Prof.

SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC CURRENT (I)
When charge flow in a conductor from one place to the other, then the rate –
e
of flow of charge is called electric current (I).
I
When there is a transfer of charge from one point to other point in a conductor,
we say that there is an electric current through the area. if the moving charges
are positive, the current is in the direction of motion of charge. If they are
negative the current is opposite to the direction of motion.
If a charge Q crosses an area in time t, we define the average electric current through the area, during this time as
Q Q dQ
Average current Iav = ; Instantaneous current I  Lim 
t t 0 t dt
Electric current through an area is the rate of transfer of charge from one side to other side.
Unit : ampere or coulomb/sec
ne
 Q = ne  I n = number of free electrons
t
e = charge on electron = 1.6 x 10-19 C
It is a scalar quantity because it does not obey the law of vectors.
CURRENT DENSIT Y (J)
The current density at a point in a conductor is the ratio of the current at that point in the conductor to the area of
cross-section of the conductor of that point.
 dI
J nˆ , dA = Cross section area
dA
It is a vector quantity. It's direction is the direction of motion of the positive charges at that point.
ampere    
Unit =
meter 2 dI  J.dA , I
 J  dA

In terms of current density, current is the flux of current density.

THERMAL SPEED
Conductor contain a large number of free electrons, which are in continuous random motion.
Due to random motion, the free electrons collide with positive metal ions with high frequency and undergo change in
direction at each collision. So, the thermal velocities are randomly distributed in all possible directions.
  
u1 , u 2 ,... u N are the individual thermal velocities of the free electrons at any given time.
the total number of free electrons in the conductor = N

   
  u1  u 2  ... u N 0
average velocity u ave 
 N 

The average velocity is zero and not the average speed.

DRIFT VELOCITY
Drift velocity is defined as the velocity with which the free electrons get drifted towards the positive terminal under the
effect of the applied electric field.
When the ends of a conductor are connected to a source of emf, an electric field E is established in the conductor,
V
such that E  , where V = the potential difference across the conductor and  = the length of the conductor..

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS


The electric field 
E exerts an electrostatic force –e E on each electron in the conductor..


The acceleration of each electron a  –e E


m –
e
I
m = mass of electron e = charge of electron
In addition to its thermal velocity, due to this acceleration, Under the action of electric field :
the electron acquires, a velocity component in a direction opposite to the Random motion of an electron
with superimposed drift
direction of the electric field.
The gain in velocity due to the applied field is very small and is lost in the next collision.

At any given time, an electron has a velocity v1  u1  

a 1

where u1 = the thermal velocityy


a 1 = the velocity acquired by the electron under the influence of the aplied electric field.
1 = the time that has elapsed since the last collision. Similarly, the velocities of the other electrons are
        
v 2  u 2  a 2 , v 3  u 3  a 3 ,..., v N  u N  a N

The average velocity of all the free electrons in the conductor is equal to the drift velocity vd of the free electrons.

         
 v 1  v 2  v 3  ... v N (u1  a 1 )  (u 2  a 2 )  ...  (u N  a N )
vd  
N N

  
 (u1  u 2  ...  u N )  ( 1  2  ...  N )
or v d  a order of drift velocity is 10–4 m/sec.
N N

  
u1  u 2  ...  u N
 0
N


  1  2  ...  N eE

 vd  a  vd  
a   vd  – 
N m

RELAXATION TIME () :

Average time elapsed between two successive collisions.
We can say electron relaxes during the time interval .
It is of the order of 10–14 sec.
It is a temperature dependent characteristic the material of the conductor.
It decreases with increases in temperature.

MEAN FREE PATH ()

The distance travelled by a conduction electron during relaxation time is known as mean free path 
Mean free path of conduction electron = Drift velocity x Relaxation time
RELATION BETWEEN CURRENT DENSIT Y, CONDUCTIVITY AND ELECTRIC FIELD
Let the number of free electrons per unit volume in a conductor = n 
Total number of electrons in dx distance = n (Adx)
A
Total charge dQ = n (Adx)e
I
Cross sectional area = A dx

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

dQ dx
Current I  nAe  I = neAvd
dt dt

I  eE   eE 
Current density J  = nevvd  J  ne  m    vd   m 
A    

 ne 2   ne 2 
J 
 m 
E  J = E conductivity  
  m
 
In vector form J  E
 depends only on the material of the conductor and its temperature.
OHM'S LAW
J = E  = length of conductor
I V
 V = Voltage applied across conductor
A 

I V 1
 
A  

  
V   I  = Resistivity or specific resistance of material
A 


V = RI R
A
V
R is constant it's unit is ohm ().
At constant temperature, if current is directly proportional to the applied
potential difference. This law is called ohm's law and substance which obey it O
I (amp.)
are called ohmic or linear conductors.

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

* 1 ampere of current means the flow of 6.25 x 1018 electrons per second through any cross section of conductor.
V
* Electric field outside a current carrying conductor is zero but inside a conductor is .

* Current is a scalar quantity but current density is a vector quantity.
* If A is not normal to I but makes an angle  with the normal to current then.
I = JA cos 
I I
J 
A cos 
A

* Order of free e– density in conductors = 1028 electrons/m3, while in semi conductors = 1016 e–/m3

* Terms Thermal speed Mean free path Relaxation time Drift speed
vT   vd

105 m/s 10 Å 10–14 m/s 10–4 m/s

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
System Current carriers
A bar made of silver or any metal Free electrons
Hydrogen discharge tube Electrons and (+ve) Ions
Voltaic cell H+ and SO4–2 (Ions)
Lead Accumulator H+, SO4–2 Ions
Semiconductor Electrons and holes
Super conductor Electrons
* If a steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non uniform cross section.
(i) Along the wire I is same.
(ii) Current density, drift velocity depends on area inversly so J1 > J2 , E1 > E2 , v d1  v d 2
I1 = I 2 , A1 < A 2
A2
A1

* If the temperature of the conductor increases, the amplitude of the vibrations of the positive ions in the conductor
also increase. Due to this, the free electrons collide more frequently with the vibrating ions and as a result, the
average relaxation time decreases.
Ex. What will be the number of electron passing through a heater wire in one minute, if it carries a current of 8 A.

ne It 8  60
Sol. I  ne   3  10 21 electrons
t 1.6  10 19

Ex. An electron moves in a circle of radius 10 cm. with a constant speed of 4 x 106 m/sec. find the electric current
at a point on the circle.
Sol. Consider a point A on the circle. The electron crosses this point once in every revolution. The number of
revolutions made by electron in one second is

v 4  10 6 2
n  
  10 7 rot./sec.
2 r 2   10  10 2 

ne 2 A
  10 7  1.6  10 19 e–
 Current I  ( t = 1 sec.)
t 

3.2
  10 12  1  10 12 A


Ex. A current of 1.34 A exists in a copper wire of cross - section 1.0 mm2. Assuming each copper atom contributes
one free electron. Calculate the drift speed of the free electrons in the wire. The density of copper is 8990 kg/m3
and atomic mass = 63.50.
Sol. Mass of 1m3 volume of the copper is = 8990 kg = 8990 x 103 g

8990  10 3
Number of moles in 1m3   1.4  10 5
63.5
Since each mole contains 6 x 1023 atoms therefore number of atoms in 1m3
n = (1.4 x 105) x (6 x 1023)
= 8.4 x 1028
i = neAvd
i 1.34
vd = neA  (1 mm2 = 10–6 m2 )
8.4  10 28
 1.6  10 19  10 6
= 10–4 m/sec. = 0.1 mm/sec.
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
Ex. The current through a wire depends on time as i =(2 + 3t)A. Calculate the charge crossed through a cross
section of the wire in 10 sec.
dq
Sol. i  dq = (2 + 3t)dt
dt

q 10 10
 2 

0
dq  
0
(2  3t)dt  q   2t  3t 
 2 0

3
q  2  10   100 = 20 + 150 = 170 C
2

Ex. Current through a wire decreases from 4 A to zero in 10 sec. Calculate charge flown through the wire during this
interval of time.
Sol. charge flown = average current x time

4  0 
=  2   10  20C
 
Ex. Figure shows a conductor of length  carrying current i and having a b
a
circular cross - section. The radius of cross section varies linearly from a to
b. Assuming that (b – a) << calculate current density at distance x from
left end. 

Sol. Since radius at left end is a and that of right end is b, therefore increase in radius over length is (b – a).
ba 
Hence rate of increase of radius per unit length =   
 
ba 
Increase in radius over length x =    x
 
b a 
Since radius at left end is a, radius at distance x = r = a +    x
 
2
 ba  
 a x
Area at this particular section A = r2 =     

i i i
Hence current density J = = 2 =
A r  x(b  a) 
2
 a 
  

Q. In hydrogen atom, the electron makes 6.62 x 1015 revolutions/sec. around the nucleus in an orbit of radius
0.5Å. Calculate the equivalent current.
[Ans. 10–3 A]
Q. The diameter of a copper wire is 2mm, if a steady current of 6.25 A is caused by 8.5 x 1028/m3 electrons flowing
throught it. Calculate the drift velocity of conduction electrons.
[Ans. 0.15mm/sec]
Q. A silver wire 1mm diameter carries a charge of 90 coulombs in 1 hours and 15 minutes. Silver contains 5.8 x
1028 free electrons per cm3. Find the current in wire and drift velocity of the electron.
[Ans. 0.02 A 2.74 x 10–12 m/sec]
Q. In hydrogen atom, the electron moves in an orbit of radius 5 x 10–11 m with a speed of 2.2 x 106 m/sec.
Calculate the equivalent current.
[Ans. 1.12 mA]
Q. Determine the total momentum of electrons in a straight wire of length = 1000m carrying a current I = 70A.
[Ans. 0.4 x 10–6 N.sec]
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
Q. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is 5 kV and the current through it is 3.2 mA. What is the
number of electrons striking the target per second.
[Ans. 2 x 1016]
Q. 10,000 alpha particles per minute passing through a straight tube of radius r. What is the resulting electric
current?
[Ans. 0.5 x 10–16 A]

RESISTANCE AND ITS COMBINATIONS

RESISTANCE
The resistance of a conductor is the opposition which the conductor offers to the flow of charge. When a potential
difference is applied across a conductor, free electron get accelerated and collide with positive ions and their motion
is thus opposed. This opposition offered by the ions is called resistance of the conductor.
Resistance is the property of a conductor by virtue of which it opposses the flow of current in it.
Unit : ohm, volt/ampere, Dimension = [M L2 T–3 A–2]
Resistance depends on
(1) length of the conductor (R  )
 1
(2) area of cross - section of the conductor  R  A 
 

(3) nature of material of the conductor R 
A
(4) temperature
Rt
Rt = R0 (1 + t)
Where Rt = Resistance at t° C
R0
R0 = Resistance at 0° C
0 t°C
t = Change in temperature
 = Temperature coefficient of resistance
for metals : positive and for semiconductors and insulators : negative
* Resistance of the conductor decreases linearly with decrease in temperature and becomes zero at a specific temperature.
This temperature is called critical temperature, at this temperature conductor becomes a superconductor.
1m
RESISTIVITY
RA 1m
 if  = 1m , A = 1m2 then  = R
 R=

1m

The specific resistance of a material is equal to the resistance of the wire of that material with unit cross - section area
and unit length.
Re sistivit y depends on
(i) Nature of material (ii) Temperature of material
does not depend on the size and shape of the material because it is the characteristic property of the conductor
material.
alloy >semiconductor > conductor

COMBINATION OF RESISTANCE
Serie s Combination :
* Same currernt passes through each resistance
* Voltage across each resistance is directly proportional to it's value
V1 = iR1, V2 = iR2 , V3 = iR3,
* Sum of the voltage across resistance is equal to the voltage applied across the circuit.
V = V1 + V2 + V3

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
or iR = iR1 + iR2 + iR3 R1 R2 R3
or R = R1 + R2 + R3
V1 V2 V3
Where R = equivalent resistance i
i
Current is same in series combination + –
V
Parallel Combination :
* There is same drop of potential across each resistance.
R1
* Current in each resistance is inversely proportional to the value of resistance. i1
V V V i2
i1  , i2  , i3  i3 R2
R1 R2 R3
R3
* Current flowing in the circuit is sum of the currents in individual resistance. i
+ –
i = i1 + i2+i3
V
V V V V 1 1 1 1
    R R R R
R R1 R 2 R 3 1 2 3

KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
There are two laws given by Kirchhoff for determination of potential difference and current in different branches of any
complicated network. Law of conservation of charge is a
consequence of continuity equation
First law :
In an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the current meeting at any junction in the circuit is zero.
or
Sum of the currents entering the Junction is equal to sum of the current leaving the Junction. i3
i2
i =0 O
i1 – i2 – i3– i4 + i5 = 0  i1 + i5 = i2+i3 + i4 i1 i5
This is based on law of conservation of charge.
i4
Second law :
In any closed circuit the algebraic sum of e.m.f.'s and algebraic sum of potential drops is zero.

 IR   E  0
while moving from negative to positive terminal inside the cell, e.m.f. is taken as positive while moving in the
direction of current in a circuit the potential drop (i.e. IR) across resistance is taken as negative.
* This law is based on law of conservation of energy.

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

* If a wire is stretched to n times of it's original length, its new resistance will be n2 times.
1
* If a wire is stretched such that it's radius is reduced to th of it's original values, then resistance will increasess
n
n4 times similarly resistance will decrease n4 time if radius is increased n times by contraction.
* If x% change is brought in length of a wire, its resistance will change by 2x%.
* If n resistance (each R) are connected in series there resultant will be nR.
R
* If n resistance (each R) are connected in parallel then their resultant will be .
n
* The equivalent resistance of parallel combination is lower than the value of lowest resistance in the combination.
* Ohm's law is not a fundamental law of nature. As it is possible that for an element :-
(i) V depends on I nonlinearly (e.g. vacuum tubes)
(ii) Relation between V and I depends on the sign of V for the same value [forward and reverse Bias in diode]
(iii) The relation between V and I is non unique. That is for the same I there is more then one value of V.

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
* In general :
(i) Resistivity of alloys is greater than their metals.
(ii) Temperature coefficient of alloys is lower than pure metals.
(iii) Resistance of most of non metals decreases with increase in temperature. (e.g.carbon)
(iv) The resistivity of an insulator (e.g. amber) is greater then the metal by a factor of 1022
* Temperature coefficient () of semi conductor including carbon (graphite), insulator and electroytes is negative.

