CR-48 2773.20 281231 53.17 2313.35 5I.M 2M0.66 45.23 1.134
CR-SA 2773.23 294226 46-12 1554.23 51.76 1339.83 44.62 1.160
CR-78 2501.55 2579.80 61.83 2448.35 54.34 2123.W 47.12 1.153
CR-7D 2501.55 2579.80 59.00 1319.33 n.5E 9g4.42 57.89 1.340
CSK-2 3690.74 3480.73 9296 2872.39 95.69 2~473.52 82.00 1.161
CSK.5 3141.22 3165.72 77.91 2309.53 76.93 2089.13 69.59 1.105
CSK-6 3141.22 3W3.56 50.89 1471.10 48.99 1d68.63 48.91 1.002
CSK-7 3141.22 3043.56 59.47 1780.10 59.29 1679.Y 55.93 1.M
CS-I 2137.01 2 3 ~ 6 4 43.95 18ii.s 3aoa 146233 32.5~ 0.923
CS-2 2155.60 36215 4231 17'7225 29.43 1W298 3223 0.912
CS-3 2095.06 22R0.69 43.80 1iW.00 40.03 1548.59 38.65 1.M6
RL-5 2705.84 2&7 74 43.01 2893.50 0.00 2667.74 0.00 1.035
RIA 2701.97 2766 31 23.63 IW8.89 21.36 1133.14 23.08 0.926

Mean .....................1.133
Cdcimt of Variation ........ 0.128
R&stana Factor ............. 0.91 6
Notes:

(1) refer to Table 3.0 fm key to beam designations

(2) rM, not limited by M,
(3) M , limited by M,
Fig. 2.l(a) Opening Configurntion for an Unreinforced Steel Beam

Fig. 2.l(b) Opening Configuration for a Reinforced Steel Beam

Fig. 2.2(a) Opening Configuration for an Unreinforced Composite Beam
with a SoIid Slab

Fig. 2.2(b3 Opening Configuration for an Unreinforced Composite Beam

with Transverse Ribs
Fig. 2.2(c) Opening ConB_euration for a Reinforced Composite Beam
with Longitudinal Ribs
 Nominal Shear Capacity, V,

Fig. 2.3 Cubic Moment-Shear Interaction

(Darwin and Donahey 1988)
Low Moment High Moment
End . .. End

Fig. 2.4 Forces Acting at a Web Opening (Darwin 1990)

 I
I

.=
-,,
I -Pr

1 ', -..
/ ">
Fy
7
F Y 'J ~
LOW High I
~oment Moment
Vrn~
€la End

Fig. 2.5 Normal Forces in a Composite Opening

Von Miscs Yield Function

0.00
0.00 F?
Reduced Axial Yield Strenm 7
Fig. 2.6 Yield Functions for Combined Shear and Normal Stress
 "r"
-
.- . _
7 7 -
* 7-
"9 r

1)
, -'
-
sY
f
,
."
V,
/, , ,. I_

M
4. FY

ii Law
MCmerrL
ttiptl
Moment
T
'
mb
E-c E nc

Fig. 2-7 Stress Distributions for D e s i g Method I

H i gn
Moment
End

Fig. 2.5 Stress Distributions for Design Methods II and 111

 Reduced Axial Yie!d Strcnyk F?

Fig. 2.9 Comparison of YieId Functions Considering Practical Constraints

0.2

s, Iim~ttdby D.1.2
------- q not limited by D.1.2

a, l ST
Fig. 2-10 Difference Beween Methods I1 and 111 versus aJs,
 sb lim~tadby D.12
s, not Iirntrcd by D.1.2

Fig. 2.11 Ratio of Methods I1 and III versus adst

--
-\

------ ---=
1- 3
-
-----
-------- ---
Method I
Method I11 without modification to tee
Method Ill w i t h tee mducrd fee reinforcement
-- d

-1

u = a,Is,
Fig. 2.12 Comparison of Methods 1 and 111
with and without adjustment in tee depth
Fig. 2.13(a) Umeinforced Steel Beam i a Pure Bending Fig. 2.13@) Reinforced Steel Ream in Pure Bentling Fig. 2.13(c) Reinforced Steel Beam in Pure Bending
with Neutral Axis in Reinforcement wirh Neutral Axis cn Web
Flg, 2.14(a) C o m p i l e Beam in Pure Bending Fig. 2.14(b) Composite Beam in Pure Bending Fig. 2.14(c) Campsite Beam in Pure Bending
with Neutral Axis at in r l ~ eSteel Flange with Neutral Axis at in the Wcb
with Neutral h i s at or above Steel FLange
 Cubic Moment-Shear Interaction Using
Method 111
- ---*-*-**- Curvlinear Moment-Shear Interaction Using
Redwood & Shrivasatava (19801,
Redwood & Pournbouras (19841,
and Redwood & Cno (1986)

0 Actual Moment-Shear Value €or Beam

Fig. 3.0 Legend for Moment-Shear Interaction Curves

in Figs. 3.1 - 3.85
 I] 0
Q 10 20 30 4-0 50 60 o 10 20 30 eo se 60 70 ao
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3. 1 Interaction Curves for Test 8-1 Fg. 3. 5 Interaction Curves for Test CSK-1
2500 3000

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 4Q 50 60
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3. 2 Interaction Cuwes for Test 8-2 fig. 3. 6 Internetion Curvea for Test CR-M
1000

a
0 10 20 30 40 50 o Ia 20 30
Shear, kips Shear, kips

Fig. 3. 3 kiteruction Curvas for Test 8-3 Fig. 3. 7 Intametion C u m for Test 00-1
2500 1000

0 10 20 30 44 50 60 Q 5 10 15
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fiq. 3. 4 tntemction Curves for Test 8-4 Fig. 3. 8 Interaction Curves for Test DO-2
 0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Shear. kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3. 9 Interndon Curves for Test DO-3 Fig. 3.13 Interaction Curves for Test RBQ-R2
1000 1.000

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.1 0 Interaction Curves for Test 00-4 Fg. 3-14 Interaction Curves for Test RM-2F
tom 1000

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
fig. 3.1 1 Internetion Curwrs for Test DO-5 Fig. 3,t5 lntamctian Curves for Test RM-4F

0 20 40 6Q 80 100 0 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.32 Interaction Cunres for Test REiD-81 Fig. 3.16 Interaction Curves for Test AM-4H
 0 5 1O 15 20 0 10 20 30 40 50
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.17 InteractJon Curves for Test R M - l l H Fiq. 3.21 Tntemetion Curves for Test CS-2
IOOO 2500

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40 50
Shear, kips Shear. kips
Fig. 3-78 Interaction Curves far Test RM-21 H Fig. 3.22 tnteraciion Curves for T e d CS-3
4000 5000

0 10 20 30 0 20 40 80 80 100 120
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3-1 9 Interaction Cunres for Test Ct-48 Fig. 3.23 Interactition Curvas for Test CSK-2
2500 4000

0 10 20 30 4-0 50 0 20 40 50 80 100
Shear, kips Sheor. kips
Fig. 3.20 Interaction Curves l o r Test CS-t Fig. 3 2 4 lntemcthn Cunes for Test CSK-5
 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 SO 20 30 40 50 60 70
Shaar, kips Shear, kips
fig. 3.25 lnteradon Cusues for Test CSK-6 Fig. 3.29 lntemction Curves for Jest CR-4A

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 SO 60
Shear, kips Shear. kips
Interaden Curves for Test CSK-7 Fig. 3 3 0 Intemd'on Curves for Test CR-48
3500

c
2500
a
E 2000
d

1500
tooo
2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 4U 50 60
Shear. kips Sheor, kips

Fig. 3.27 Enteraction C u m s for Test CR-3A Fig. 331 Intnmetion Curves for Test CR-SA
4000 t 500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 4CJ
Shear. kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.28 Interaction Curves for Test CR-58 fig. 3.32 Interaction Cums for Test CR-tA
 0 0
10 20 40 60 90 0 10 20 30 41) 50 60 70
Shear, kips Sheur, kips
Fig. 3.33 Intamdon Curvas for Test CR-2A Fiq. 3.37 Intemction Curves for Test CR-78
3OOO

-i
-h
a
2000

C
E
i
0
tooo
I

0 10 20 30 4-0 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 100
Shear, kips Shear. kips
Eg. 3.34 lntsrrrction Curves for Test CR-28 Fig. 3.38 Interndon Curvas for Test CR-7D
3000 MOO 1 - T ' l - b '

--- - - *.

- I
t
I
I
I . I . . r . 1 .

0 20 40 60 80 O 10 20 30 40 50
Shear, kips Shear. kips

Fig. 3.55 Interu&on Curves for T a d CR-2C Fig. 3.39 lntamction Curws tor Test RL-5

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30
Shear. kips Shear. kips
Fig. 3.36 Interaction Curves for Test CR-2I3 Fig. 3.M Interaction Cuwes for Test RL-6
 0 0
0 20 CO 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40
Sheor, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.41 Interaction Curves for fsst RBD-Cf Fig. 3.45 rntemetion Curves for Test RM-3A
1 m 10M1

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 10 20 30 40
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.42 Interaction Curves for Test RM-1A Fig. 3-46 Interaction Curves fur Test RM-4A
1000 1000

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 313 #
Shear, kips Shear. kips

Fig. 3-43 Intamdon Curves far Tnst RM-24 Eg. 3.47 !ntemction CUFMS for Test RM-4C

0 30 20 30 0 tO 20 30
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 5.44 Interaction Curves for Test RM-PC Fig. 3.48 Internetion Curves for Test RM-I&
 Q
0 15 213 30
Shear. kips
Fig. 3.49 lntsmction Curves for Test RM-ZB
f OW

0
0 10 20 30
Shear, kips
Fig. 3.50 lnteroction Curves for Test RM-4B
 0 0
0 10 20 30 50 0 10 20 30 40
Shear. kips Shaur, kips
Flg. 3.51 Interadon Curves for Test 0-1 Fig. 3-55 InSemetjon Curves for Test 0-5B

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 70 20 30 40 50
Shear. kipo Shear. kips
Fig, 3.52 Interaction Curve% for Test 0-2 Fig. 3.56 Interaction Curves for Test 0-66
7000 6000
6000

(3 0
0 31) 20 30 40 50 O tO 20 30 40 50 60
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 353 Interaction Cumes for Test 0-3 Fig. 3.57 lntaraetion C u m for Test D-6B
6000

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 SO 0 10 20 30 40 50
Shear, kips Shear, kipo
Fig. 3-54 interaction C u m 3 far Test D-5A Fig. 3.58 Interaction Curves for Test Q-?A
 0
10 20 30 40 501 0 10 20 30
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.59 lntamction Cuwes for Test D-78 fig. 3.63 Interaction C u m for Test R-O
1ZOO 30OU

6 FZ 18 24 30 o 10 20 30
Shear, kips Shear. kips
Fig. 3.60 InBmefion Curves for Test D-8A Fig. 3.64 Interae+ion Curves lor Test R-1
6000 400

0
20 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Shear, kips Shenr. kips
!riterattion Curves for Test D-9.4 Fig. 3.85 lntemction C u m far Test R-2
5000

0 I0 20 30 4Q 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.62 Interaction Curves for Test 0-98 Fig. 2-56 lntemction C u m for Test R-3
 0 0
0 10 20 30 0 tO 20 30
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. f.fi7 lntemetion Curves for Test R-4 Fig. 3.71 Intam&*h'on Cuwaa for Test R-8
3OQO

0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 50
Shear. kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.88 lntemctian Cumes for Test R-5 Fig. 3.72 Interndon Curves for Test C-1
3000 moo

a 0
0 10 20 30 0 TO 20 30 40 50
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.64 I n t ~ m d o nCurves for Test R-6 Fig. 3.73 Interadion Curves for %st C-2
4000

I) 10 20 3Q 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fg. 3.70 Interaction Curves for Test R-7 Fig. 3.74 Interaction Curves far Test C-3
 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 M 4U
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.75 Intsmc50n Curves for Test C-4 Fig. 3.79 Interadion Curves for Test G-2
6000 t 500

0 0
O tO 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.76 Interaction Cumes for Test C-5 Fig. 3.80 Interaction Curves for Test CHO-3
4000 3000

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Shear, kips Shear, kips

Fiq. 3.77 Interaction Curves for Test C-6 Fig. 3.81 Internetion Curras for Test CHO-4
2000 3000

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 4 50 60
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. 3.78 Interaction Curves for Test G-5 Fig. 3,82 lntamctian Cuwes for f i s t CHO-5
 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Shear. kips
Fig. 3.83 Int~ractionCurves for Test CHO-6

0
0 20 40 60
Shear, kips
fig. 3.84 Interaction Curves f o r Test CHO-7

0 20 40 60
Shear, kips
Flg, 3.85 Interaction Curves far Teat WJE-I
Note: refer to Table 3-25 for specific W shapes used

Fig. 3.86 Difference Behveen Methods 1 and Ili Venus At/A,

0.0
NominaI Shear Capacity, V,

Fig. 3.87 Linear ldoment-S hear Interaction Curve

(Redwood & Shrivastava 1980)
 FulI Composite Action

/"--- ----.,-
------------------------_
--1
-*- Partial Composite Action

v m

Nominal Shear Capacity, V,

Fig. 3.88 Curvlinear Moment-Shear Interaction Curve

(Redwood & Shrivastava 1980)
 I I I I 1 I 1 1

-
Rectonquiar Opening, Unreinforesd
O Circular Opening, Vnreinfomed
-
A Rectanqubr Opening. Reinfarced
------- Predicted Strength x Resistance Factor (0.90) -
Predicted Strength
-

-
-
----------- -- -
- -

- A

- -
a
- -
El
- -
\

- I
1
1
-
- I
I -
I

&
I
1 -
1
t
I I I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 - 1

Fig. 3.89 Comparison of Method 111with Test Results

for Steel Beam
 I I I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 1

- O Solid
Ribbed Slab
Slab
-
A Reinforced
- ------- Predicted Strength x Resistance Factor (0.85) -
Predicted Strength
- -
- -
Q Q
-
-
----3--__

- ----- -
- -
- -

- -
-
- :o -
1
- 1
I
-
1
- I
1
-
I
I I I 1 1 I I 1 L I n I I I t

Fig. 3.90 Comparison of Method 111with Test Results

for Composite Beams
 129

APPENDIX A

DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION

A.1 Definitions (Darwin 1990)

The following terms apply to members with web openings.

-
bottom tee regicn of a beam below an opening.

bridging - separation of the concrete sIab from the steel section in composite beams. The

separation occurs over an opening between the low moment end of the opening and a

point outside the opening past the high moment end of the opening.

high moment end - the edge of an opening subjected to the greater primary bending moment.

The secondary and primary bending moments act in the same direction.

-
low moment end the edge of an opening subjected to the lower primary bending moment. The

secondary and primary bending moments act in opposite directions.