Ex. The resistance 4 R, 16 R, 64 R ...  are connected in series. Find their equivalent resistnce.
Sol. Resultant of the given combination
Req = 4R + 16R + 64R + ... = 
Ex. Resistance R, 2R, 4R, 8R ...  are connected in parallel. What is their resultant resistance will be
1 1 1 1 1
Sol.     ............
R eq R 2R 4R 8R

1  1 1 
 1  2  4  ...  
R  

1 1  2
 
R  1 R
1 
 2

1 2 R
  R eq 
R eq R 2

Ex. In the given circuit calculate potential difference between the points P and Q.
Sol. Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law 1 8V 12V
2
P Q
I + 8 – 12 + 2 I + 9 I = 0
I
9
1
I= A
3

1
potential difference between the points P and Q  9   3 volt.
3

or Vp + I + 8 – 12 + 2 I = VQ  Vp – VQ = 3 volt.
Ex. In the given circuit calculate potential difference between A and B 2V 4V 4V
Sol. First applying KVL on left mesh 2 3 3 5
2 – 3 I1 – 2 I1 = 0
I1 = 0.4 amp.
A B
Now applying KVL on right mesh.
4 – 5 I2 – 3 I2 = 0
2V 4V 4V
I2 = 0.5 amp.
2 3 3 5
Potential difference between points A and B
VA + 3 I1 + 4 – 3 I2 = VB
I1 I2
VA – VB = – 3 (0.4) – 4 + 3 (0.5) A B
= – 3.7 volt.

Ex. What is the potential difference between X and Y. 20 X Y

Sol. Circuit is open  No current

120V
20
KVL from X to Y
VX – 120 = VY  VX – VY = 120V

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
Ex. A wire of L = 10-6 / m is turned in the form of a circle of diameter 2 m. A piece of same material is connected
in diameter AB. Then find resistnce in between A and B. R1 r
Sol.  R = L  length
 R1 x 10-6 , R2 = 2 x 10-6 , R3 =  x 10-6  R2
A 2r B
1 1 1 1
   = 0.88 x 10-6 ohm. R3 r
R AB   10 6 2  10 6   10 6

Ex. In the following circuit diagram, the galvanometer reading is zero. If the internal resistance of cells are negligible
then what is the value of X ? a
G
400 Ig
10 I
Sol.  Ig = 0  I = 400 + X
10V X

also potential difference accros X is 2V  IX=2 I

10 X 10 b
2 ( I  )  X = 100
400  X 400  X

Ex. Each resistance is of 1  in the circuit diagram shown in figure.

Find out equivalent resistance between A and B.
A B

1
2
Sol. By symmetric line method
2
A B 2
8
RAB = (2 + 1  2)  2 = 
7

Q. The reading of a galvanometer connected in the circuit is zero. If the 500

G
internal resistance of a battery is zero then find the value of X. X
[Ans. 250] 6V 2V

Q. What is the reading of ammeter is adjoining circuit diagram.

2 2V 2 2
2 A
[Ans. A]
3 2V

Q. For the following circuit what is the potential difference between X and Y ? 2 2
Y
2 2V
[Ans. volt] 2
3 2

2 2
X
Q. What is the value of current I in the following circuit ?
[Ans. 3.7 A] 4A 2A
I

3A 1.3A

Q. For following circuit what is the value of total resistance between X and Y ?
R R R R
X

Y
R R R R

[Ans. 2R]
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
Q. In the following figure what is the resultant resistance between A and C ?

r
A r r r B r C
Up to n r

Up to n
r

 n2  1 
[Ans. R AC    r ]
 n 
Q. Figure represents a part of a closed circuit. What is the potential difference between points A and B (VA – VB) ?

3V
A 2A 2 1 B

[Ans. + 9V]
Q. Two wires of the same metal has the same length but their cross section areas are in the ratio 3 :1. They are joined
in series. The resistance of the thiner wire is 10  . Then what will be the total resistance of the combination ?
[Ans. 40 ]
Q. If a copper wire is stretched to make 0.1% thinner, then what is the percentage increase in resistance.
[Ans. 0.4%]
1
Q. What is the smallest resistance that can be obtained by ten  resistors :
10

1
[Ans. ]
100
CELL
Cell convert chemical energy in to electrical energy.
ELECTRO MOTIVE FORCE (E. M. F.)
The potential difference across the terminals of a cell when it is not giving any current is called emf of the cell. The
energy given by the cell in the flow of unit charge in the whole circuit (including the cell) is called the emf of the cell.
* emf depends on :
(i) nature of electrolyte (ii) metal of electrodes
* emf does not depend on :
(i) area of plates (ii) distance between the electrodes
(iii) quantity of electrolyte (iv) size of cell
TERMINAL VOLTAGE (V) E r
* When current is drawn through the cell or current is supplied to cell
then, the potential difference across its terminals = terminal voltage. terminal voltage

* When I current is drawn from cell, then terminal voltage is less than it's e.m.f.
R
V = E – Ir

INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Resistance offered by the electrolyte of the cell when the electric current flows through it is known as internal
resistance. E r
Distance between two electrodes increases  r increases
Area dipped in electrolyte increases  r decreases
Concentration of electrolyte increases  r decreases
Temperature increases r decreases

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
COMBINATION OF CELLS
Serie s combination :
When the cells are connected in series the total e.m.f. of the series E1 r1 E2 r2 E1 r1
combination is equal to the sum of the e.m.f.'s of the individual cells and R
internal resistance of the cells also come in series.
equivalent internal resistance r  r1  r2  r3  ... equivalent emf = E = E1 + E2+ E3 + ...

Enet nE
Current I  r  R If all n cell are identical then I 
net nr  R

E
* If nr >> R , I  ~ current from one celll
r

nE
* If nr << R , I  ~ n x current from one celll
R

Parallel combinat ion :

When the cells are connected in parallel, the total e.m.f. of the parallel combination remains equal to the e.m.f. of
a single cell and internal resistance of the cell also come in parallel.
r
If m identical cell connected in parallel then total internal resistance of this combination rnet 
m
Total e.m.f. of this combination ET = E
E r
ET E mE
Current in the circuit I  r

r
 E r
R R mR  r
m m
E r
If r << mR If r>> mR
E r
E mE
I  = Current from one cell I = m x current from one celll
R r R
Mixed combination :
Total number of identical cell in this circuit is nm
If n cells connected in series and their are m such branches in the circuit.
The internal resistance of the cells connected in a row = nr E r E r E r

nr
Total internal resistance of the circuit rnet  (There are such m rows) E r E r E r
m
Total e.m.f. of the circuit = total e.m.f. of the cells connected in a row
I
ET = nE E r E r E r
R
E net nE
I 
R  rnet nr
R
m
Current in the circuit is maximum when external resistance in the circuit is equal to the total internal resistance of
nr
the cells R 
m

GOLDEN K EY POINTS
* At the time of charging a cell. When current is supplied to the cell, the terminal voltage is greater than the e.m.f. E
V = E + Ir
* Series combination is useful when internal resistance is less than external resistance of the cell.
* Parallel combination is useful when internal resistance is greater than external resistance of the cell.
* Power in R (given resistance) is maximum, if its value is equal to net resistance of remaining circuit.
* Internal resistance of ideal cell = 0
11
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
* If external resistance is zero than current given by circuit is maximum.
Value of External Current from Cell Terminal Power consumed in
Resistance potenial external resistance.
difference PR = I2 R = V2/R
E
R I V = E – Ir P = I2R
R r

E E
R=0 I V E r P=0
r r
Short circuit Maximum V=0

E E E2
R=r I V E r P
2r 2r 4r

E
V Maximum
2
Open circuit R =  I=0 V=E–0 P=0
V=E
(TPD = EMF)

Ex. A battery of e.m.f. 2 volt and internal resistance 0.1 is being charged with a current of 5 A. Calculate the
potential difference between terminal of the battery.
Sol. Potential drop across internal resistance = Ir = 0.1 x 5 = 0.5 V
Hence potential difference across terminals = E + Ir = 2 + 0.5 = 2.5 volt.
Ex. A battery of six cells each of e.m.f. 2 V and internal resistance 0.5 is being charged by D. C. mains of e.m.f.
220 V by using an external resistance of 10 . What will be the charging current.
Sol. Net e.m.f of the battery = 12V and total internal resistance = 3
Total resistance of the circuit = 3 + 10 = 13  6 cells 3

Net e.m.f. 220  12 220V

10
I  total resis tan ce   16 A
13

Ex. A battery of six cells each of e.m.f. 2 V and internal resistance 0.5 is being charged by D. C. mains of e.m.f.
220 V by using an external resistance of 10 . What is the potential difference across the battery ?
Sol In case of charging of battery, terminal potential V = E + Ir = 12 + 16 x 3 =60 volt.
Ex. Four identical cells each of e.m.f. 2V and joined in parallel providing supply of current to external circuit consisting
of two 15 resistors joined in parallel. The terminal voltage of the equivalent cell as read by an ideal voltmetar
is 1.6V calculate the internal resistance of each cell. E r

r E r
Sol. Total internal resistance of the combination req =
4
E r
Total e.m.f. Eeq = 2V
E r
15  15 15
Total external resistance R    7.5 
15  15 2
15
terminal potential 1.6 15
Current drawn from equivalent cell I   A
external resistance 7.5
r
E 4
r 1.6  r 
 E  I    1.6  2  7.5  4   1.6 1.6V
4  
 r = 7.5  7.5

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
Ex. The e.m.f. of a primary cell is 2 V, when it is shorted then it gives a current of 4 A. Calculate internal resistance
of primary cell.
E
Sol. I
r R
If cell is shorted then R = 0
E E 2
I  r  = 0.5 
r I 4

Ex. n rows each containing m cells in series, are joined in parallel. Maximum current is taken from this combination
in a 3  resistance. If the total number of cells used is 24 and internal resistance of each cell is 0.5  , find the
value of m and n.
Sol. Total number of cell mn = 24
mr
For maximum current  R  0.5 m = 3 n
n

3n
 m  6n
0.5
 6n x n = 24 n=2
and m x 2 = 24  m = 12
Ex. The e.m.f. of a cell is 6 volt. When 2 ampere current is drawn from it then the potential difference across its
terminal remains 3 volt. Its internal resistance.
EV 6 –3
Sol. Internal resistance r    1.5 
I 2

Q. A cell of e.m.f 2V and internal resistance 0.1 is being charged by a current of 5A. Calculate the potential
difference between the terminals of the cells.
[Ans. 2.5V]
Q. Two batteries of e.m.f.'s E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel, determine their
equivalent e.m.f.
E 1 r2  E 2 r1
[Ans. r1  r2 ]

Q. Two cells of equal e.m.f. E but of different internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected E,r1
in parallel and the combination is conneted with an external resistance R to obtain
E,r2
maximum power in R. Find the value of R. R

r1 r2
[Ans. r  r ]
1 2

Q. To get a maximum current in an external resistance of 8. One can use m rows of n cells (connected in series),
connected in parallel. If the total number of cells is 64 each having an e.m.f. of 2 V and internal resistance of
2 then calculate the number of cells in each row and number of rows.
[Ans. n = 16, m = 4]
Q. Four identical cells each having e.m.f. E, internal resistance r are connected
B
as shown in figure. Find the potential difference between : (i) A and B (ii) A and C
[Ans. (i) zero (ii) zero]
A C

Q. A battery of 10 cells each of e.m.f. E = 1.5 V and internal resistance 0.5 has 1 cell wrongly connected. It is
being charged by 220 V power supply with an external resistance of 47 in series. The potential difference

13
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
across the battery .
[Ans. 32 V]
Q. A battery of 20 cells (each having e.m.f. 1.8V and internal resistance 0.1) is charged by 220 volts and the
charging current is 15A. Calculate the resistance to be put in the circuit
[Ans. 10.27]
2.0
Q. For a cell, the graph between the potential difference (V) across the terminals
of the cells and the current I drawn from the cell is as shown in figure. Calculate V
the e.m.f. and the internal resistance of the cell.
[Ans. 2 V ; 0.4] 0
I amp. 5

Q. In the given circuit, calculate the value of current in 4.5  resistor and E1 E2
indicate its direction. Also calculate potential difference across each cell. D 4V 8V C
[Ans.I = 0.5A, anticlockwise CDABC E1= 4.25V, E2 = 7.5V] 0.5 1.0
3
4.5
A 6 B

GALVANOMETER
* The instrument used to measure strength of current, by measuring the deflection of the coil due to torque produced
by a magnetic field, is known as galvanometer.
* Galvanometers are of two types :
(i) Moving magnet type galvanometer
(ii) Moving - coil type galvanometer
* In moving coil type galvanometer the coil is movable and magnet is stationary whereas in moving magnet type
galvanometer the magnet is movable and coil is stationary.
* The moving coil type galvanometers are of two type :
(i) Suspended coil type galvanometer
(ii) Pivoted coil type galvanometer
MOVING COIL TYPE GALVANOMETER
Principle :
When the plane of the coil is parallel to magnetic field the maximum torque = BINA acts on it under the influence
of which the coil rotates.
Construct ion :
A rectangular coil is suspended between the pole pieces of a cylindrical magnet with the help of a fine phosphor
bronze fiber.
In the state of equilibrium of coil : deflecting torque = restoring torque.
BINA sin  = C
For radial magnetic field BINA= C
C
 I  BAN   I  K

Where K is the galvanometer constant which depends on the construction of galvanometer.

The deflection produced in the coil is directly proportional to the current flowing in the coil (I )

SENSITIVITY OF GALVANOMETER
Current sensitivity (S i ) :
* The deflection of galvanometer coil per unit current is defined as the sensitivity of galvanometer.
 BAN
* Si   Si 
i C
* The deflection obtained by unit current is Si.
* The galvanometer which gives more deflection for a small current is more sensitive. To increase sensitivity the
values of N, A, B must be large and the value of C must be small.
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
Voltage sensitivity (S v ) :
* The deflection of galvanometer coil per unit voltage is defined as voltage sensitivity of galvanometer.
  BAN
* S v  V  IR  CR where RG = resistance of galvanometer coil.
G G

SHUNT
The small resistance connected in parallel to galvanometer coil, in order to control current flowing through the
galvanometer, is known as shunt.
Merits of shunt :
(i) To protect the galvanometer coil from burning.
(ii) Any galvanometer can be converted into ammeter of desired range with the help of shunt.
(iii) The range of ammeter can be changed by using shunt resistances of different values.
Demerits of shunt :
Shunt resistance decreases the sensitivity of galvanometer.

CON VERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO A MMETER

A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting low resistance in parallel to its coil.
* The value of shunt resistance to be connected in parallel to galvanometer coil is given by -
R gig i P ig
RS 
i  ig Rg i
(i–ig)
RS
Where i = Range of ammeter
ig =Current required for full scale deflection of galvanometer. shunt
Rg = Resistance of galvanometer coil.
R gig
* RS  if ig << i
i

Where
 r = radius of wire
r 2 R S 
* The length of shunt wire    R S = resistance of shunt wire

  = specific resistance of material of wire.