-
opening index parameter used to limit opening size and aspect ratio.

pIastic neutral axis - position in steeI section, or top or bottom tees, at which the stress changes

abrupsTy from tensjon to compression.

-
primary bending moment bending moment at my point in a beam caused by external loading.

reinforcement - longitudinal steel bars welded above and below an o p i n g to increase section

capacity.

reinforcement, dab - in forcing steel within a concrete slab.

secondary bending moment - bending moment within a tee that is induced by the shear camed

by the tee.

tee - region of a beam above or below an opening.

top tee - region of a beam above an opening.

unperforated member - section without an opening. Refers to properties of the member at the

position of h e opening.

Notation (Darwin 1990)

Gross transformed area of a tee

Area of flange

Cross-sectional area of reinforcement along top or bottom edge of an opening

Cross-sectional area of steel in unperforated member

Cross-sectional area of shear stud

Net area of steel section with opening and reinforcement

Net steel area of top tee

Effective concrete shear area = 344

Diameter of circular opening

Modulus of elasticity of steel

Modulus of eIasticity of concrete

Yield strength of steel

- Reduced axial yield strength of steel; see Eqs. 2.24 and 2.25
FY

Fd Yield strength of the flange

5 Yield strength of opening reinforcement

F, Yield strength of the web

M Bending moment at center Iine of opening

 13 1
Secondary bending moment at high and low moment ends of bottom tee,

respectively.

Maximum nominal bending capacity at the location of an opening

Nominal bending capacity

Plastic hading capacity of an unperforated steel beam

Plastic bending capacity of an unperforated composite beam

Secondary bending moment at high and low moment ends of top tee, respectively

Factored bending moment

Number of shear connectors between the high moment end of an opening and the

support

Number of shear connectors over an opening

Axial force in top or httom tee

Axial force in top tee

Axial force in concrete for a section under pure hnding

Axial force in concrete at high and Iow moment ends of opening, respectively, for

a section at maximum shear capacity

PNA Plastic neutraI axis

pr Axial force in opening reinforcement

p, Axial force in top tee

Qn lndividual shear connector capacity, including reduction factor for ribbed dabs
 132
Ratio of facto~dload to design capacity at an opening

=VJW,

=MAM,

Strength reduction factor for shear studs in ribbed slabs

Required strength of a weld

Clear space I>etween openings

Tensile force in net steel section

Shear at opening

Shear in bottom tee

Calculated shear carried by concrete dab = V,(p/v - 1) 1 0, or V,,,, - V, ,

whichever is less

Maximum nomind shear capacity at the location of an opening

Maximum nominal shear capacity of bottom and top tees,

respectively

Pure shear capacity of top tee

Coefficient of variation on test-to-prediction ratio

Plastic shear capacity of top or bottom tee

Plastic shear capacity of unperforated ham

Plastic shear capacity of bottom and top tees, respectively

Coefficient of variation on resistance

Shear in top tee

Factored shear

Plastic section modulus

 133
Length of opening

Depth of concrete compressive block

Projecting width of flange or reinforcement

Effective width of concrete slab

Width of flange

Width of reinforcement at top or bottom of opening

Depth of steel section

Distance from top of steel section to centroid of concrete force at high and low

moment ends of opening, respectively

Distance from outside edge of flange to centroid of opening reinfotcement; may

have different values in top and bottom tees

Eccentricity of opening; always positive for steel sections; positive up for

composite sections

Compressive (cylinder) strength of concrete

Distance from outside edge ef flange to secondary bending neutrd axis in top tee

at high and low moment ends of opening, respectively

h0 Depth of opening

Po Opening parameter = 2+-

ah0
ho d

3, Sb , St Depth of a tee. httorn tee and top tee, respectively

-- - Effective depth of a tee. bttorn tee and top tee, respectively, to account for
S, S b P s,

movement of PNA when an opening is reinforced; used ody for cdculation of

u,when u lp
*
 134
Thickness of flange or reinforcement

Effective thickness of concrete sIab

Thickness of fIange

Total thickness of concrete slab

Thickness of concrete slab above the rib

Thickness of web

Distance from top of flange to plastic n e u d axis in flange or web of a composite

beam

z Distance between points about which secondary knding moments are caldated

at ,PI =Y Variables used to calculate V ,

Net reduction in area of steel section due to presence of an opening and

A As

reinforcement = hotw- 2 4

Constant used in linear approximation of von Mises yield criterion; recommended

vdue = fi
Dimensionless ratio relating the secondary bending moment contributions of

concrete and opening reinforcement to the product of the plastic shear capacity of

a tee and the depth of the tee

U, Ub,U, Ratio of length to depth or length to effective depth for a tee, bottom tee or top

tee, respecxively = a,/s , a, /?

T Average shear stress

 Resistance factor

Subscripts:

b Bottom tee

m Maximum or mean

n Nominal

t Top tee

~1 Facto~d
 136
APPENDIX B

SHEAR CAPACITY EXPRESSIONS FOR

COMPARISON WITH TEST DATA

B.1 Method I.

The top and bottom tee shear capacities determined by Method I, considering different

yield strengths for the web, flange, and stiffener, are- calculated using the following expressions.

in which
B 2 Methods II and I
II
The yield strengths of the web and reinforcement are differentiated in Methods II and I11

as follows. The yield strength of the web is accounted for in the calcuIation of V, and V,, as

given by Eqs. 2.18 and 2.22.

The yield strength of the reinforcement is accounted for in the expression for p, given by

in which P, = FJb, - tJt,

 138

APPENDIX C

D E W A T I O N AND CALCULATION OF VALUES

FOR

THEORETICAL COMPARISON OF METHODS I, IL AND m

In this appendix, calculations are presented which provide the basis for values used in

comparing Methods 1, TI, and III in Section 2.3.4.

C.1 Overprediction of F, by the Linear Approximation of the von Mises Yield Function

The overprediction of normal stress in a tee under low shear stress by the linear

approximation of the von Mises yield bnction can be as high as 41% when h = 1.414 (Method

111, p = 0.0). Design considerations, however, limit u to 12.0 @amin 1990). The actual effect

of this overprediction, as limited by design considerations, can be determined by comparing

Methods I1 and Ill, which employ the von Mises yield function and irs linear approximation,

respectively.

The values of V, JV, for Methods IT and 111 when p = 0.0 and u = 12.0 for h = 1.207

and h = 1.414 follow.

(vm
I T ) = \/3d+9 - Jw0.143
144+3
=
v@ u"3
The difference between Methods TI and 111 is

-
v m r ( ~ ~ ~ Vnvvr) = (0.178 - 0.143)V, h = 1.474
= 0.035VpI;

The ratio of the maximum shear strengths using the two methods is

C,2 Overprediction of T~ by the Linear Approximation of the von Mises YieId Function

The werprediction of shear stress in the web of a tee under high shear stress by the linear

approximation of the von Mises yield function can be as high as 9.7%when h = 1.414 and u =

0.717 (Method III, p = 0.0). This overprediction wodd be even higher without the limit of

0.577FYon the shear stress. A tee with such stocky dimensions is not very likely, but is possible,

and is something that should be considered. The effect of this overprediction can be determined

by comparing Methods I1 and m, which employ the von Mises yield function and its linear

approximation, respectively.

The von Mises yield hnction can be expressed as

(C.13)
Dividing Eq. C.13 by F
:, and rearranging gives

By substituting T~ = V,/S,L, Eq. C.14 can be rewritten in terms of V , and V ,

The linear appmximation of she yon Mises yield function can be expressed as

(C. 16)

Dividing Eq. C.16 by F, and rearranging gives,

By substituting ,z = V,,J(SJ~)
into Eq. C.17,the following expression is obtained

Eq. C.13 and C.18 arc useful in comparing Methods I1 and 111 when z,IF, = 0.577.
The point at which the maximum difference occurs in the predicted shear stress in the web

between the von Mises yield function and its linear approximation can now be easiIy predicted.

This occurs when V,/Vdf,IE = 1.0 due to the maximum permissible shear stress. Eq. C.18 yields
The ~spectiveshear capacities can be determined by substisudng the two preceding values
for F, /F, into Eq. C.15, which gives

The corresponding ratios and differences between Methods I1 and 111 arr:

The ratio, Wy,

for the shear capacities predicted by Methods II and 111, respectively, are
 142

APPENDIX D

GUIDELINES FOR PROPORTIONING AND DETAILING BEAMS WITH WEB

OPENINGS (Darwin 1990)

To insure that the strength provided by a beam at a web opening is consistent with the

design equations presented in section 2.4, a number of guidelines must be followed. Unless

otherwise stated, these guidelines apply to unreinforced and reinforced web openings in both steel

and composite beams. All requirements of the AlSC Specifications (1986) should be applied.

The steel sections should meet the AISC requirements for compact sections in both composite and

non-composite members. F, 1 65 ksi.

D.1 Stability Considerations

To insure that locd instabilities do not occur, consideration must be given to local

buckling of the compression flange, web buckling, buckling of the tee-shaped compression zone

above or below the opening, and lateral buckling of the compression flange.

D.I.l Local buckIing of compression flange or reinforcement

To insure that local buckling does not occur, the AISC (1986) criteria for compact sections

applies. The width to thickness ratios of the compression flange:or web reinforcement are limited

by
 143
in which b = projecting width of flange or reinforcement

t = thickness of flange or seinfoscement

F, = yield strength in ksi

For a flange of width, bf , and hichess. tf , Eq. D.1 becomes

D.1.2 Web Buckling

To prevent buckling of the web, two criteria should be met:

(a) The opening parameter, p,, should be limited to a maximum vafue of 5.6 for steel

sections and 6.0for composite sections.

in which a, and h, = length and width of opening, respectively

d = depth of skel section

(b) The w ~ width-thickness

b ratio should be limited as follows

in which r,= thickness of web

 144

If (d - 2t,)/t, 5 420/% the web qualifies as stocky, In this case, the upper limit on adh.

is 3.0 and the upper limit on V , (maximum nominal shear capacity) for non-composite sections

is 0.675, in which 6 = F,~J/JS, the plastic shear capacity of the unperforated web. For

composite sections, this upper limit may be increased by which equals V,(p,h - 1) 1 0,or
VW, - V,,, whichever is less. All standard rolled W shapes qualify as stocky members.

If 4 2 0 6 < (d - 2t,)/tw5 520/%, then aJh, should be limited a 2.2, and Vm should be

limited to 0.458, for both composite and non-composite members. The limits on opening

dimensions to pwent web buckling, presented in this section are summarized graphically in Egs.

D. 1, D.2, and D.3. Fig. D.1 graphs aJh, versus hJd to determine permissible opening sizes. Figs.

D.2 and D.3 graph ads! versus the value a&, that meets the opening dimension requirements of

this section for steel (p, = 5 6 ) and composite Cp, = 6.0) beams, respectively.

D.13 Buckling of tee-shaped compression zone

For steel b e m s only: The tee which is in compression should be investigated as an

axially loaded column following the procedures of AISC (1986). For urninforced members, this

is not required when the aspect ratio of the tee (u= ad's) is less fian or equaI to 4. For reinforced

openings. this check is only required for Iarge openings in regions of high moment.

D.1.4 Lateral Euckling

For steel beams only: In members subject to lateral buckling of the compression flange,

strength should not x governed by strength at the opening (calculated without reg& te lateral
l
buckling).
 145
In mernkrs with unheinforced openings or reinforced openings with Phe reinforcement

placed on both sides of the web, the torsional constant, J , shodd k multiplied by

in which L, = unbraced length of compression flange

bA, = h,- 24,

In members reinforced on o d y one side of the web, A, = 0 for the calculation of M3in

Eq. D.5. Membcrs reinforced en one side of the web should not be used for long, IateraIly

unsupported spans. For shorter spans the lateral bracing closest to the opening should be designed

for an additional load equal to 2 p-cent of the force in the compression flange.

D.3 Other Considerations

D3.1 Opening and tee dimensions

Opening dimensions are restricted based on the criteria in section D.I.2. Additional

criteria &o apply.

The opening depth should not exceed 70 percent of the section depth (h, 5 0.74. The

depth of the top tee should not k Iess than 15 percent of the depth of the steel section (st 2

0.156). The depth of the bottom tee. s, should not be less than 0.1Sd for steel sections or O.12d

for composite sections. The aspect ratios of the tees (u = aJs) should not be greater than 12 (a&,

I12, ads, 5 12).

 D.3.2 Corner radii

The comers of the opening should have minimum radii at least 2 times the thickness of

the web, 2t, or 5/8 in., whichever is greater.

D.33 Concentrated loads

No concentrated loads should be placed above an opening. Unless needed otherwise,

karing stiffeners are not required to prevent web crippling in the vicinity of an opening due to

a concentrated load if

and h e load is placed at least dJ2 from the edge of the opening.

and the load is placed a t least d from the edge of the opening. In any case, the edge of an

opening should not be closer than a distance d to a support.

 147
D3.4 Circular openings

Circular openings may be designed using the expressions in section 2.4 by using the

following substitutions for h, and a,.

Wnreinforced web openines

h, = Dofor bending (D. lOa)

h, = 0.9 D, for shear (D.

1Ob)

a, = 0.45 D, (D. 1Oc)

in which D, = diameter of circular opening.

Reinforced web openings

h, = Dofor bending and shear (Dl la)

a, = 0.45 Do (D.
11b)

D.35 Reinforcement

Reinforcement should be placed as close to an opening as possible, leaving adequate room

for fillet welds, if required on both sides of the reinforcement. Continuous welds should l
x used
t attach the reinforcement bars, A fillet weld may be used on one or both sides of the bar within

the length of the opening. However, fillet welds should be used on both sides of the

reinforcement on extensions past the opening. T h e required strength of the weId within the length

sf the opening is,

RW = 42PI

in which Rw = required strength of the weld

4) = 0.90 for steel beams and 0.85 for cornpsire beams

pr = F#,< F,t$. I245

A, = cross-sectiond area of reinforcement above or below the opening.

 148

The reinforcemmt should be extended beyond the opening by a distance I, 1 aJ4 or

KJZ ~ , is greater, on each side of the opening (F~gs2.1 and 2.2).

whichever Within each

extension, the required strength of the weld is

Rw = V>Pr

If reinforcing bars are only used on one side of the web, the section should meet the

fouowing additional requirements.

(D.I 6 )

in which Af = area of flange

M Mand V , = factored moment and shear at centerline of opening, respectively.

D3.6 Spacing of openings

Openings should be spaced in accordance with the follewing criteria to avoid interaction

between openings.

Rectangular openings:
 Circular openings:

(D.
18b)

(D. 19a)

in which S = clear space between openings.