* On connecting shunt in parallel to galvanometer coil, its equilvalent resistance becomes less than even the shunt
resistance.

CON VERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO VOLTMETER

* The galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting high resistance in series with its coil.
* The high resistance to be connected in series with galvanometer coil is given by -
V V
R  Rg
ig
ig R Rg
V
* If Rg is negligible, then R  i
g

GOLDEN KEY POINT

* The effective resistance of potentiometer is infinite.
* The rate of variation of deflection depends upon the magnitude of deflection itself and so the accuracy of the
instrument.
* A suspended coil galvanometer can measure currents of the order of 10–9 ampere.
* Ig is the current for full scale deflection. If the current for a deflection, of one division on the galvanometer scale is
k and N is the total number of divisions on one side of the zero of galvanometer scale, then Ig = k x N.

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
* A ballistic galvanometer is a specially designed moving coil galvanometer, used to measure charge flowing through
the circuit for small time intervals.
* In an oscillatory moving coil galvanometer the coil should be wound over non-metallic frame.
* In a dead beat galvanometer, the coil is wound on a metallic frame.

WHE AT STONE BRIDGE

* The configuration in the adjacent figure is called Wheat B

Stone Bridge.
P Q
Ig
* If current in galvanometer is zero (Ig = 0) then bridge is I1 I1–Ig
said to be balanced A
G
C
I2+ Ig
P R I2
K2
VD = VB or Q  S R S I
I=I1+I2

P R D K
+ –
* If Q  S then VB > VD and current will flow from B to D.

P R
* If Q  S then VB < VD and current will flow from D to B.

METRE BRIDGE
It is based on principle of wheatstone bridge. It is used to find out unknown RB
resistance of wire. AC is 1 m long uniform wire R.B. is known resistance and D S
S is unknown resistance. G
A cell is connected across 1 m long wire and Galvanometer is connected P J
A  (100) C
between jockey and midpoint of R & S. B
To find out unknown resistance we touch jockey from A to C and find
balance condition. Let balance is at B point on wire.
AB =  cm. P = r
BC = (100 - ) cm.Q = r(100 - ) rresistance per unit length on wire.
At balance condition :
P R

r R 100    R
 r(100   )   S
Q S S 

POST OFFICE BOX

It is also based on wheatstone bridge. The resistances of 10, 100and 1000are often connected between
AB and BC. These are known as ratio arms. Resistance from 1to 5000are connected between A and D, this is
known arm. Unknown resistance is connected between C and D.
A P B Q C
A cell is connected between A and C with key K1 and
Galvenometer is connected between B and D with key K2. E

First we select ratio of resistances Q and P.

S
For given value of S we will take value of resistance from known R
arm in such a way that Galvanometer show null deflection.
Q G D
S R
P K2 K1
Q
On decreasing the value of the sensitivity of the box increases.
P
It is used to find out the breakage in telegraph line in post and telegraph offices.

GOLDEN KEY POINT

* To increase the range of an ammeter a shunt is connected in parallel with the galvanometer.
* To convert an ammeter of range I ampere and resistance Rg  into an ammeter of range nI amp., the value of
resistance to be connected in parallel will be Rg(n – 1)

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
* To increase the range of a voltmeter a high resistance is connected in series with it.
* To convert a voltmeter of resistance Rg  and range V volt into a voltmeter of range nV volt, the value of resistance
to be connected in series will be (n – 1)Rg.
* Resistance of ideal ammeter is zero & resistance of ideal voltmeter is infinite.
* The bridge is most sensitive when the resistance in all the four branches of the bridge is of same order.
C
Ex. In the adjoining network of resistors each is of resistance r .
r r r
Find the equivalent resistance between point A and B.
Sol. Given circuit is balanced Wheatstone Bridge AB
r r
r C r C D E
B B
r r
r
r r
r A r A
D D

1 1 1 1
 R  2r  2r  r  RAB = r
AB

Ex. For the following diagram the galvanometer shows zero deflection then what is the value of R ?
Sol. For balanced Wheatstone bridge R
 10
0 0
100 200 100  R 10
  5
100R 40 R G
(100  R )
20
0 
40
100
100 + R = 5 R  R  25 
4 E K

Ex. A 100 volt voltmeter whose resistance is 20 k is connected in series to a very high resistance R. When it is
joined in a line of 110 volt, it reads 5 volt. What is the magnitude of resistance R ?
Sol. When voltmeter connected in 110 volt line,
110
Current through the voltmeter I
(20  10 3  R )
The potential difference across the voltmeter V = IRV

110  20  10 3
 5
(20  10 3  R )
 20 x 103 + R = 440 x 103
 R = 420 x 103 

1
Ex. When a shunt of 4 is attached to a galvanometer, the deflection reduces to th. If an additional shunt of 2
5
is attached. What will be the deflection ?
I I
Sol. Initial condition
I
When shunt of 4 used 4I 5 G
5
I 4 S=4
 G  I  4  G = 16
5 5
I I' I I I' I
When additional shunt of 2used
4 G G
(I–I') (I–I') 4
4
I' x 16 = (I – I') 3
3
2
12 I' = I – I'

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

I I
I' =  it will reduce to of the initial deflaction.
13 13

Ex. A galvanometer having 30 divisions has current sensitivity of 20A/division. It has a resistances of 25 .
(i) How will you convert it into an ammeter measuring upto 1 ampere.
(ii) How will you convert this ammeter into a voltmeter upto 1 volt.
Sol The current required for full scale deflection Ig = 20 A x 30 = 600 A = 6 x 10–4A
(i) To convert it into ammeter, a shunt is required is parallel with it

Ig R g  6  10 4 
shunt resistance R 'S    25  0.015 
(I  I g )  1  6  10 4 
(ii) To convert galvanometer into voltmeter, a high resistance in series with it is required
V 1
series resistance R  Rg   25 = 1666.67 – 25 = 1641.67 
ig 6  10 4

Q. A galvanometer of resistance 100 gives full scale deflection for 10mA current. What should be the value of
shunt, so that it can measure a current of 100mA?
[Ans. 11.11]
Q. The resistance of a moving coil galvanometer is 20. It requires 0.01A current for full scale deflection. Calculate
the value of resistance required to convert it into a voltmeter of range 20 volt.
[Ans. 1980]
Q. The resistance of an ammeter of range 5 A is 1.8. A shunt of 0.2 is connected in parallel to it. When its
indicator shows a current of 2 A then what will be effective current?
[Ans. 20A]
Q. A galvanometer of resistance 100 gives full scale deflection for a current of 10–5 A. Calculate the shunt
required to convert it into an ammeter of 1 ampere range.
[Ans. 10–3 ]
Q. The pole pieces of a horse shoe magnet are made cylindrical so that the deflection of the coil is proportional
to .................
[Ans. the current flowing in the coil.]
Q. The shunt required for 10% of main current to be sent through the moving coil galvanometer of resistance 99
will be ..................
[Ans. 11]
Q. An ammeter is always connected is series in a circuit because .......
[Ans. Its resistance is very low]

POTENTIOMETER
Nece ssit y of potent iometer :
Practically voltameter has a finite resistance. (ideally it should be  ) in other words it draws some current from thee
circuit . To overcome this problem potentiometer is used because at the instant of measurment , it draws no current
from the circuit.
Working principle of potent iometer :
Any unknown potential difference is balanced on a known potential difference which is uniformly distributed over
entire length of potentiometer wire.
This process is named as zero deflection or null deflection method.
Note :
(i) Potentiometer wire : Made up of alloys of magnin, constantan. Eureka.
(ii) Specific properties of these alloys are high specific resistance, negligible temprature co-efficient of resistance
(). Invariability of resistance of potentiometer wire over a long period.

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

Circuits of potentiometer :
Primary circuit contains constant source of voltage rheostat or E r Rh (O–R1)
Resistance Box
primary circuit
Secondary, Unknown or galvanometer circuit
L
Let  = Resistance per unit length of potentiometer wire A B
Potential gradient (x) (V/m) secondary circuit wire
* Potent ial gradient corre sponding to unit length of E' G E'<E
potentiometer is also called potential gradient.
* Rate of growth of potential per unit length of potentiometer
wire is equal to potential gradiant.
E
Let r = 0 and R1= 0 then VAB = E (max. ideal) then x = (V/m ; MLT-3A-1)
L
* Always VAB < E ;
VAB
x= Now VAB = I RP (RP = resistance of potentiometer wire)
L
I RP RP
So x = = I 
L L
E E  RP 
current in primary circuit I = R  r  R ; x = R  R  r  L 
1 P 1 P  
* If radius is uniform = x is uniform over entire length of potentiometer wire.
1
* If I constant x
(radius)2
* 'x' directly depends on , r ,  etc.
Factor affecting 'x'
* If VAB = const. and L = const. then for any change  x remains unchanged.
1
* If there is no information about VAB then Always take VAB as constant so (x  )
L
* If VAB and L are constant :
For any change like radius of wire, substance of wire () there is no change in x.
* Any change in secondary circuit causes no change in x because x is an element of primary circuit.
E  RP 
Note : x = R r R  L 
P 1  
x max or x min on the basis of range of rheostat or resistance box (R.B.)
E R
If R1 = 0  xmax = R x P ~ 0)
(r 
P L

E  RP  x m ax RP  R
If R1 = R  xmin =   then x m in = R P
RP  R  L 
Standarization and sensitivit y of potentiometer
Standardization process of evaluating x experimentally
E
If balanced length for standard cell (emf E) is = 0 then potential gradient x 
0

Sensitivity :
(i) x also indicates about sensitivity of potentiometer.
(ii) If x   sensitivity 
(iii) To increase sensitivity  Rh  (current in primary ckt should be reduced), L 
(iv) Any change in secondary ckt, no effect on sensitivity.

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
(v) Balanced length for unknown potential difference   sensitivity 
Applicat ions of potent iometer
(1) To measure potential difference across a resistance.
(2) To find out emf of a cell.
E1
(3) Comparision of two emfs E
2

(4) To find out internal resistance of a primary cell.

(5) Comparision of two resistances.
(6) To find out an unknown resistance which is connected in series with the given resistance.
(7) To find out current in a given circuit.
(8) Calibration of an ammeter or to have a check on reading of (A)
(9) Calibration of a voltmeter or to have a check on reading of (V)
(10) To find out thermocouple emf (et) (mV or V)
Note :
(i) For application 3-6 no need of standard cell and no need of value of x.
(ii) For 7, 8, 9, 10 - Always require a standard cell (E0 = x0)
(iii) For 1 – 9 order of voltage drop (0.1 to 1v)
Comparision of emf of two cells
plug only in (1– 2) plug only in (2 – 3)
J J'
A B
Jocky is at position J Jocky is at position J' E1
balance length AJ = 1 balance length AJ' = 2 1 G
E1 = x1 E2 = x2 2
E2 3
E1 1
 E = 
2 2

Internal resistance of a given primar y cell

E V Rh
E=V+Ir  r=
I
J' J
E V  A E B
or r   V R + -
  G
R
Key K open E = x1 (AJ = 1) R.B. K
Key K closed T.P.D. V = x2 (AJ' = 2)

   2 
r  1 R
 2 

Comparision of t wo re sistance s
Plug only in (1–2)
J
potential difference across R1 is balanced A B
G
I R1 = x1
Plug only in (2-3) 2
1 3
potential difference across (R1+R2) is balanced
I (R1+R2) = x2 I R1 R2
V
R1  R 2 2 R  2  1
  R 
2

R1 1 1 1

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
Measurement of current
Plug only in (1–2)
J
E0 = x0 A B
E0
Plug only in (2–3) 1
V = I R = x1 2
I R 3 G
1 E0
I= x  E K
R 0

Calibrat ion of ammeter

I  direct reading from ammeter
J
I' Reading obtained by pontiometer A B
E0
(or by an ideal ammeter) 1
Error = Reading of ammeter – obtained by pontiometer 2
I R 3
error in reading = I - I' G
– +
* Negative error  add error in ammeter reading E K
* Positive error  substract error from ammeter reading A

Curve between I and error calibration graph

+ve
Observe reading (OR) can be change error

into Actual reading (AR) ; AR = OR + error. –ve

Curve ploted between device reading and error device
reading
error is called calibration curve.

Calibrat ion of voltameter H.P. PM wire L.P.

A B
Plug only in (1–2) Plug only in (2–3) E0
E0 = x0 V' = x1 1
V
E0 2
V' =  x 1 3 G
0

Error = (V - V') = (observed - actual)

E K
error  V  V '
Error % = x 100 % =  V '   100%
actual  
Thermo emf. (mV , V)
Plug in (1-2) : potential difference across RB = E0 E K

E R RB A
E0 J B
 x = I = R  L
0 P
I RB = E0  I  RB
RB B

G
Rp = resistance of potentiometer wire E0
Cu Fe Cu
plug only in (2-3) : Thermo emf is balanced
1 2 3
E R  cold hot
et = x =  R  L  
0 P
ice cubes oil bath
 B 

Ex. There is a definite potential difference between the two ends of a potentiometer. Two cells are connected in
such a way that first time help each other, and second time they oppose each other. They are balanced on the
potentiometer wire at 120 cm and 60 cm length respectively. Compare the electromotive force of the cells.
Sol. Suppose the potential gradient along the potentiometer wire = x
and the emf's of the two cells are E1 and E2.
When the cells help each other, the resultant emf = (E1 + E2)
E1 + E2 =x x 120 cm. ......(i)
When the cells oppose each other, the resultant emf = (E1 – E2)
E1 – E2 = x x 60 cm. ......(ii)
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
From equation (i) and (ii)
E 1  E 2 120 cm 2 E 3
  or E + E = 2(E – E ) or 3E = E or 1 
E1  E 2 60cm 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 E2 1

Q. Derive a relation between current and drift velocity.

A e–
Ans. drift velocity = vd n e–
number of free e– per unit volume = n
length of conductor =  
+ –
cross sectional area of conductor = A
So total free electrons in given conductor = n (A)

Total chargeq = n (A)e , Time t = v
d

q n Ae
Now currentI = =  v  , where t = /vd
t d

= neAvd  I  neAv d

P R
Q. In case of Wheatstone bridge, show that balance condition is Q  S B

Ans. If deflection is galvenometer is zero then P Q

potential difference across AB = potential difference across AD I1
A I1 C
I1P = I2R .................... (i) G
I2
I2
Potential diff. across BC = potential diff. across DC K2
R S
I1Q = I2S .................... (ii) I
E D K1
IP I R P R
From equation (i) and (ii) I Q  I S  
1 2

1 2 Q S

Q. A battery of e.m.f.E and internal resistance r is used in a circuit with a variable external resistance R. Find the
value of R for which the power consumed in R is maximum.
E
Ans. The current in the resistance R is I
R r

R
2
 E 
Power consumed in R is P = I2R =   R E,r
R r 

dP
Power is maximum when 0
dR

dP  (r  R )2  2R (r  R ) 
 E2   = 0  (r + R)2 = 2R (r + R) R = r
dR  (r  R ) 4 

23
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
STANDARD EXA MPLES
Ex. A nerve fibre contains a membrane separating two conducting fluids maintained at a potential difference. What
is the order of this potential difference.
Sol. Nearly 0·1 volt
Ex. Are the paths of free electrons straight lines between successive collisions (with the positive ions of metal
wire) in the –
(i) Absence of electric field (ii) Presence of electric field
Sol. (i) Yes (ii) No
[Hint: (i) Straight line with very high thermal speed (105m/s)]
(ii) No, (probably it is curved because there is a motion of charge (e–) in electric field)
Ex. Name the charge carriers in the following at room temperature
(i) Conductors (ii) Intrinsic semiconductors (iii) Extrinsic semiconductors
Sol. (i) Electrons (ii) Electrons and Holes (iii) Electrons and Holes
Ex. What is a super conductor ?
Sol. A conductor which losses all its resistance at a certain low temperature (known as critical temperature) is
called a super conductor.
Ex. What is the basic difference between emf and terminal potential difference of cell.
Sol. (i) emf not depends on current and internal resistance of cell while terminal potential difference depends.
(ii) emf is the potential difference when no current related to cell, while terminal potential difference is the
potential difference when some current relates to cell.
(iii) emf is constant for a given cell while terminal potential difference depends on circuit connected to cell.
It may different for a given cell.
Ex. Can we produce high voltage on the human body without getting a shock ?
Sol. Yes we can. For this person must stand on a highly insulating platform, therefore with high voltage on the
body, no charge will flow to the ground through the body and person will not get any shock.
Ex. A copper wire of length ‘’ and radius ‘r’ is nickel plated till its final radius is 2r. If the resistivity of the
copper and nickle are c and n, then find the equivalent resistance of wire?