In addition to the requirements in Eqs. D.18 and D.19,openings in composite beams

should be spaced so that

S 2 a, @.20a)

S 1 2.0 d (D.20b)

D.4 Additional Criteria for Composite Beams

Tn addition to the guidelines presented above, composite membess shouId meet the

following criteria.
 150

D.4.1 Slab reinforcement

Transverse and longitudinal slab reinforcement ratios should k a minimum of 0.0025,

based on the gmss area of the slab, within a distance d or a,,whichever is greater, of the opening.

For beams with longitudinal ribs, the transverse reinforcement should be below the heads of the

shear connectors.

D.4.2 Shear connectors

In addition to the shear connectors used between the high moment end of the opening and

the support, a minimum of two studs per foot should be used for a distance d or a,. whichever

is greater, from the high moment end of the opening toward the direction of increasing moment.

D . 4 3 Construction loads

If a composite beam is to be constructed without shoring, the section ar the web opening

should be checked for adequate strength as a non-composite member under factored dead and

construction loads,
Fig. D.1 Limits on Opening Dimensions
aJhe versus hJd (Darwin 1990)
Fig. D.2 Limits on Opening Dimensions
a, Is,versus a, Is,, go = 5.6

Fig. D.3 l m i t s on Opening Dimensions

a,/s, versus aoIsb,p, = 6.0
 APPENDIX E

SUMMARY OF BEAMS NOT MEETING DESIGN LIMITATIONS

A total of thirty-eight steel and composite beams available from previous research were

excIuded from consideration in determining resistance factors kcause of one or more violations

of design limitations presented in Appendix D. Tables containing materid and section properties,

design limitdon summaries. and capacity summaries and figures showing shear and moment

interaction plots for the excluded beams follow (Tables E.1 - E.6 and Figs. E.0 - E.38).

Most of the excluded beams violated limitations pertaining to local buckling of the

compression flange andlor the web. These violations contributed most significantly to premature

failure of the barns, as illustrated by the results for beams RBD-UG2, RL-3, and RL-4. With the

exception of RL-3. the predicted capacities for h a m s resisting high moment at the opening agreed

reasonably well with test data. The predicted capacities for kams resisting high shear at the

opening generally did not agree very well with test data.

Five beams, RM-ID, RM-2D, RM4D. RM-21 G, and RM4G had closely spaced openings

which, in three cases W - 2 D , RM-2lG, and RM4G),failed as a unit (Redwood and McCutcheon

1968) However, the predicted capacities of all five hams were conservative. Beams RL-1,

RL-2, RL-3, and RL-4 were reinforced on one side of the web and violated associated design

limitations. Beam RL-3 exhibited very premature failure with a testrtheoty ratio of 0.455.

Reasonable strength predictions were obtained for the other four beams.

Sixteen kams tested by Kim (1980). (KKS-series), were excluded from the analysis

although they met all of the design limitations. Without exception, the beams subjected to any

amount of shear were unusually strong when compared to predicted capacities.

 154

The predicted capacity of KKS-2HRC was the mast conservative with a test/theory ratio of 2.022.

These conservative results may well be due to strain hardening which is not accounted for by the

prediction methods.
Talde E.1 Material nnd Section Properties for Excl~ldedSteel Reams

(in inches unless noted)

STEEL SECTION

Wcb Opening Rein foreenlent Top Tee n n ~ l n m'I'ex

FP F
W FYi Frr
Test d f, (hi) 130 he 0, b, I, y, (ksi) s hi ,# (ksi) s b, (ksi)

RRD-I1RlA
Kttll-UG2
RIIU-UG24
HRD-UG3
RM-ID
RM-2D
KM-4D
Rl--1
RIA-2
RIA
RL-4
RI3D-EIII
Ilt%ll-HI11
RtIO-11B2
ltt10-llB3
WUD-HR3A
Rl3D-11134
HB1)-HRS
RRD-I IRSA
RM-21G
HM-4G
KKS-IHSC
KKS-IIIRC
KKS-IIISIO
KKS-1IIRIO
K W - 2 t ISC
KKS-21IRC
KE-2HSE
M-2HHE
KKS.31 lRC2
US-31ISC3
KKS-3tISQI
KB-3tIRC3
KKS-3tlSIO
KW-3tllllO
KKS-3HSS.E
KKS-31 t11SE

Notes:
refer lo Table E.0 for key to beam designations
TnbEe E.2 Design Limitation Summary for Exduded SteeI Beams

(a) Local Buckling of Toy Web Buckling (D.1.2)

Compression Range
(D.1.1)

p, c 6.0 hlt

RBD-HBIA 9.48 247 77.77

RBD-UG2 9.53 3.63 796B
RBD.UG24 953 4.21 79.43
RED-UG3 934 3.U 77.56
RM-1D 8.84 3.82 31.58
RM-ZD 8 18 3.7 33.17
RM4D 8 05 3.77 33.13
RL-I 9 01 5.13 77.25
RL-2 8.78 6.44 77.25
RL3 9.01 5.12 78.75
RL4 7.75 5.12 58.16
RBD-W I 7.11 4.44 47.21
RED-HB1 9.43 4.76 n.n
RBD-HBZ 9.m 4.76 78.72
RBD-HB3 9.49 3.03 78.59
RBD-HB3A 9.49 4.03 ram
RBD-HB4 9.56 3.02 77.50
RBD-HBS 9.65 5.18 7a44
RBD-HBSA 9 65 4 18 78.44
RM-2lG 8.75 4.70 31.18
RMAG 8.18 4 . 2981
KKS-IHSC 7.50 3.67 421s
KKS-LHRC 7.50 4.16 42-15
KKS-IHS10 750 3.67 4215
KKS-lHR10 7.50 4.16 4215
KKS-WSC 7.50 3.61 421.5
KECS-WRC 7.50 4.16 4215
KG-2HSE 7.50 3.67 4z15
KKS-2HE 7.M 4.16 4215
KKS-3HK25 7.50 4.16 d2I5
WS-3HSC3S 7.50 3.67 4215
KKS-3HSC25 7.50 3.67 4215
KKS-3HRC3S 7.50 4.16 4215
KKS.~HSIOEIS7.50 3.67 4215
KG-3iiRlOE2S 7.50 4.16 42s
KKS-3AS4U5 7.50 3.67 4215
KKS-3IfRSF25 7.50 4.16 4215
0-38 7.11 6.70 41.53
Table E.2 Deign Limitation Surnrnav for Excluded Steel Beams

(c) Buckling of Tee S h a e Compression Zone p.1.;)

p, p, pa Test/
Test") (k) (k) (k] IMJM,,, a& Theor,@
Table E.2 Design Limitation Summary for Excluded Steel Beams

(d) Hole Rcstnctions p.3.1)

h, < O.Td st& s, > 0.15d

Tess'" (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) aJs, aJsb < 12.0
Table E.2 Design Limitation Summary for Excluded Steel Beams

(c) One-sided Reinforcement (D.3.S)

A,< Af.n

Test"' (in.? aJh0 s 2.5 sdL sdt, s 1~1fi MuIIVu*4s 20

Table E.2 Design Limitation Snrnmaq ror Excluded SteeI Beams

Test'" (f) Violations

Notes:

(1) refer to Table E.0 for key to beam designations

(2) ?he test/thtory ratios for Method III with h = 1.414 are provided
as some indication of the effect of a potential violation of the design
parameter on the predicted capadry. If the tee-shaped mmpression zone
were to buckle prematurely, unconservative prdictiom would result.
Table E.3 Excluded Beam Capacity Summary: Method I, h = 1,414

i'fm vm M,, v,, M"

Test"' (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) (in.+k)

RBD-H3IA
RBDUGZ
RBD-UG2A
RBD.UG3
RM-1D
RM-2D
BM4D
RL-I
RL-2
RL-3
RLd
MD-EHI
RBBrnl
RBD-IIB2
RBD-H83
RBD-Hn3A
RBD-IIB4
RRD-HRS
RnD-HBSA
RM-21G
RMdG
KKS-1 HSC
KKS-1HRC
KKS-1HSIM
KKS-IHRIQE
KKS-mc
KKS-ZKIIC
KKSlHSE
m-ZHRE
KKS-3HRC25
KKS-3NSC35
KKS-3HSW
KKS-3HRC35
KKS-3HS 10E25
WCS-3m1 om
KKS-3HS5E2S
KKS-3HR5E25

Notes:

(1) refer to Table E.0 for key to beam designations

 162

Table E.4 Excluded Beam Capacity Summary: Method TI

M, V, Test/
Test"' (in.-k) (k) Theory

RBD3.HBI A
RBD-UGZ
RBD-UGZA
RBD-UC3
RM-ID
RM-2D
RMPD
RL-1
RL-2
RL-3
RL4
RBD-EHI
RBD-HI31
RBD-K8Z
RBQHB3
RED-HB3A
RBD-HB4
REID-FIBS
RBBrnSA
RM-2lG
RM4G
m.1HSc
KKS-IHRC
KKS-IHSIOE
KKS.lHR10E
WCS.WSC
KKS .2mc
KKS-ZIISE
KKS-2HRE
KKS-3HRC25
KKS-3HSC35
KKS-3IISC25
ws-3~~~35
KKS-3HSI W Z
KKS-3HR10E25
KKS-3HS5E25
KKS-3HR5E25

Notes:

(1) refer top Table E.0 f

a key to beam designations
 163

Table E.5 Excluded Beam Capacity Summary: Method m, h = 1.414

M, Vm M,.,, vw, Mn
Test"' (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k)

Notes:

(1) refer to Table E.0 for key to beam designations

Table E.6 Excluded Beam Capacity Summary: Redwood and Shrivastava (1980)
Curvlinear Linear

Test(" M, V, Mv M , V , M, V, Test/ M, V, Test/

(in.4) (k) . k (W (in.-k) (k) Theory (in.-k) (k) Theory

Nates:

(1) refer to Table E.0 for key to beam designations

 Cubic Moment-Shear Interaction Using
Method 111
------------ Curvlinear Moment-Shear Interaction Using
Redwood & Shrivasatava (1980),
Redwood & Poumbouras (1984),
and Redwood & Cho (1986)
Actual Moment-Shtas Value for Beam

Fig. E.0 Legend for Moment-Shear Interaction Curves

in Figs. E.1 - E.38
 .iI soe
n
E
L

E
2 ZOO

0 10 20
30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30
Shear. kips Shear, kips
Fig. E
. 1 lntemction Curves for Test RBO-HB1A Fig. E5 Intaraction Curves far Test RM-1 D

0 10 20 3Q 40 50 60 70 80 9Q 0 10 20 30 40
Shear, kips Sheor. kips
Fig. E 2 Interaction Curves for Test RBD-UG2 Fg. 6 Interaction Curves for Test RM-20
5000 800

0 0
0 10 20 30 4U 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40
Shear, kips Shear. kips
Fig. E; 3 InternetIan Curves for Test RB5-UG2A Fig. E 7 Interaction Curves for Test RM-40
5000 5000
(

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Shear. kips Shsar, kips
f i g . E. 4 Interaction Curves for Test RED-UG3 Fig. E. 8 Interaction G u m s for Test RL-1
 0 0
0 1C) 20 30 0 10 20 30
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Kg. E l 9 Intenetion Cum- for Test RL-2 Fig. El3 Interaction Curves for Test RED-HB1
5000 3500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 70 20 30 40
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. El Q Interaction Curves for Test Rt-3 Fig. E l 4 Interaction Cumes for Test RBD-HB2
3000 4400

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. Et 1 lnteraetion Curves for Test R L 4 Fig. Ett 5 Interaction Curves for Test RBD-HBJ
a00

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. €.I2 Interaction Curves for Test RED-EH1 Sig. Et 6 Internetion Curves tot Test RED-H83A
 a 20 413 60 80 Q 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. E l 7 Intemction Cumes for Test RRD-HB4 Fig. E.21 Internetion Cuwes for Test RM-4G

0 10 20 30 40 0 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear. kips
Fig. E.18 Intemction Curves for Test RED-HB5 Fig. €22 Interaction Curves for Test KKS-1 HSC
5000 400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 5 f0 35 20
Shear, kips Shear. kips

Fig. E l 9 Interaction Curves far Test RBD-HB5A Eg. E.23 Intemction Curves for Test KKS-1 HRC

0 5 10 15 20 0 5 1Q 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. E20 Interndon Curves for Test RM-2lG Fig. E24 Interaction Curves for Test KKS-1 HSfOE
 0 0 V

o 5 to 15 20 a 5 to 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
fig. U 4 Interaction Curves far Test KKS-1HSf OE Fig. E.28 lntem&on Curves far Test KKS-2HSE
4# 400

.g 300 c .gI 300

I
a 11
E 2
;200 ; 200
C C
0 0

100 100

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fq. E-25 Interaction Curves for Test KKS-IHRIOE fig. E29 Interaction Curves fur Test KKS-2HRE
400 4-00

0 - 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips

fig. E.26 tntemction Cunres for Teat KKS-2HSC Fig. E30 Interndon Curves far Test KKS-3HRC25
400 400

;200
C

E
. roo
$

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 to 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. E27 Interaction Curves for Jest KKS-2HRC Kg. E51 Interaction Cuwes for Test KKS-3HSW5
 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 I5 20
Shear, kips Shear. kips
Fig. U
1 Interadon C u m s far Test KKS-3HSUS Fig. U 5 Interaction Cumas far Test KKS-3HRIDE25

0 0
o 5 10 15 20 o 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. E.32 Interaction Curves far Test KK5-3HSC25 Fig. E36 lntamction Curves for Test KKS-3HS5E25
400 400

0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear. kips

Fig. E.33 Interaction Curves for Test KKS-3HRC35 Fig. €37 lntamction Curves far Test KKS-3HR5U5
4QO 1600
1400
$ 300 1200
I E
a 3 1000
E Y

0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Shear, kips Shear, kips
Fig. L 3 4 lntemction Curves for Test KG-3HSlOE25 Kg. E.38 lntemction Curves for Test 0-88
 171

APPENDIX F

DERIVATION OF P
, FOR COMPOSITE BEAM SIMPLIFIED MOMENT EQUATION

When the PNA resides in the steel section, a simplified expression for the maximum

moment capacity of a composite beam, Eq. 2.44, can be used. As the PNA moves into the web,

Eq. 2.74 becomes increasingly unconservarive. In this appendix, the Iirnit on PC is derived for

applying the approximation for M , if the PNA is located in the web of a perforated composite

beam.

The approximate equation is

The first tern of equation F.1 is an approximation for the correct terns given in Eqs. 2.67 and

2.69. The first term of Eq. 2.69 can be rewritten as

The object of the derivation witl t

x tto determine whar the lower bound for PCis, such that the
approximate term differs h r n the more precise term by a small percentage. This is expressed by

in which a is some small number.