Sol. R=  2r Ni
A r
Cu

Resistance of copper wire RCu = c (  A = r2) L
r 2

Resistance of Nickle wire  ANi = (2r)2 – r2 = 3r2  RNi = n
3 r 2

R Cu R Ni F  I 
Both wire are connected in parallel. So equivalent resistance R = R  R =
Cu Ni
GH 3   JK r
C
C n

n
2

Ex. When high power heater is used at homes, all bulbs being used become dim. Why?
Sol. All appliances are connected in parallel in house. When high power heater is used, very high current passes
through it, so potential difference on mains wires increases and potential drop at mainswitch board of house
decreases (V=E–ir, here r is resistance of main line) which results in decrease in intensity of bulbs.
Ex. Identical resistance of resistance R are connected as in figure
then find out net resistance between x and y.
Sol. Given circuit can be modified according to following figures
x y

23
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
F F F

R R R R
R R R

A B C B B
D E X Y X Y
X Y R R R R
3 3 3 3
R R R R R R R

G G G

1 1 3 1 5 2R
     R xy 
R xy 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 R 5

Ex. For the given network calculate current I and I2.

2 I2 3

1

3 2
I
1

10V

Sol. KVL in loop (ABDA) B

– 2I1 – I2 + 3(I – I1) = 0
2 I2 3
 5I1 + I2 = 3I ............... (1)
I1
KVL in loop (BCDB) A 1 I1–I2 C
– 3(I1 – I2) + 2(I – I1 + I2) + I2 = 0 I–I1
I–I1+I2
 5I1 – 6I2 = 2I ............... (2) 2
3
I I
By subtracting (2) from (1)
E D 1
I 4I
7 I2 = I  I2 = and also I1 = 10V
7 7
KVL in loop (ABCA via battery)
– 2I1 – 3(I1 – I2) – I + 10 = 0
8 9 35 5
 I – I – I + 10 = 0 => I = A & I2 = A 6V 6
7 7 12 12

Ex. Calculate magnitude of resistance X in the circuit shown in figure

X 18
when no current flows through the 5 resistor?
Sol. Since wheatstone bridge is balanced 5
2 6
x 2 18  2
so = or x = = 6
18 6 6

Ex. Give four differences between potentiometer and voltmeter.

Sol. Potentiometer Voltmeter
1. It is based on null deflection method. It is based on deflection method
2. When measuring, potentiometer draws When measuring, it draws some current
no current from unknown circuit.
3. It measures emf of a cell very accurately, It measures emf of a cell less accurately.
even when cell have some internal resistance.
4. It is highly sensitive. It is less sensitive.
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

Ex. Define drift velocity of free electron. If relaxation time is  then write a vector relation between drift velocity
and electric field.
Sol. Due to commulative effect of collision with the ions and electric force, free electrons acquires a constant
velocity in a particular direction which is known as drift velocity.
or we can say :
It is the average velocity of free electrons in the presence of electric field.

 FG e IJ 
Relation v d = – H mK E
Ex. A constant voltage is applied across a wire of constant length then how drift velocity of electrons depends
on area of cross–section of wire.
e V
Sol. vd = E,  = mobility of free electrons = and E = electric field =
m L

V
so vd =  ;  here  is constant.
L
If V and L is constant then vd does not depends on area.
Ex. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 990 and it shows full scale deflection for a current of 10mA. Calculate
the value of resistance required to convert it into an ammeter of range 1 A.
Sol. Given that Rg = 990 , Ig = 10mA = 0·01 A, I = 1A
Ig R g 0  01  990 0  01  990
Required shunt resistance = (I – I ) = (1 – 0  01) = = 10 
g 0.99

* Flux from a closed surface, containing a current-carrying wire is zero as total charge in it is zero
* Current density is a vector parameter and flux of current density is equals to current.
* Ohm's law is not a fundamental law of nature. As it is posible that for an element.
(i) V depends on I nonlinearly (e.g. vacuum tubes)
(ii) Relation between V and I depends on the sign of V for the same value [forward and reverse bias in diode]
(iii) The relation between V and I is nonunique. That is for the same I there is more than one value of V
(e.g. Thyristor)
* Temperature co-efficient () of semiconductor [Including carbon (graphite)], insulator and electrolytes, is negative.
* Temperature co-efficient of manganin, constanton (Eureka) is negligible and positive and are used to make
standard resistances.
* Order of conductivity is Ag > Cu > A > W > nichrome > Ge > Si > Glass or rubber
* A wire is stretched uniformly and if
A r
(i) L' = NL then R' = N2R (ii) A' = then R' = N2R (iii) r' = then R' = N4R
N N
* For a conductor V, I graph is plotted at two different temperature V
T1
Then T1 > T2 and (T1 – T2)  cot (2)  T2
* Carbon composition resistors are most popular because they cost the least 
I

25
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
* Resistance of different shaped conductors.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

1
b b b b
a 2 a a

L
L L L

L L 1 L L
R =  b2 R =  (b 2  a 2 ) R1  R = a b
(b 2  a 2 )

2 L
R2 
a 2

R1R 2
Net R 
R1  R 2

(e) (i) Resistance between square faces

X
distance between faces a
b RAB =  area of square
 2
A a B
b
(ii) Resistance between rectangular faces
b
b 
Y Rxy =  = (does not depends on b)
a. b a
* In general (or usually)
(i) Resistivity of alloys is greater than their metals (e.g. copper, constanton)
(ii) Temperature co-efficient of alloys is lower than pure metals (Cu, maganin)
(iii) Resistance of most non-metals decreases. with increase in temperature. (e.g. carbon)
(iv) The resistivity of an insulator (e.g. amber) is greater than the metal by a factor of 1022.
* A frame of cube is made by wires of equal resistance r then
8 7 7 12
Resistance between two nearer corners R 12  r Also C 12  C
12 7
6
5
3 4
Resistance across face diagonal R 13  r Also C 13  C
4 3 4 3

1 2 5 6
Resistance across main diagonal R 17  r Also C 17  C
6 5
* Some standard circuits made of identical elements (R or C)

x
x y
x y y
x y
Rxy= R Rxy=R Rxy= R
2
Rxy=2R

27
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

x y

x y
Rxy= 87 R
Rxy= 2R
3

* (a) When the cell is open, then there does not exist a net electric field inside the cell.
(b) When the cell is used in closed circuit then there exist a net electric field inside the cell
(Direction of current inside cell is (– ve) to (+ ve) plate)
* To obtain maximum current in a given R from a fixed number (S  P = constant) of cells (E, r) use

Sr
R = net internal resistance = . Where S = No. of cells in series, P = No. of lines in parallel.
P
* The button cells used in watches, calculators, electronic toys etc. are also a primary alkaline cell. The emf of this
cell is 1.3 volt.
T.P.D.
* Efficiency of cell is defined by    100%
emf

27
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
STD. XII
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S DATE :

TIME :
PHYSICS TUTORIALS
PHYSICS
TOPIC : CURRENT ELECTRICITY - TUTORIAL SHEET - I

STUDENT NAME :

1. If each resistance in the fig. is of 9  then reading of ammeter is :– [RPMT 2000]

(1) 5 A (2) 8 A
(3) 2 A (4) 9 A
9V A

2. In fig. bat tery E is balanced on 55 cm length of potentiometer wire but when a resistance of 10 
is connected in parallel with the battery then it balance s on 50 cm length of the potentiometer wire
then internal resistance r of the battery is :– [RPET 2000]
(1) 1  (2) 3 
2V
(3) 10  (4) 5  1m
A
B
E r

3. If i = 0.25 amp. in fig then value of R is :– [RPET 2000] 60

(1) 48  (2) 12 
i R 20
(3) 120  (4) 42  

12V
10

4. 10,000 electrons are passing per minute through a tube of radius 1cm. The resulting current is :
[MP PET 2000]
(1) 10000 A (2) 0.25 x 10 –16 A (3) 10 –9 A (4) 0.5 x 10 –19 A

5. Seven resistances are connected as shown in the figure.The equivalent resistance between A and B
is :– [MP PET 2000] 10
(1) 3  (2) 4  3
A B
(3) 4.5  (4) 5 
10
5 8 6 6

6. At what temperature will the resistance of a copper wire become three times its value at 0 C
[Temperature coefficient of resistance for copper = 4 x 10 –3 per °C] :– [MP PET 2000]
(1) 400° C (2) 450° C (3) 500° C (4) 500° C

7. Two cells, each of e.m.f. E and internal resistance r, are connected in parallel across a re sistor R.
The power dissipated in the resistor is maximum if :
[MP PET 2000, 2001 JIPMER 95, A MU 2002]
3r r
(1) R = r (2) R = 2r (3) R  (4) R 
29 2 2
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
8. In a network as shown in the figure the potential difference across the resistance 2R is (the cell has
an emf of E and has no internal resistance) : [BHU 2000]
4E
(1) 2E (2) 4R
7
R
E 2R
(3) (4) E E
7

9. T here are 8.4 x 10 22 free electrons per cm 3 in copper. T he current in the w ire is 0.21 A
(e = 1.6 x 10 –19 C). Then the drifts velocity of electrons in a copper wire of 1 mm 2 cross section,
will be :– [BHU 2000]
(1) 2.12 x 10 m/s (2) 0.78 x 10 –5 m/s
–5
(3) 1.56 x 10 –5 m/s (4) none of these

10. In a t ypical Wheatstone network the re sistance in cyclic order are A = 10 , B = 5 , C = 4and
D = 4 for the bridge to be balanced. [KCET 2000]
(a) 10 should be connected in parallel with A A=10 B=5
(b) 10 should be connected in series with A
(c) 5 should be connected in series with B
D=4 C=4
(d) 5 should be connected in parallel with B
(1) a, b (2) b, c
(3) a, c (4) all

11. In the circuit shown here, what is the value of the unknown resistor R so that the total resistance
of the circuit bet ween points 'P' and 'Q' is also equal to R :– [MP PET 2001]
(1) 3  (2) 39  10
P 3 Q
(3) 69  (4) 10  3 R

12. A battery has e.m.f. 4V and internal resistance 'r'. When this battery is connected to an external
resistance of 2 ohms, a current of 1 amp. flows in the circuit. How much current will flow if the
terminals of the bat ter y are connected directly :–[MP PET 2001]
(1) 1 A (2) 2 A (3) 4 A (4) infinite

13. In the circuit shown here, E 1 = E 2 = E 3 = 2V and R 1 = R 2 =4 ohms. The current flowing bet ween
points A and B through bat ter y E 2 is :[MP PET 2001]
E1 R1
(1) zero (2) 2 amp from A to B
(3) 2 amp from B to A (4) none of the above E2
A B
E3 R2

29
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
14. AB is a potentiometer wire of length 100 cm and its resistance is 10 ohm. It is connected in series
with a resistance R = 40 ohm and a battery of e.m.f. 2V and negligible internal re sistance. If a
source of unknown e.m.f. E is balanced by 40 cm length of the potentiometer wire, the value of E
is: [MP PET 2001] R 2V
(1) 0.8 V (2) 1.6 V
(3) 0.08 V (4) 0.16 V 40cm
A B

15. Three resistance of value s 2, 3 and 6 are to be connected to produce an effective resistance
of 4. This can be done by connecting :[KCET 2001]
(1) 3 resistance in series with the parallel combination of 2 and 6
(2) 6 resistance in series with the parallel combination of 2 and 3
(3) 2 resistance in series with the parallel combination of 3 and 6
(4) 2 resistance in parallel with the parallel combination of 3 and 6

16. A bat tery of electro motive force E is connected in serie s with a resistance R and a voltmeter. An
ammeter is connected in parallel with the bat tery
(1) neither the ammeter nor the voltmeter will be damaged. [KCET 2001]
(2) both ammeter and voltmeter are likely to be damaged.
(3) only voltmeter is likely to be damaged.
(4) only ammeter is likely to be damaged.