 172
The neutral axis location in a perforated composite beam, where the neutral axis is located

in the web, is determined by

in which x is measured from the top of the ffange of the steel section. Solving for x in terms of

the inequality expressed by Eq. F.3 gives

in which A,' = (bf- L)$

Solving for PCin Eq. F.4 gives

PC = Fy(AJn- 2AI - 2tW(x - 5))

Eq. F.6 can be more simply expressed as

Substituting the expression for x in Eq. F.5 into Eq, F.7 results in
 173
By substituting 2Af' + dt, - hotwfor A,, in Eq. F.8, xhe expression under the radical can be arranged
to give

2~;;(ad - 9 + a(d - h>r&' F.9)

Setting Af' = PA, = PtJ* in which P is some fraction results in the following expression.
2pdt:(ad - 5) + ta(d - h ~ t 3 (F.10)

Rearranging gives,

d t : ( u ( ( 2 ~+ 1)d - hJ - 2P ti) (F.11)

h, is typicalIy between 0.3d and 0.7d, so if h, is assumed to 0.5d, and if + is conservatively

assumed to be O.Md, Eq. F.11 can be rewritten as

Substituting equation F.11 into equation F.8,and rearranging gives,

For a = 0.04 (i,e. a 4% maximum error in the first term in Eq, F.1), the following table is

obtained for different values of P:

F,t,(d - h,3
F,tw(Q.732d- h,)
Fytw(0.717d- h,)
F,tW(0.654d- h,)
 174

As seen from the table, P,,, =,F,tw(0.75d -

= F,t,(d - hJ is always safe, however, P , c ~ n

h2 is safe and reasonable for building constnrction because p, the ratio of the flange area to the
web area, is rarely below 0.40.
 175
APPENDIX G

STEEL AND COMPOSITE BEAM RESULTS FOR METHODS I AND III

WITH h = 1.207

This appendix contains nine tables summarizing shear capacities and analysis results for

steel and composite kams obtained using Methods I and I11 with h = 1.207. These results were

used to calculate the resistance factors corresponding to h = 1.207,

Table G.1 Steel Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method I, h = 1.207
(values in kips)

Test vdt ve V~I YM, vu vm VI

RBD-CI
RM-1A
RMlB
RM-2.
RM-ZB
RMdC
RM-3A
RM-4A
RM4B
RM4C
CR-IA
CR-24
CR-2B
CR-211
CR-21)
CR-3A
CR+3B
CR4A
CR4B
CR-5A
CR-7B
CR-nJ
CSK.2
CSK-5
CSK-6
CSK-7
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
RL5
R M
B-l
B.2
B-3
I3
4
CL.48
CB-6A
CSK-1
Dal
W-2
DO-3
W-4
W-5
RBD-RIB
RBD-R2
RM-I 1H
RM-21H
RM-2F
RM4F
RM4H

refer to Table 3.0for key to bean designations

.,V V,,, = shear capaciq of bottom and top tee, respectively, using Eq. B.1 .
v&v~ = plastic shear capacity of bottom and top tee, respectively, using Eqs. 2.22, and 2.18.
V,,, V,, = governing shear capacity of top and bottom tees. respectively.
v, = maximum permissible shear capacity of beam per Section D.1.2.
Table G.2 Composite Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method I, h = 1.207
(values in kips)

Test

D-1
D-2
D-3
D-5A
D-SB
D6A
D6B
D7A
D7B
D8A
IT9A
D-9B
R4
R-l
R-2
R-3
Rd
R-5
Ba
R-7
R.8
C-1
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
Cd
G.1
G-2
CHO-3
am4
CHO-S
CHO-6
CHQ-7
WTE- 1

Notes:

refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

shear capacity of top tee using Eq. B .I.

shear capacity o f tap tee using Eq. 233.
plastic shear capacity of top tee using Eq. 2.18
combined plastic shear capaciv of top tee and concrete using Eq. 221.
governing shear capacity of top tee.
shes capacity of bomm tee using Eq. B.1.
plastic shear capaciry of bottom tee using Eq. 2.22.
governing shear capacity of bottom tee.
maximum sheat capacity as predicted by Method I.Notes:
Table G.3 Steel Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method III, h = 1307
(values in kips)

Test YW Ve Vw vgr VU V. v~
RBD-CI
RM-IA
RM-IB
RM-2A
RM-28
RM-2C
RM-3A
RM4A
RM-lB
R.U4C
CR-1A
CR-24
CR-2l3
CR-ZC
CR-2D
CR-3A
CR-3B
CR-4A
CR48
CR-SA
a-7B
CR-7D
CSK-2
CSK-5
CSK-6
CSK-7
CS- 1
CS-2
CS-3
Rt-5
RL-6
B-1
8-2
B-3
B4
CLdB
-4.4
CSK-I
DO-1
Im-2
DO-3
DO-4
M15
RBIlRlB
RBD.R.2
RM-IIH
RM-21 H
RM-2F
RM4F
RM4H

Notes:

refer to TabIe 3.0for key to beam designations

V, V, = shear capadty of bomm and top tee, respecrively, using Eq. 2.54.
V,, V, = plastic shear capacity of bottom and top tee, respectively, wing Eqs. 2.22 and 218.
V V = governing sheat capacity of bettom and bottom tees, respectively.
vm = maximum permissible she= capacity of beam per Section D.1.2.
v~ = maximum shear capacity as predicted by Method III.
Table 6.4 Composite Beam Shear Capacity Summary: Method El,h = 1.207

Test

D-1
D-2
I13
D-SA
D.5B
D-6A
DaR
D A
D-78
D8A
D-9.4
D9B
R-0
R-1
R-2
R-3
R4
R-5
R4
R-7
R-8
C.1
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
Cb
G.1
G2
CH0.3
ma4
CH05
CHo.6
CHG7
WE-I

Notes:

refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

Yw = shear capaciry of top tee using Eq. 2.54.

Ifrlb,
= shear capacity of top tee using Eq. 2.46.
Vp, = plastic shear capacity of top tce using Eq. 2.18
V, = combined plastic shear capacity of top tee and concrete wing F.q. 2.21.
V, = governing shear capacity of top tee.
Vb = shear capaciry of kmm tee using Eq.2.43.
V* = plastic shear capacity of bottom tee using Eq. 2.22.
V, = governing shear capacity of bottom tee.
V3 = maximum shear capacity as predictad by Method Dl.
 180

Table G.5 Steel Beam Capacity Summary: Method I, h = 1.207

4 Vm MI, vw, M. V, Test/

Test (in.-k) (k) - 1 oil (in.-k) (k) Theory

Circular O p m n g

Mean ........................ 1.144

Coefficient of Variptim ........... 0.152
Rcsjstancc Factor. ............... 0.897

Rectangular Opening

B-E 945.00 47.22 738.68 36.91 1.n9

B -2 1704.80 4256 126653 31.62 1.346
B-3 1.80 49.74 1.16 3218 1.546
B4 1.003.00 50.12 832.41 41.60 1.205
CMB 1000.M) 27.80 569.84 15.84 1.755
CR-6A 121237 55.07 728.72 33.10 1.664
CSK-1 2358.39 78.54 1693.13 5639 1.393
m1 39295 24.94 300.65 19.08 1.m
DO-2 182.69 11.59 11214 3.11 1.629
m3 622.M 19.73 536.43 17.01 1.160
DO-4 496.99 IS.% 365.51 11.59 1.359
ms 728.74 QM1 674.35 0.W 1.Ml
RBD-RIB 1718.81 85.06 I577.91 78.m 1.089
RBD-R2 1269.70 59.86 1018.74 48.03 1.246
RM-1 I H 77x33 0.00 749.12 am 1.031
RM-21H 342.82 14.27 Zp.44 9.30 1.534
I1M.P 284.54 15.80 170.64 9-48 1.667
RM4F 566.n 11.n 506.83 10.53 1.118
RM4H 483.7 10M 462. I2 9.59 1.047