6
17. Two re sistance wire s on joining in parallel the re sultant re sistance is ohm. One of the wiree
5
breaks, the effective resistance is 2 ohm. The resistance of the broken wire was :[MP PMT 2001]
3 6
(1) ohm (2) 2 ohm (3) ohm (4) 3 ohm
5 5

18. The temperature coefficient of resistance of a wire is 0.00125 per degree celcius. At 300 K its
resistance is 1 ohm. The resistance of the wire will be 2 ohm at following temperature :–
[MP PMT 2001]
(1) 1154 K (2) 1127 K (3) 600 K (4) 1400 K

19. If specific resistance of a potentiometer wire is 10 –7 m and current flow through it is 0.1 amp.,
cross–sectional area of wire is 10 –6 m 2 then potential gradient will be :– [AIPMT 2001]
(1) 10 –2 volt/m (2) 10 –4 volt/m (3) 10 –6 volt/m (4) 10 –8 volt/m

20. The resistance of each arm of the wheat stone bridge is 10 . A resistance of 10  is connected in
series with galvanometer then the equivalent resistance across the battery will be :– [AIPMT 2001]
(1) 10  (2) 15  (3) 20  (4) 40 

21. Copper and silicon are cooled from 300 K to 60K, the specific resistance :– [AIPMT 2001]
(1) decrease in copper but increase in silicon (2) increase in copper but decrease in silicon
(3) increase in both (4) decrease in both
31
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
22. There is a current of 40 ampere in a wire of 10 –6 m 2 area of cross-section. If the number of free
electron per m 3 is 10 29, then the drift velocity will be [PUNJAB PMT 2001]
(1) 1.25 x 10 m/s
3
(2) 2.50 x 10 m/s (3) 25.0 x 10 –3 m/s (4) 250 x 10 –3 m/s
–3

23. An ammeter and a voltmeter are joined in series to a cell. Their readings are A and V respectively.
If a resistance is now joined in parallel with the voltmeter [KCET 2002]
(1) voth A and V will decrease. (2) both A and V will increase.
(3) A will increase, V will decrease. (4) A will decrease, V will increase.

24. A cell supplies a current of 0.9 A through a 2 resistor and a current of 0.3 A through a 7
resistor. The internal resistance of the cell is :–[KCET 2002]
(1) 1.0 (2) 0.5 (3) 2.0 (4) 1.2

25. The current voltage graph for a given metallic conductor at two different temperatures T 1 and T 2
are as shown in the figure. Then :– [KCET 2002, A MU 2004]
(1) T 1 > T 2 (2) T 1 = T 2 I
T1
(3) nothing can be said about T 1 and T 2 T2
(4) T 1 < T 2
V

26. A galvanometer of 100 resistance gives complete deflection on flowing 10 mA current. What
should be the value of shunt so that it can measure 100 mA :– [MP PET 2002]
(1) 11.11  (2) 9.9  (3) 1.1  (4) 4.4 

27. For changing the range of a galvanometer with G ohm resistance from V volt to nV, what will be
the value of resistance connected in series to it :– [MP PET 2002]

G G
(1) (n–1)G (2) (3) nG (4)
n n 1

28. Specific resistance of a conductor increases with :– [AIPMT 2002]

(1) increase in temperature. (2) increase in cross–section area
(3) increase in cross–section and decrease in length.
(4) decrease in cross–section area.

29. For a cell terminal potential difference is 2.2 V when circuit is open and reduces to 1.8 V when cell
is connected to a resistance of R = 5 then determine internal resistance of cell is :[AIPMT 2002]

10 9 11 5
(1)  (2)  (3)  (4) 
9 10 9 9

31
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

30. N identical cells whether joined together in serie s or in parallel, give the same current, when
connected to an external resistance of 'R'. The internal resistance of each cell is :– [RPMT 2002]

R
(1) r = nR (2) r = R (3) r = (4) r = n 2R
n

31. The potential difference between the points A and B in the following circuit shown in the figure :–
2 4 5 5
(1) volt (2) volt [RPMT 2002] B
3 5
8 2V
(3) volt (4) 2 volt 5 5
9
5 5
A
32. Length of a potentiometer wire is kept long and uniform to achive :– [RPMT 2002]
(1) uniform and more potential gradient (2) non-uniform and more potential gradient
(3) uniform and less potential gradient (4) non-uniform and le ss potential gradient

33. Consider four circuits shown in the figure below. In which circuit power dissipated is greater (Neglect
the internal resistance of the power supply) :– [ORISSA JEE 2002]

R R R R
R R E E E R
(1) E (2) R (3) (4)
R R

34. The equivalent resistance across AB is :– [ORISSA JEE 2002] A

(1) 1  (2) 2  2
2
(3) 3  (4) 4  2

2 2
B

35. There are three voltmeters of the same range but of re sistance 10000 , 8000  and 4000 
respectively. The best voltmeter among these is the one whose resistance is :–[KER AL PET 2002]
(1) 10000  (2) 8000  (3) 4000  (4) all are equally good

36. When a voltmeter and an ammeter are connected respectively across the terminals of a cell, measures
5 V and 10 A. Now only a resistance of 2  is connected across the terminal of the cell. The
current flowing through this resistance is : [JIMPER 2003]
(1) 7.5 A (2) 5.0 A (3) 2.5 A (4) 2.0 A

37. Thirteen resistance each of resistance R ohm are connected in the circuit as shown in the figure.
The effective re sistance between A and B is :– [KCET 2003]

33
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
R R
4R
(1)  (2) 2R R
3 R R R
R
2R A B
(3) R  (4) 
3 R
R R R

R R

38. A group of N cells whose emf varies directly with the internal re sistance as per the equat ion
E N = 1.5 r N are connected as shown in the figure. The current I in the circuit is [KCET 2003]
(1) 5.1 A (2) 0.51 A 1
r2
(3) 1.5 A (4) 0.15 A r 2
N 1

rN r3
r4 3

39. A galvanometer has resistance 36. If a shunt of 4 is added with this, then fraction of current
that passes through galvanometer is : [RPMT 2003]
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 9 10 40

40. If 10 6 electrons/s are flowing through an area of cross section of 10 –4 m 2 then the current will be
[RPMT 2003]
(1) 1.6 x 10 –7 A (2) 1.6 x 10 –13 A (3) 1 x 10 –6 A (4) 1 x 10 2 A

E
41. The terminal voltage is when a current of 2A is flowing through 2 resistance, then the internal
2
resistance of cell is :– [RPMT 2003]
(1) 1  (2) 2  (3) 3  (4) 4 

42. A 1 voltmeter has range 1V. Find the additional resistance which has to join in series in voltmeter
to increase the range of voltmeter to 100 V :–[RPMT 2003]
1
(1) 10  (2)  (3) 99  (4) 100 
99

43. The length of a given cylindrical wire is increased by 100%. Due to the consequent decrease in
diameter the change in the resistance of the wire will be :– [AIEEE 2003]
(1) 300% (2) 200% (3) 100% (4) 50%

44. The length of a wire of a potentiometer is 100 cm, and the emf of its standard cell is E volt. It is
employed to measure the e.m.f. of a battery whose internal resistance is 0.5 . If the balance point
is obtained at  = 30 cm from the positive end, the e.m.f. of the battery is :– [AIEEE 2003]

30E 30E 30E 30(E  0.5 )

(1) (2) (3) (100  0.5) (4)
100 100.5 100
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

45. S.I. unit of current is :- [EA MCET 2003]

(1) C (2) A (3) C/s (4) N/s

46. In the shown arrangement of the experiment of the meter bridge if AC corresponding to null
deflection of galvanometer is x, what would be its value if the radius of the wire AB is doubled :–
[IIT SCR. 2003]
+ –
R1 R2
x
(1) x (2)
4 G
(3) 4x (4) 2x A B
x C

47. The current in a conductor varies with time t as I = 2t + 3t 2 amp. where I is ampere and t in second.
Electric charge flowing through a section of the conductor during t = 2 sec to t = 3 sec is :–
[ORISSA JEE 2003]
(1) 10 C (2) 24 C (3) 33 C (4) 44 C

48. If the ammeter in the given circuit reads 2A, the resistance R is :– [ORISSA JEE 2003]
(1) 1 ohm (2) 2 ohm R
3
(3) 3 ohm (4) 4 ohm
6
6V
A
49. Resistance in the two gaps of a meter bridge are 10 ohm and 30 ohm re spectively. If the resistances
are interchanged the balance point shifts by :– [ORISSA JEE 2003]
(1) 33.3 cm (2) 66.67 cm (3) 25 cm (4) 50 cm

50. Two wires of resistance R1 and R 2 at 0° C have temperature coefficient of resistance  1 and  2 ,
respectively. These are joined in series. The effective temperature coefficient of resistance is :–
[MP PET 2003]

1  2 1 R 1  2 R 2 R 1 R 2 1 2
(1) (2) 1 2 (3) R1  R 2 (4)
2 R 12  R 22

51. In the circuit shown below. The reading of the voltmeter V is :– [MP PET 2003]
(1) 12 V (2) 8 V 4 16
(3) 20 V (4) 16 V Rh +
2A
V
–
16 4

35
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
52. The equilvalent re sistance and potential difference between A and B for the circuit is respectively
[JIMPER 2004] 6

(1) 4, 8V (2) 8 , 4V 2.5

2A 6
(3) 2 , 2 V (4) 16 , 8V A B
3

53. An unknown resistance R 1 is connected in series with a re sistance of 10 . This combination is

connected to one gap of a metre bridge while a re sistance R 2 is connected in the other gap. The
balance point is at 50 cm. Now, when the 10  resistance is removed the balance point shifts to
40 cm. The value of R 1 is (in ohms) :–[KCET 2004]
(1) 20 (2) 10 (3) 60 (4) 40

54. The electric resistance of a certain wire of iron is R. If its length and radius both are doubled, then
[AIPMT 2004]
(1) the resistance will be halved and the specific resistance will remain unchanged
(2) the resistance will be halved and the specific resistance will be doubled
(3) the resistance and the specific resistance, will both remain unchanged
(4) the resistance will be doubled and the specific resistance will be halved

55. A galvanometer acting as a voltmeter will have : [AIPMT 2004]

(1) a high resistance in series with its coil (2) a low resistance in parallel with its coil
(3) a low resistance in series with its coil (4) a high resistance in parallel with its coil

56. A bat tery is charged at a potential of 15V for 8 hours when the current flowing is 10A. T he
battery on discharge supplies a current of 5 A for 15 hours. The mean terminal voltage during
discharge is 14 V. The "Wat t hour" efficiency of the batter y is : [AIPMT 2004]
(1) 80% (2) 90% (3) 87.5% (4) 82.5%

57. Five equal resistances each of re sistance R are connected as shown in the Figure. A bat tery of V
volts is connected between A and B. The current flowing in AFCEB will be [AIPMT 2004]
V V C
(1) (2)
R 2R
2V 3V
(3) (4) R R R
R R
R AB
F

D R E

58. A galvanometer of 50 ohm resistance has 25 divisions. A cur rent of 4 x 10 –4 ampere gives a
deflection of one division. To convert this galvanometer into a voltmeter having a range of 25 volts,
it should be connected with a re sistance of :– [AIPMT 2004]
(1) 245  in parallel (2) 2550  in series
(3) 2450  in series (4) 2500 in parallel

35
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

59. A 6 volt battery is connected to the terminals of a three metre long wire of uniform thickness and
resistance of 100 ohm. The difference of potential between two points on the wire separated by a
distance of 50 cm will be :– [AIPMT 2004]
(1) 3 volt (2) 1 volt (3) 1.5 volt (4) 2 volt

60. Potentiometer is used for measuring :[RPMT 2004]

(1) potential difference (2) current
(3) internal resistance (4) All of these

61. Find potential of J with :– [RPMT 2004]

60V
respect to G –
64
(1) 40 V (2) 60 V
J
(3) 20 V (4) 30 V 32
0V G

62. Eels are able to generate current with biological cells called electroplaques. The electroplaque s in
an Eel are arranged in 100 rows,each row stretching horizontally along the body of the fish containing
5000 electroplaques. The arrangement is suggestively shown below. Each electroplaques has an
emf of 0.15 V and internal resistance of 0.25. The water surrounding the Eel completes a circuit
between the head and its tail. If the water surrounding it has a re sistance of 500, the current an
Eel can produce in water is about :– [AIIMS 2004] + – 0.15V 0.25 
(1) 1.5 A (2) 3.0 A
(3) 15 A (4) 30 A
5000 electroplaques per row
100 rows

+ – + –
500

63. Two bat teries, one of emf 18 volts and internal re sistance 2 and the other of emf 12 volt and
internal re sistance 1, are connected as shown. The voltmeter V will record a reading of :–
[AIPMT 2005] V
(1) 18 volt (2) 30 vol (3) 14 volt (4) 152volt
18V

1 12V

64. When a wire of uniform cross-section a, length  and re sistance R is bent into a complete circle,
resistance between any two of diametrically opposite points will be :– [AIPMT 2005]
R R R
(1) (2) (3) (4) 4R
2 4 8

37
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
65. For the network shown in the figure the value of the current i is :– [AIPMT 2005]
18 V 5V 2
(1) (2)
5 9
4 4
3
9V 5V 6
(3) (4)
35 18
i V

66. In potentiometer experiment when terminals of the cell is at distance of 52cm, then no current
flows through it. When 5shunt resistance is connected in it then balance length is at 40 cm. The
internal resistance of the cell is :– [RPMT 2005]
200 52
(1) 5 (2) (3) (4) 1·5
52 8

67. A potentiometer wire has resistance 40 and its length is 10m. It is connected by a resistance of
760in series. If emf of battery is 2V then potential gradient is :– [RPMT 2005]
(1) 0·5 x 10 –6 V/m (2) 1 x 10 –6 V/m (3) 1 x 10 –2 V/m (4) 2 x 10 –6 V/m

68. In the circuit shown, if a conducting wire is connected between points A and B, the current in this
wire will :– [AIPMT 2006]
A
(1) flow from A to B
4 4
(2) flow in the direction which will be decided by the value of V
(3) be zero
1 3
(4) flow from B to A
B
V

69. The resistance of an ammeter is 13 and its scale is graduated for a current upto 100 amps. After
and additional shunt has been connected to this ammeter it becomes possible to measure currents
upto 750 amperes by this meter. The value of shunt-resistance is :– [AIPMT 2007]
(1) 2 k (2) 20  (3) 2  (4) 0.2 

70. In the circuit shown, the current through the 4 resistor is 1 amp when the points P and M are
connected to a d.c. voltage source. The potential difference bet ween the points M and N is :-
[AIPMT 2008] 4
(1) 0.5 volt (2) 3.2 volt
(3) 1.5 volt (4)1.0 volt

P M

0.5 N 

0.5

71. A galvanometer of resistance 50 is connected to a bat tery of 3V alongwith a resistance of 2950
in series. A full scale deflection of 30 divisions is obtained in the galvanometer. In order to reduce
this deflection to 20 division, the resistance in series should be :- [AIPMT 2008]
(1) 6050 (2) 4450 (3) 5050 (4) 5550

37
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

72. A current of 3 ampere flows through the 2– resistor shown in the circuit. The power dissipated
2
in the 5– re sistor is :- [AIPMT 2008]

(1) 1 watt (2) 5 wat t
(3) 4 watt (4) 2 wat t  

73. A wire of resistance 12 ohms per meter is bent to form a complete circle of radius 10 cm. The
resistance bet ween its two diametrically opposite points, A and B as shown in the figure, is :-
(1) 6 (2) 0.6 [AIPMT 2009]
(3) 3 (4) 6  A B

74. See the electrical circuit shown in this figure. Which of the following equations is a correct equation
for it? [AIPMT 2009] R
(1)  1 – (i 1 + i 2)R + i 1r 1 = 0 i1  1 r1
(2)  1 – (i 1 + i 2)R – i 1r 1 = 0
i2
(3)  2 – i 2r 2 –  1 – i 1r 1 = 0
r2 2
(4) –  2 – (i 1 + i 2)R + i 2r 2 = 0

75. A galvanometer having a coil resistance of 60 shows full scale deflection when a current of 1.0
amp passes through it. It can be converted into an ammeter to read currents upto 5.0 amp by :-
[AIPMT 2009]
(1) putting in parallel a resistance of 15  (2) put ting in parallel a resistance of 240 
(3) putting in series a resistance of 15 (4) put ting in series a resistance of 240 

76. A student measures the terminal potential difference (V) of a cell (of emf and internal resistance r)
as a function of the current (I) flowing through it. The slope, and intercept, of the graph between V
and I, then respectively, equal :- [AIPMT 2009]
(1) –and r (2)  and –r (3) –r and  (4) r and –

77. A potentiometer circuit is set up as shown. The potential gradient, across the potentiometer wire,
is k volt/cm and the ammeter, present in the circuit, reads 1.0 A when two way key is switched off.
The balance points, when the key between the terminals (i) 1 and 2 (ii) 1 and 3, is plugged in, are
found to be at lengths  1 cm and  2 cm respectively. The magnitudes, of the resistors R and X, in
ohms, are then, equal respectively, to :-[AIPMT Pre. 2010] + –
( •)
(1) k 1 and k 2 (2) k( 2 –  1) and k 2
(3) k 1 and k( 2 –  1)
A B
(4) k( 2 –  1) and k 1 1
G
2 3

– R X
A
+
( •)

39
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

78. A galvanometer has coil of resistance 100 ohm and gives a full scale deflection for 30 mA current.
If it is to work as a voltmeter of 30 volt range, the re sistance required to be added will be :-
[AIPMT Pre. 2010]
(1) 1000  (2) 900  (3) 1800  (4) 500 

79. Consider the following two statements :

(A) Kirchhoff's junction law follows from the conservation of charge.
(B) Kirchhoff's loop law follows from the conservation of energy [AIPMT Pre. 2010]
Which of the following is correct ?
(1) Both (A) and (B) are correct (2) Both (A) and (B) are wrong
(3) (A) is correct and (B) is wrong (4) (A) is wrong and (B) is correct

80. A current of 2 A flows through a 2 resistor when connected across a batter y. The same bat tery
supplies a current of 0.5A when connected across a 9 resistor The internal re sistance of the bat tery
is: [AIPMT Pre. 2011]
(1) 0.5  (2) 1/3 (3) 1/4  (4) 1

81. If power dissipated in the 9- resistor in the circuit shown is 36 Wat t, the potential difference across
the 2- re sistor is : [AIPMT Pre. 2011] 9

(1) 4 Volt (2) 8 Volt 6

(3) 10 Volt (4) 2 Volt

V 2
82. In the circuit shown in the figure, if the potential at point A is taken to be zero, the potential at
point B is :- [AIPMT Mains 2011] R 2V
D 1
B
1A
(1) +1V (2) –1V
(3) +2V (4) –2V R 2
2 2A

A
C 2A
1V 1A

83. A galvanometer of resistance, G, is shunted by a re sistance S ohm. To keep the main current in
the circuit unchanged, the re sistance to be put in serie s with the galvanometer is :- [ A I P M T
Mains 2011]
G S2 SG G2
(1) (S  G ) (2) (3) (S  G ) (4)
(S  G ) (S  G )

84. A thermocouple of negligible resistance produce s an e.m.f. of 40 µV/°C in the linear range of
temperature. A galvanometer of resistance 10 ohm whose sensitivity is 1 µA/div, is employed with
the thermocouple. The smalle st value of temperature difference that can be detected by the system
will be :- [AIPMT Mains 2011]
39
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
(1) 0.25°C (2) 0.5°C (3) 1°C (4) 0.1°C

85. A ring is made of a wire having a re sistance R 0 = 12. Find the points A and B as shown in the
figure at which a current carrying conductor should be cannected so that the re sistance R of the

1
8
sub circuit between these points is equal to . [AIPMT Pre. 2012]
3 A B

 3  1
(1)   8 (2)   2
1 1

2
2 2

 5  1
(3)   8 (4)   3
1 1

2 2

86. If voltage across a bulb rated 220 Volt 100 Wat t drops by 2.5% of its rated value, the percentage
of the rated value by which the power would decrease is [AIPMT Pre. 2012]
(1) 5% (2) 10% (3) 20% (4) 2.5%

87. In the circuit shown the cells A and B have negligible resistances. For V A = 12V, R 1 = 500 and
R = 100 the galvanometer (G) shows no deflection.The value of V B is : [AIPMT Pre. 2012]
(1) 12V (2) 6V R1
G
(3) 4V (4) 2V
VA R VB

88. A milli voltmeter of 25 milli volt range is to be converted into an ammeter of 25 ampere range. The
value (in ohm) of necessary shunts will be : [AIPMT Pre. 2012]
(1) 1 (2) 0.05 (3) 0.001 (4) 0.01

89. The power dissipated in the circuit shown in the figure is 30 Wat ts. The value of R is :
[AIPMT Mains 2012] R
(1) 10  (2) 30 
(3) 20  (4) 15 
5

10V
90. A cell having an emf  and internal resistance r is connected across a variable external resistance
R. As the resistance R is increased, the plot of potential difference V across R is given by :-
[AIPMT Mains 2012]

 V
 
(1) V (2) (3) V (4) V

0 R 0 R 41 0 R 0 R
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

STD. XII
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S DATE :

TIME :
PHYSICS TUTORIALS
PHYSICS
TOPIC : CURRENT ELECTRICITY - TUTORIAL SHEET - II

STUDENT NAME :

1. In the Bohr's model of hydrogen atom, the electron moves around the nucleus in a circular orbit of
radius 5 x 10–11 m. Its time period is 1.5 x 10 –16 s. The current associated with the electron motion
is :–
(1) zero (2) 1.6 x 10 –19 A (3) 0.17 A (4) 1.07 x 10 –3 A

 A  
2. Three copper wires of lengths and cross-sectional areas are (, A);  2 , 2  and  2 ,2 A  Resistance
   
is minimum is :–
A
(1) wire of cross-sectional are (2) wire of cross-sectional are A
2
(3) wire of cross-sectional area 2A (4) same is all the three cases

3. When a piece of aluminium wire of finite length is drawn through a series of dies to reduce its
diameter to half its original value, its re sistance will become :–
(1) two times (2) four times (3) eight times (4) sixteen times

4. Assume that each atom of copper contributes one free electron. The density of copper is 9g cm –3
and atomic weight of copper is 63. If the current flowing through a copper wire of 1 mm diameter
is 1.1 ampere, the drift velocity of electrons will be :–
(1) 0.01 mm s –1 (2) 0.02 mm s –1 (3) 0.2 mm s –1 (4) 0.1 mm s –1

5. A metal wire of resistance R is cut into three equal pieces that are then connected side by side to
form a new wire, the length of which is equal to one third of the original length. The resistance of
this new wire is :–
R R
(1) R (2) 3R (3) (4)
9 3

6. Two cells X and Y are connected to a resistance of 10 as shown in the figure. The terminal
voltage of cell Y is :– 6V,2 4V,8
(1) zero (2) 2V
(3) 4V (4) 10V X
10
Y

41
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
7. Masses of three wires of same metal are in the ratio 1:2:3 and their lengths in the ratio 3:2:1.
Electrical resistance of these wire s will be in the ratio of :–
(1) 1:1:1 (2) 1:2:3 (3) 9:4:1 (4) 27:6:1

8. As the temperature of a metallic resistor is increased, the product of resistivity and conductivit y :–
(1) increase s (2) decrease s
(3) may increase or decrease (4) remains constant

9. What will be the equivalent re sistance between the A and D ? A 10 10 10 B
(1) 10 (2) 20 10 10
(3) 30 (4) 40 C D
10 10 10

10. In the arrangement of resistances shown in the circuit, the potential difference between points B
and D will be zero, when the unknown resistance X is :– B
4
(1) 4  (2) 3 
X
(3) 2  (4) 1  12
A C

1
1
1
3
+ – D

11. It is observed in a potentiometer experiment that no current passe s through the galvanometer,
when the terminals of the cell are connected across a cer tain length of the potentiometer wire. On
shunting the cell by a 2resistance, the balancing length is reduced to half. The internal resistance
of the cell is :–
(1) 4 (2) 2  (3) 9  (4) 18 

12. The resistance across P and Q in the given figure is A

R R
(1) (2)
3 2
R R
(3) 2R (4) 6R R
R

R
P B R C Q
13. When no current, is passed through a conductor :–
(1) the free electrons do not move
(2) the average speed of a free electron over a large period of time is zero
(3) the average velocity of a free electron over a large period of time is zero
(4) the average of square of velocities of all the free electrons at an instant is zero

43
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
14. A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. The quantity/quantities
constant along the length of the conductor is/are
(1) current, electric field and drift velocity (2) drift speed only
(3) current and drift speed (4) current only

15. Internal resistance of primary cell depends on :–

(1) nature of electrolyte (2) area of plates immeresed in the electrolyte
(3) Concentration of electrolyte and distance between the plates
(4) all the above

16. The resistance of the circuit between A and B is : r r

(1) r (2) 0.5r r r

r
(3) 2r (4) 3r
A r r B
r
r r

17. The number of free electrons per 10 mm of an ordinary copper wire is about 2 x 10 21. The average
drift speed of the electrons is 0.25 mm/sec The current flowing is :–
(1) 0.8A (2) 8A (3) 80A (4) 5A

18. The potential difference bet ween the terminals of a cells is found to be 3 volts when it is connected
to a resistance equal to its internal re sistance. The e.m.f. of the cell is :–
(1) 3V (2) 6V (3) 1.5V (4) 4.5V

19. Reading of ammeter in ampere for the following circuit is :– + –

1 2V
(1) 1 (2) i
2 A
2 2 2
2
(3) (4) 3 2V
3 + –

20. The following diagram shows the circuit for the comparision of e.m.f. of the cells. The circuit can be
corrected by :–
(1) Reversing the terminals of E E Rh

(2) Reversing the terminals of E1

E1
(3) Reversing the terminals of E 2
(4) Reversing the current in Rh. E2
G

21. In the following circuit, the reading of the voltmeter will be :– + –

(in volt) Rh
12V
(1) 7.2 V
40cm 60cm
(2) 4.8
(3) 6 4.8V G
(4) 4 + –

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
22. In the following diagram, the deflection in the galvanometer in a potentiometer circuit is zero, then
(1) E 1 > E 2 (2) E 2 > E 1 + –
(3) E 1 = E 2 (4) E 1 + E 2 = E E Rh
A B
E1

G
E2 G

23. In the following circuit, the resistance of a voltmeter is 10,000  and that of an ammeter is 20 .
If the reading of an ammeter is 0.1 amp. and that of voltmeter is 12 volt, then the value of R is :–
(1) 122  (2) 100  A
(3) 118  (4) 116  R + –

+ –
V
24. Value of Current i in the following circuit is :–
1A
(1) 13 A (2) 12 A
(3) 9 A (4) none of the above 10A i

6A
2A

25. The resistance of galvanometer is G ohm and the range is 1 volt. The value of re sistance used to
convert it into a voltmeter of range 10 volt is :–
1
(1) 9G (2) G (3) G (4) 10 G
9

26. The total resistance bet ween x and y in ohm is :– 4

(1) 1  (2) 4  8 4
4 2 2 6
(3)  (4) 
3 3
4
x y

27. The emf of a standard cell is balanced at 150 cm length of a potentiometer wire. When this cell is
shunted by a 2ohm resistance, the null point is obtained at 100 cm. The value of internal resistance
of the cell is :–
(1) 0.1 ohm (2) 1 ohm (3) 2 ohm (4) 0.5 ohm

28. The resultant resistance of n resistance wire s each of r ohm is R, when they are connected in
parallel. When these n resistance are connected in series, the resultant resistance will be :–
R R
(1) (2) (3) nR (4) n 2R
n n2

29. A galvanometer of resistance 100 gives full deffection for a current 10 –5 A. The value of shunt
required to convert it into a ammeter of range 1 ampere, is :–
(1) 1  (2) 10 –3  (3) 1 –5  (4) 100

30. 20% of the main current passes through the galvanometer. If the resistance of the galvanometer is
G, then the re sistance of the shunt will be :–
45
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

G G
(1) (2) (3) 50G (4) 9G
50 4

31. In the following circuit diagram the value of resistance X for the potential difference between B and
D is zero :–
+ –
(1) 4 ohm B

X
(2) 6 ohm

6
(3) 8 ohm

8

3
15
(4) 9 ohm A 4 C
6

15

4
6 4
D

32. The sensitivity of a potentiometer is increased by

(1) increasing the emf of the cell. (2) increasing the length of the potentiometer wire.
(3) decreasing the length of potentiometer wire. (4) none of the above.

33. A potential gradient is created in the wire by a standared cell for the comparision of emf's of t wo
cells in a potentiometer experiment. Which possibility of the following will cause failure of the
experiment.
(1) the emf of the standard cell is higher than that of the other cells.
(2) the diameter of the wires is equal and similar,
(3) the number of wires is ten.
(4) the emf of the standard cell is less than those of both the cells.