M a n ........................ 1.340
Coeffitimt d Variation ........... 0.174
R d a n c e Factor. ...............
Overall Uminforoed -1.019

Mean ............................ 1.272

C d i e n t of Vanation ................ 0.187
Resiaartcc Factor .................... 0.957
Table G S (continued)

Mm vm M, VW, Mm V, Test/
Test (in.-k) (kid (k) (in.-k) Theory

Rectangular Opening
CR-IA
CR-2.4
CRZB
CR-2C
CR-2D
CR-3A
CR-3B
CR-4.4
CRdR
CR-5A
CR-7B
CR-7D
CSK-Z
CSK-5
CSK-6
CSK.7
CS.1
CS-2
CS.3
RLS
RL6

Mcan ........................ 1.176

Cocfficimt of Vanaum . . . . . . . . . . . 0.123
Resistance Fanor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.951
Overall Steel Beams
Mean ............................. 1.232
Coeffcim of Variation ................ 0.166
Resistance Factor .................... 0.947

Notes:

(1) refer to Table 3.0 for key to beam designations

 I82

Table G.6 Steel Bean Capacity Sumrnau: Method m, h = 1.207

h vm M , v,~t MM V, Test/
Tesr (in.-k) (Id (in.-k) @I (in.-k) (k) Theory

Cirnrlar Opening

Mean ..............
Cafficitnr of Variatim .
Resistance Factor

Kectangdar Opening
B.1
B-2
B-3
B4
cLag
CR-6.4
CSK-I
DO-t
W 2
W 3
DO-4
DO-5
RBD-RIB
RBD-R2
BM-I lf3
RM-21 H
R M-2F
RM4F
RM4H

Mean ........................
...........
Codficicm of Varianon
Rcsistanec Factor ................
Table G.6 (continued)

Mm vm M , VM M. V, Tesd
Test (in.-k) 03 (in.-k) 04 (hk) (k) Theory

Reinforced

Rectangular Opening
CR-IA
CR-2A
CR-2n
CR-aC
CR-2D
CR-M
a-3B
CR4A
CR4B
CR-5A
GR-7B
CR-7D
CSK-2
CSK-5
CSL6
CSK-7
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
RL-5
R M

Mean ........................
Coefficient of Variadon ...........
Resistance Factor. ...............
O v e d Steel Beams
Mean .............................
Coelfcicnt of Variation ................
Resistance Factor ....................
Notes:

(1) refer to Table 3.0 for key ro beam designations

 184
TabIe G.7 Composite Beam Capacity Summary: Method I, h = 1.207

Mm vm M,, vm, 4 V, Test/

Test (in.-k) 0) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) Theory

Ribbed Stab

Mcan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.M5
CoefFicimt of Variation ............ 0.070
Raktance Factor ................ 0.899

Solid Slab

Mcpn .........................
Cmfficicnr of Variation ............
Resistance Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overall Unreinforcd
Table 6.7 (continued)

M, v, M,, vim M. V, Tesd

Test (in.-k) ('4 (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (kl newy

Reinforced

Ribbed Slab

Solid Slab

Man .........................
Cocffieicnt of Varialion ............
Resistance Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OveraIl Reinfored
Mean .............................
Coclficimt of Variptiml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resisrancc Factor ....................
Overall Composite Beams
Mean ................................ I.Om
C o e f f i m of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.079
Itmistance Factor ........................ 0.905

Notes:

Refer to Table 3.0 for key m beam designations

 186

Table (3.8 Composite Beam Capacity Summary: Method III,h = 1.207

M, vm M, v,., Mm V, Test/
Test (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k3 Thew

umeinforced

Ribbgd Slab

D-E 1606.O(F 37.80 1593.53 37.51 1.008

D-2 3095.06 39.00 ZPll.87 37.57 1.038
D-3 Mn5.00 11.30 6052% 11.26 1.m
D-5A 2368.00 34.60 278243 34.78 0.995
D-5B 2568.00 3220 ZdW.53 30.40 1.059
11.6A 0.00 47.00 0.00 37.13 1.104
D6B 2070.03 48.W 2161.99 51-07 0.957
D-7A 1845.00 43.50 1750.W 41.26 1.054
wa 3379.00 42.60 2855 00 35.W 1.184
D-8A 774.m 19.M 774.60 19.42 O.W
D-SB 427.00 14.30 433.54 14.52 0.985
D-9A 1474.W 34.50 1458.75 34.14 1.010
D-9R 1755.00 47.30 167g.74 45.24 1.045
R4 75200 18.20 785.65 19.01 0.957
a-t 978.00 26.00 847.76 2254 1.154
R-2 2904.00 28.70 2450.20 24.22 1.115
R-3 3W3.00 16.40 3687.85 15.15 1.083
R4 321200 13.10 241XJ.85 11.83 1.107
B-5 1038.00 27.60 989.6.1 26.31 1.W9
R.6 784.M 21.20 664.03 17.91 1.184
R-7 llW.00 30.50 1035.52 27.85 1.095
R-8 1075.M1 28.90 9543.08 26.62
-1.086

Mean ......................... 1.065

C d c n t of Variation ............ 0.066
R a Factor ................ 0.920

Solid Slab

C-E 3110.10
C-Z 460448
C-3 4624.92
c4 4900.59
C-5 5138.23
Cb 3188.26
GI 1734.13
6 2 171264
CHG~ 1369.30
CHO-4 2356%
CHO-5 2d44.36

Ma.........................
CocKimt af Variation ............
R&mm Factor ................
Mern ..............................
C d e i c m of Vcrilrion ..................
l7eshrm Factor ......................
Table G.8 (continued)

Mm vm ME, V,-, Mm V, Tesd

Test (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) (in.-k) (k) Theory

Reinfurced

RibM Slab

WE-I 7782.56 37.X' 7155.63 0.00 7782.56 0.00 0.919

Solid Slab

Men ......................... 1.0s

Cocffcient of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.152
................
Overall Reinforced
Rcmrma F m r
-0.803

Man ............................. 0.990

Coefficimt of Veriatim ................ 0.127
Resistance Factor ....................
O v e d Composite Beams -0.801

Mean ................................ 1.083

Caffinmk of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.086
Rcnnancc Factor ........................ 0.91 8

Notes:

refer to Table 3.0for key to beam design~ions

Table G.9 Analysis S~rmrnary,X = 1.207 (Methods I and 111)

3TElX BEAMS

Rtclangular Opening
Circular Opaung

Reinforced

MMMSTTT! REAMS

32 1.06% 1.073 1.093 1.131 NIA 0073 0084 OM8 0128 N/A 0917 09J2 0934 0914 N/A

R i b M Slnb 21 1.045 1.037 IM5 1.M NIA 0070 0069 0066 0121 NIA 0899 0893 0920 0B89 NIA
Solid Slab It 1.111 1.141 1.147 1.207 MIA 0065 0075 0076 0.124 NjA 0978 0982 0981 NIA

Ribbcd SIab 1 0919 0919 0919 NIA NIA NIA NIA MIA NIA NIA NIA NEA MIA NIA NIA
Solid Slab 2 1.015 1.019 1.023 MIA NIA 0 140 Q.146 0 152 N/A NIA 0 Ic08 0 805 0803 NIA NIA

35 1 1.065 1.053 1.131 N/A OM9 OD88 0086 0 128 NIA 0904 0901 0918 0895 NIA