34. A voltmeter of 998 ohm resistance is connected to a cell of emf 2 volt, having internal resistance of
2 ohms, The error in measuring emf will be :–
(1) 4  10 —1 V (2) 2  10 —3 V (3) 4  10 —3 V (4) 2  10 —1 V

35. Find the potential difference between X and Y in volt is :– X

(1) 1 (2) –1 2 3
(3) 2 (4) –2
2A 2A
3 2
Y
36. A cell of e.m.f. 2V and negligible internal resistance is connected to re sistor R 1 and R 2 as shown in
the figure. The resistance of the Voltmeter, R 1 and R 2 are 80 , 40  and 80  respectively. The
reading of the Voltmeter is :–
(1) 1.78 V (2) 1.60 V R2
2V
(3) 0.80 V (4) 1.33 V + –
R1
V
E

37. Potentiometer wire length is 10 m, having a total resistance of 10If a battery of emf 2 volt (negligible
internal resistance) and a rheostat is connected to it then potential gradient is 20mV/m find the resistance
applied through rheostat :–
(1) 90 (2) 990 (3) 40 (4) 190

45
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
38. P, Q is a uniform wire of resistance 2000 and M the mid point of PQ. A voltmeter of resistance
1000 is connected between P and M. The reading of the voltmeter, when, the potential difference
applied between PQ is 150 volt will be.
V
(1) 150 volt (2) 100 volt
(3) 75 volt (4) 50 volt P M Q

39. A student connects a voltmeter, ammeter and resistance according to the circuit given. If the voltmeter
reading is 20 V and ammeter reading is 4 A, then the resistance will be
(1) equal to 5  (2) more than 5 
(3) less than 5 
(4) more of less depending on the material of wire

40. A potentiometer wire of 10 m length and having a resistance of 1 ohm/m is connected to an

accumulator of emf 2.2 volt and a high resistance box. To obtain a potential gradient of
2.2mV/m, the value of resistance used from the resistance box is :–
(1) 790 ohm (2) 810 ohm (3) 990 ohm (4) 1000 ohm

41. In the following circuit if V A–V B = 4V, then the value of resistance X in ohms will be :–
(1) 5 (2) 10
(3) 15 (4) 20 10 5V
A 2V X B

42. For the network of resistance shown in the fig. the equivalent resistance of the network bet ween
the points A and B is 18 . The value of unknown re sistance R is :–
(1) 8  (2) 10  R
(3) 16  (4) 24  10 10
10

B 10 10 10 A

43. When a potential difference is applied across the ends of a linear metallic conductor :–
(1) the free electrons are accelerated continuously from the lower potential end to the higher potential
end of the conductor
(2) the free electrons are accelerated continuously from the higher potential end to the lower potential
end of the conducotr
(3) the free electrons acquire a costant drift velocity from the lower potential end to the higher
potential end of the conductor.
(4) the free electrons are set in motion from their position of re st

44. A current of 2 A is flowing through a cell of e.m.f. 5 V and internal re sistance 0.5  from negative
to positive electrode. If the potential of negative electrode is 10 V, the potential of positive electrode
will be :–
(1) 5 V (2) 14 V (3) 15 V (4) 16 V

47
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
45. 100 cells, each of e.m.f. 5 V and internal re sitance 1 , are to be arranged so as to produce
maximum current in a 25  resistance. Each row is to contain equal number of cells. The number of
rows should be :–
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 10

46. Two re sistance R 1 and R 2 are made of different materials. The temperature coefficient of the
material of R 1 is  and of the material of R 2 is –. The resistance of the series combination of R 1
and R 2 will not change with temp., then ratio of re sistance of two wire at 0°C will be :
  2  2 
(1)  (2)    (3) (4)
 

47. In the arrangment of re sistances shown below. The effective resistance between points A and B is
(1) 20  (2) 30  5 10 15
(3) 90  (4) 110 
A 10 10 B

10 20 30

48. A resistance of 4 and a wire of length 5 m and resistance 5  are joined in series and connected
to a cell of e.m.f. 10V and internal resistance 1 . A Parallel combination of t wo identical cells is
balanced across 300 cm of the wire. The e.m.f. E of each cell is : 4 10V,1
(1) 1.5 V (2) 3.0 V
3m
(3) 0.67V (4) 1.33 V
E 5,5m

E
G
49. Electromotive force of a cell is basically a
(1) force (2) power (3) work (4) current capacity

50. A battery of 10 V and internal re sistance 0.5  is conneted across a variable resistance R. The
value of R for which the power delivered in its maximum state, is equal to :–
(1) 0.5  (2) 1  (3) 1.5  (4) 2 

51. A galvanometer has a resistance G and current i a flowing in it, produces full scale deflection. If S 1
is the value of shunt which converts it into an ammeter of range 0 – i and S 2 is the value of the shunt
S1
for the range 0 – 2i. Then the ratio S will be :
2

1  i  ia   2i  i a 
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 2  2i  i  (4)  i  i 
 a   a 

52. In a Neon discharge tube 2.9 x 10 18 Ne + ions move to the right each second, while 1.2 x 10 18
electrons move to the left per sec., electron charge is 1.6 x 10 –19 C. The current in the discharge
tube :–
(1) 1 A towards right (2) 0.66 A towards right (3) 0.66 A towards left (4) zero

47
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

53. When a resistance of 2 ohm is connected across the terminals of a cell, the current is 0.5 A. When
the resistance is increased to 5 ohm, the current is 0.25 A. The e.m.f. of the cell is :–
(1) 1.0 V (2) 1.5 V (3) 2.0 V (4) 2.5 V

54. Two nonideal bat teries are connected in parallel consider the following statements :
(A) The equivalent emf is smaller than either of the two emfs
(B) The equivalent internal resistance is smaller than either of the two internal resistances
(1) both A and B are correct (2) A is correct but B is wrong
(3) B is correct but A is wrong (4) both A and B are wrong

55. The current in  resistance is (as per given circuit)

4
(1) 0.69 A 8V
(2) 0.92 A 8
(3) 1.30 A 6V 6
(4) 1.6 A

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

STD. XII
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S DATE :

TIME :
PHYSICS TUTORIALS
PHYSICS
TOPIC : CURRENT ELECTRICITY - TUTORIAL SHEET - I - SOLUTION

STUDENT NAME :

ANSWER KEY
Q ue . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
An s . 1 1 4 2 2 3 4 2 3 3 3 2 2 4 3
Q ue . 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
An s . 4 4 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 2
Q ue . 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
An s . 1 3 1 1 1 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 2
Q ue . 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
An s . 1 2 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 2 4
Q ue . 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
An s . 3 1 3 2 4 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 1
Q ue . 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
An s . 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 4 1 2 1 4 3 1 1

5 5
B
   C   55  50 
2. r  0  R =  50  10 = 1  I
31. 5 5
 C   
2V
I
[Here 0 = 55 cm ; C = 50 cm ; R = 10 ]
5. Wheatstone bridge is in balance condition
A
5 5
(R  3 ).10
11. + 3 = R (given)
(R  3 )  10 Resistance of each (across battery) sides = 15

solve it (10R + 30) = (R – 3) (R + 13) 2

so current through both branches =
15
10R + 30 = R2 – 39 + 10R or R = 69 
by KVL from A to B
13. Circuit can be redrawn as
A 2V B 2 2
Total emf = 2 + 2 = 4V VA – VB = 5 I + 5 I – 5 I = 5 × = volt
15 3
I
4
so I = = 2A dQ
2 47.  I=
dt
2V 2
R
 dQ = Idt
E 2 10
14. x  w   0.4 V/m
R  R w L w 40  10 1 3

  (2t  3t
2
Q= Idt = )dt
 E = x = 0.4 × 40 × 10–2 = 0.16 V
2

on solving Q = 24C

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

50. R 1'  R 1 (1  1 ) ;R 2'  R 2 (1  2 ) 1 4 1

Hence  
2 8 2
Rnet = R 1'  R 2' = R1 (1 1 ) + R2 (1 2 )
P V
86. P  V2 So 2 = 5%
P V
= R1 + R2 +  (R 1 1  R 2 2 )
87. VB = potential drop across R

 R 1 1  R 2 2   R   100 
 VB =   VA =   (12)  2V
= (R1 + R2) 1  R1  R 2

 R  R 1  100  500 
 

compair this equation R = R 0 (1  net ) 25mV

88. V
R 1 1 R 2 2 25A
 net 
R1  R 2 R
25A

58. 25  10 3
Shunt resistance = = 10–3 = 0.001
25
According to question 25 = I(R + Rg)
V2 V2 10  10 10
89. PTotal = R So Req =  
= (4 × 10–4 × 25) (R + 50) eq PTotal 30 3

 R + 50 = 2500  R = 2450 R1R 2

As Req = R  R
1 2
62. Given situation can be represented as
10 5R
   R = 10
3 5 R

SE 750
I= = = 1·46 A  1·5A
Sr 512  5
R
P

77. R = k1 and R + X = k2

x = k2 – k1 = k(2–1)

I I x
83. G G

S
Total current remains same only when total resistance
remains same

GS G2
G= +x x=
GS GS
R1R 2 8

85. R 1  R 2 3 & R1 + R2 = 12  R1R2 = 32

 R2 – R1 = (R1  R 2 ) 2  4R1R 2

= 12 2  4  32 = 4
So R1= 4 and R2 = 8

51
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

STD. XII
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S DATE :

TIME :
PHYSICS TUTORIALS
PHYSICS
TOPIC : CURRENT ELECTRICITY - TUTORIAL SHEET - II - SOLUTION

STUDENT NAME :

ANSWER KEY
Q ue . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
An s . 4 3 4 4 3 1 4 4 3 3 2 1 3 4 4
Q ue . 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
An s . 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 4 2 2
Q ue . 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
An s . 3 2 4 4 1 3 1 4 2 3 4 3 3 2 1
Q ue . 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
An s . 4 1 2 3 1 4 2 2 3 1

9. Redraw circuit RAD = 30

Q
1. I=
T 20
10 10
A D
NA X Y
4. No. of atom in 1 gm Cu =
63 20
17. No. of electron per unit volume
NA
No. of atom/cm3 = 9
63
2  10 21
 each atom contributes one electron n= , here A= cross section area
10  10 3  A
NA
So no. of electron (n)/m3 =  9 × 106 I = neAvd Solved it.
63
Now I = neAvd 19. Redraw the circuit
put values I, n, e, A and calculate for vd
2 2V
10
6. V= E – Ir = 4   8 = 0V
20

10 1 A
( I=  A) 2
20 2

7. is same so R 2V 2
A
Now m=Vd  m = Ad Equalent emf of two cells in branches other then A is
m 2
A  R E 1 r2 + E 2 r1 r1 r2
 m and r = r + r
r1 + r2 1 2

9 4 1
R 1 : R2 : R3 = : : = 27 : 6 : 1
1 2 3

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
2
soE = 2V, r = 1 A
 IR  E0 R
E   w   E  w 
 LL  R  r  Rw L
2V 2
I= = amp. 2V 1
2+1 3
10 5
E   3  3volt
21. voltage on 40 cm = 4.8 V 4 1  5 5

4.8 E 1 r2  E 2 r1 r1 r2
voltage on 60 cm so = × 60 = 7.2 volt. 55. E net  req 
40 r1  r2 , r1  r2

23. V = I(R + RA)

12 = 0.1(R + 20) I 8

12 E net
 R   20  I 
0.1 R  req

R = 100  Enet req

24. Iin = Iout

10 + 1 + 2 = I  I  13A

8x
21 8+x +3

P R
31.  
A C Q S

18 6

35. V x + 2 × 1 – 3 × 1 = Vy
Vx – Vy = +1 volt
1
A V
20
1 1000
A
20
P Q
M
1000
1
38. A
10

150V

V
I=
R eq

150 1
I=  A
1500 10

1
V  1000
20
V = 50 volt

V 
48.  E   
L 

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

HEATING EFFECT IN CURRENT

CAUSE OF HEATING
The potential difference applied across the two ends of conductor sets up electric field. Under the effect
of electric field, electrons accelerate and as they move, they collide against the ions and atoms in the
conductor, the energy of e – transferred to the atoms and ions appears as heat.
Joules's Law of Heating :
When a current I is made to flow through a passive or ohmic resistance R for time t, heat Q is porduced
such that

V2
Q = I2 R t Q= P x t = V I t = t
R
Heat produced in conductor does not depend upon the direction of current.
SI UNIT : joule ; Practical Units : 1 kilowatt hour (kWh)
1kWh = 3.6 x 10 joule = 1 unit
6
1 BTU (British Thermal Unit) = 1055 J
1kWh = 1 B.O.T.U. (Board of Trade Unit) = 3412 BTU

V2
Power : P = V I = = I 2R SI UNIT : Watt
R
The wat t-hour meter placed on the premises of ever y consumer records the electrical energy consumed.

Serie s combination of resistors (bulbs)

P1,V P2,V
PP
total power consumed Ptotal  1 2
P1  P2

P
if n bulbs are identical Ptotal 
n

1
in series combination of bulbs Brightness  Power consumed by bulb  V  R  P
rated

bulb of lesser wat tage will shine more.

for same current P = I 2R P  R R  P
P1,V
Parallel combination of re sistors (bulbs) :
total power consumed P total = P 1 + P 2 P2,V
if n bulbs are identical P total = nP
1
in parallel combination of bulbs Brightness  Power consumed by bulb  I 
R
bulb of greater wat tage will shine more.
1
for same V more power will be consumed in smaller resistance P 
R
* Two identical heater coils gives total heat H S when connected in series and H p when connected in parallel
HP
than 4 [In this case, it is assumed that supply voltage is same]
HS

* If a heater boils m kg water in time T 1 and another heater boils the same water in T 2, then both connected
1 2 T T
in series will boil the same water in time T s = T 1 + T 2 and if in parallel TP  T  T [Use time taken
1 2

 Resistance]
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
* Instruments based on heating effect of current, works on both A.C. and D.C. Equal value of A.C. (RMS)
and D.C. produces, equal heating effect. Thats why brightness of bulb is same whether it is operated by
A.C. or same value D.C.

FUSE WIRE
The fuse wire for an electric circuit is chosen keeping in view the value of safe current through the circuit.
* The fuse wire should have high resistance per unit length and low melting point.
* However the melting point of the material of fuse wire should be above the temperature that will,be
reached on the passage of the current through the circuit
* A fuse wire is made of alloys of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn).
* Length of fuse wire is immaterial.
* The material of the filament of a heater should have high resistivity and high melting point.
* The temperature of the wire increases to such a value at which, the heat produced per second equals
heat lost per second due to radiation from the surface of wire
  
I 2  2   H  2 r   I2  r 3
 r 
H = heat lost per second per unit area due to radiation.
Ex. An electric heater and an electric bulb are rated 500 W, 220 V and 100 W, 220 V respectively. Both
are connected in series to a 220 V a.c. mains. Calculate power consumed by (i) heater (ii) bulb.

V2 V2
Sol. P = or R 
R P

(220)2 (220)2
For heater. Resistance R h = = 96.8  For bulb re sistance R L = = 484 
500 100

V 220
Current in the circuit when both are connected in series I = R  R  484  96.8 = 0.38 A
L h

(i) Power consumed by heater = I 2R h = (0.38) 2 x 96.8 = 13.98 W

(ii) Power consumed by bulb = I 2R L = (0.38) 2 x 484 = 69.89 W
Ex. What is the largest voltage you can safely put across a resistor marked 196  – 1W ?
Sol. V 2 = RP  V  R  P  196  1  14 volt

Ex. A heater coil is rated 100 W, 200 V. It is cut into two identical par ts. Both parts are connected
together in parallel, to the same source of 200 V. Calculate the energy liberated per second in the
new combination.

V2 V2 (200)2 400
Sol.  P = , R  = = 400  Resistance of half piece = = 200 
R P 100 2

200
Resistance of pieces connected in parallel = = 100 
2

V 2 200  200
Energy liberated/second = P   = 400 W
R 100

Ex. The power of a heater is 500W at 800°C. What will be its power at 200°C it  = 4 x 10 –4 per °C ?

V2 P R R (1  4  10 4  800) 500  1.32

 P  R  R (1  4  10 4  200)  P200   611W
200 800 0
Sol. P
R 800 200 0 1.08

Ex. Two bulbs whose resistance s are in the ratio 1 :2 are connected in parallel to a source of constant
voltage. What will be the ratio of the power dissipation in these?
Sol. Let resistances of bulbs are R and 2R
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

V2 V2
Power dissipated P =  P1 =
R R

V2 P 2
 P 1
1
and P2 =
2R 2

Ex. When a battery sends current through a re sistance R 1 for time t, the heat produced in the resistor is
Q. When the same battery sends current through another resistance R 2 for time t, the heat produced
in R 2 is again Q. Determine the internal resistance of battery.
2 2
 E   E 
Sol.   R1    R 2  r  R1R 2
 R1  r  R2  r 

Ex. How much time heater will take to increase the temperature of 100 g water by 50°C if resistance of
heating coil is 484 and supply voltage is 220V a.c.
Sol. Heat given by heater = heat taken by water

V2
 t = ms J
R

220  220
 t = (100 x 10 –3) (4.2 x 10 3) (50)
484
 t = 210 sec

CHEMICAL EFFECT OF CURRENT

ELECTROLYSIS
Electrolysis is the process of liberating free elements from an electrolyte by passing electric current
through it.
VOLTA METER A
+ –
A vessel containing two electrodes and the electrolyte for carrying out electrolysis
is called voltameter.
Ag+

cathode
Cations (positive ions) collected at cathode.
anode

–
NO3
Anions (negative ions) collected at anode.
AgNO3
solution
voltameter

FAR A DAY'S L AW OF ELECTROLYSIS

First law :
The mass of the ions deposited or liberated in electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantit y of
electricity i.e., charge passed through the electrolyte.
If m be the mass of the ions and Q the total charge passed, then
mQ m=ZQ
Z = the electrochemical equivalent (ECE) of the substance.
Its value depends upon the nature of the substances.
If the electric current I flows for time t, then
m = ZIt
Electrochemical equivalent (ECE)
The electrochemical equivalent of a substance is defined as the mass of the ions liberated or deposited
during electrolysis when one coulomb of electricity is passed through the electrolyte or when one ampere
of current is passed through the electrolyte for one second.
If Q = 1 coulomb, then m=Z
If I = 1 ampere and t = 1 second, then m=Z
UNIT : gram per coulomb (g C –1).
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
Experimental verification of first law :
Take a copper voltameter and make its arrangment as shown in figure.
Clean, dr y and weight the copper plate B. Pass a known current for
A
half an hour. Take out the plate B and wash slowly in running water.
+ –
Dry and weight it again. Calculate the mass of copper deposited. A B
Repeat the experiment when the same current is passed for doubled

copper plate
copper plate
the time.
The deposit of copper will be twice as much as in the first case. If
the current is doubled and is passed for the same time as in first CuSO4
case, the deposit will again be doubled. This verifies that the amount solution
of copper deposited is proportional to the strength of the current
and the time for which the current is passed.

Current Time Mass deposited

I t m
I 2t 2m

2I t 2m
Second law :
If same quantity of electricit y is passed through different electrolytes, mass of the different substances
deposited at the re spective cathodes are proportional to their chemical equivalents
m
 constant
E
For given two substance of chemical equivalents E 1 and E 2 :
m1 E
 1
m2 E2

Experimental verification of second law :

Take copper and silver voltameters and make arrangment as shown – +
in figure. Weigh the negative copper and silver plates separately. Pass a A
certain current for a certaintime. It will be observed that + – + –
copper plate
copper plate

silver plate

silver plate
Mass of copper deposited A Cu 31.75
 
Mass of silver deposited A Ag 108

This verifies the second law. CuSO4 Ag NO3

solution solution

Chemical equivalent (E)

Chemical equivalent of a substance is numerically equal to its atomic weight divided by valancy.
Relation between E and Z
m1 Z m1 Z
Faraday's first law  1 Faraday's second law  1
m 2 Z2 m 2 Z2

m1 E Z E1
so  1  1  Z1   Z2 or Z  E
m 2 E 2 Z2 E2

FAR A DAY'S CONSTANT

A Faraday is the quantity of charge required to liberate one gram equivalent of a substance during
electolysis.
or
Charge required to liberate one mole of a monovalent element during electrolysis.

5
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

E1 Z
As we know  1  E  Faraday constant
E 2 Z2 Z
m
m = Zq or Z  q

Eq
 F
m
If m = E (gram equivalnet of a substance), then F = q.
For example for copper E = 31.5 gram and Z = 0.000329 gram C –1
31.5
 F  96500 C
0.000329
If p is the valency of the element,
then electrons has to flow through the solution to deposit one atom= pe
 charge required to deposit 1 mol of the substance = Npe,
N = Avogadro number and m = M
 M = ZNpe
M 1 E E
 Z  p Ne  Ne  F

F = Ne = Faraday constant
or F = 6.0229 x 10 23 x 1.602 x 10 –19 = 96487.5 C ~ 96500 C

Ex. A steady current of 10A is maintained in a copper voltameter. Find the time required to deposit 2.5g
of copper. The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.5 and Faraday constant F is 96500 C mol –1.
E M Mit
Sol.  m = Zit and Z = F  pF  m = pF

where m = 2.5 g, F = 96500 C/mol, M = 63.5, i = 10A and p = 2

mpF 2.5  2  96500
 t=   760 s
Mi 63.5  10

Ex. A copper voltameter is connected in serie s with a coil of resistance 100 . A steady current flowing
in the circuit for 10 minutes, gives a deposit of 0.1 g of copper in the voltameter. Calculate the heat
generated in the resistance coil. (ECE of Cu 3.3 x 10 –7 kg/C)
Sol. From first law of electrolysis, m = ZIt

m 0.1  10 3
 I=   0.505 A
Zt 3.3  10 7  600
Heat generated in the resistance coil = I 2Rt = (0.505) 2 (100)600 = 15301 J
Ex. In a copper voltameter, a varying electric current, as shown in graph,
0.2
current (A)

is passed. The mass of copper deposited at the end of 30 s is m gram.

Using graph find value of ECE of copper in g C –1. 0.1
time
m
Sol. Using, Z= (m is mass deposited at the end of 30 s) 0 10 20 30
It

1
where It = Area OABC of graph = 2 x x 10 x 0.1 + 10 x 0.1 = 2C
2
m
Then,Z = gC –1
2

5
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT
THERMOCOUPLE
Fe
The arrangement of two wires of differente materials joined at their I
hot cold
ends so as to form junctions, is called a thermocouple.
I
Cu

SEEBECK EFFECT
The phenomenon of production of e.m.f. causing a current to flow in a thermocouple, when its t wo
junctions are kept at difference temperature is known as seeback effect.
I
SEEBECK SERIES Cu Fe Cu
Sb , Fe , Zn , Ag , Au , Mo, Cr , Sn ,
Cold Hot
Pb, Hg , Mn , Cu , Pt, Pd, Co , Ni and Bi
ice cubes oil bath
Note :
If a thermocouple is formed of wires of any two metals from the above series the direction of current at
cold junction is from a metal occuring earlier in the series to the metal occuring lat ter in the serie s.
NEUTRAL TEMPRATURE  n  
The temperature of the hot junction, at which the thermo e.m.f. produced in the thermocouple becomes
maximum is called neutral temprature ( n) [For a given thermocouple, it is a fixed temprature.]
Neutral temperature ( n ) of a thermocouple :
(i) Independent of the temperature of the cold junction of the thermocouple and is always constant for a
given thermocouple.
(ii) Depends on the nature of the materials of the two metals used to form the thermocouple
TEMPER ATURE OF IN VERSION  i  
The temprature of the hot junction at which the thermo e.m.f. reverses its direction is called temprature of
inversion ( i) [ For a given thermocouple, it changes with temprature of the cold junction( c)] [ i >  n >  c]
e = a  + b 2  temperature difference)
de
Thermo e.m.f.

= a + 2b = P
d
de
a, b are Seeback coefficients, P is thermo electric power =
d
c n i
de a Temperature
If =0 then n = - (Hot junction)
d 2b
C  i
 n - c = i - n  n =
2
Temperature of inversion ( i ) of a thermocouple depends on two factors :
(i) Temperature of the cold junction of the thermocouple and therefore is not constant for a given
thermocouple.
(ii) Nature of the materials of the two metals forming the thermocouple.

PELTIER EFFECT
Reverse of seeback effect peltier discovered that when electric current is passed through a thermocouple
by using an external source of emf. one junction of the thermocouple gets heated and other gets cooled.

THOMSON EFFECT
The absorption or evolution of heat along the length of a wire, when current is passed through a wire,
whose one end is hot and other is kept cold, is known as thomson effect.

7
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
Ex. The e.m.f. E of a Cu-Fe thermocouple varies with temperature  of the hot junction (cold junction at
0°C) as E (V) = 14 – 0.02  2. Determine neutral temperature.

dE 14
Sol. At neutral temperature 0  14 – 2 (0.02 n) = 0  n   350  C
d 0.04

Ex. Near room temperature, the thermo emf of a copper constantan couple is 40 V per degree. What is
the smallest temperature difference that can be detected with a single such couple and a galvanometer
of 100 ohm resistance capable of detecting current as low as 10 –6 ampere ?
Sol. Let °C be the smallest temperatur that can be measured.
Corresponding thermo emf = 40 x V = 40 x  x 10 –6 V
Resistance of the galvanometer = 100 
Smalle st current that can be detected, I = 10 –6 A

emf 6 40    10 6 10 6  100
Current  or 10  or  °C = 2.5 °C.
Resistance 100 40  10 6

Ex. For a copper-iron and a chromel-alumel thermocouple, the plots between thermoelectric emf and the
temperature  of the hot junction (when the cold junction is at 0°C) are found to satisfy approximately

1
the parabola equation V    2 withh
2

 = 14 V°C –1 ,  = –0.04 V°C –2 (copper-iron)

 = 41 V°C –1 ,  = –0.002 V°C –2 (chromel-alumel)

Ex. Which of the two thermocouples would you use to measure temperature in the range of a about
500°C to 600°C ?
Sol. The temperature  n (neutral temperature) corre sponding to maximum emf is given by

dV 
 0 , i.e., +  = 0 or n  
d n 

14
For a copper-iron thermocouple, n   C  350 C
0.04

Special Note :
In actual practice, the coefficients  and  vary slightly and the neutral temperature for Cu-Fe thermocouple
is nearly 250°C. A thermocouple cannot be used beyond the neutral temperature because a given emf
corresponds to two different values of . Thus, for measuring temperatures beyond about 250°C, a Cu-Fe
thermocouple is unsuitable. The chromel-alumel thermocouple with the given values of and shows no
maximum for > 0. Thus, it can be used for measuring any high temperature and is suitable for the required
range (500°C-600°C) in the question. In actual practice, its used is limited to nearly 1300°C.

7
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
STD. XII
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S DATE :

TIME :
PHYSICS TUTORIALS
PHYSICS
TOPIC : HEATING EFFECT IN CURRENT - TUTORIAL SHEET - I

STUDENT NAME :

1. When a constant voltage is applied between the ends of a metal wire. Heat produced in this wire will
be doubled if: [MP PET 87, MP PMT 99]
(1) both the length and the radius of the wire are halved.
(2) both the length and the radius of the wire are doubled.
(3) the radius of the wire is doubled. (4) the length of the wire is doubled.

2. When two electric bulbs of 40 W and 60 W are connected in parallel, then the : [RPMT 89]
(1) bulb of 40 wat t gives more light. (2) intensity of both bulbs are same.
(3) intensity depends on the type of electric source (A.C.or D.C.)
(4) bulb of 60 wat t give s more light .

3. When a current flows in a wire of resistance R at a constant potential difference, then the value of
heat produced by a current is inversely proportional to : [MP PET 93]
1 1
(1) 2 (2) (3) R (4) R 2
R R

4. In an electric katle water boils in 15 minute after switching on the current. If the length of heating wire
2
is decreased to of the original length, then the time taken in minutes at the same electrical voltage for
3
boiling water will be : [MP PMT 94]
(1) 15 (2) 12 (3) 10 (4) 8

5. When a voltage of 20 volt is applied between the two ends of a coil, 800 cal/s heat is produced. The
value of resistance of the coil is :– [MP PET 94]
(1calorie = 4.2 joule)
(1) 1.2  (2) 1.4  (3) 0.12  (4) 0.14 

6. A toster and a light bulb connected in parallel. The toster produces more heat than bulb, then the
resistance of toaster is : [JIMPER 1996]
(1) greater than that of the bulb (2) equal to that of the bulb
(3) less than that of the bulb (4) no comparable to that of the bulb

9
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
7. The re sistance of an electric bulb marked 220 V, 100 W is :- [MP PMT 1997]
5 500
(1) 2.2  (2)  (3)  (4) 484 
11 11

8. A heating coil can heat the water of a vessel from 20 0 C to 60 0 C in 30 minutes. Two such heating
coils are put in series and then used to heat the same amount of water through the same temprature
range. The time taken now will be (neglecting thermal capacity of the coils) - [MP PMT 1997]
(1) 60 min. (2) 30 min. (3) 15 min. (4) 7.5 min.

9. A lamp of 100 W and a heater of 1 kW are in simultaneous use for 10 hours. The units of electricity
consumed according to the meter in the house is : [JIMPER 1997]
(1) 10 (2) 9 (3) 11 (4) 1

10 The temperature of the cold junction of a thermocuple is 0°C and temperature of hot junction is T°C
The e.m.f. is E = 16 T – 0.0 4 T 2 V. The inversion temperature T i is : [KCET 1997]
(1) 300°C (2) 100°C (3) 200°C (4) 400°C

11. In the given fig., if the heat flowing through the 5 resistance is 10 calorie then how much heat is
flowing through the 4  resistance [RPET 1998]
(1) 1 Calorie (2) 2 Calorie 4 6
(3) 3 Calorie (4) 4 Calorie 5

12. There are two bulbs (25 watt and 100 wat t respectively) which have the rated voltage equal to
220 volt, are connected with the supply of 440 volt in series then which bulb will fuse -[RPET 1998]
(1) 100 watt (2) 25 wat t (3) none of these (4) both of these

13. If the potential difference across the ends of a conductor is doubled, the energy loss becomes -
[RPET 1998]
1
(1) double (2) 4 times (3) 8 times (4) timess
4

14. When three identical bulbs are connected in series, the consumed power is 10W. If they are now
connected in parallel then the consumed power will be :- [AIPMT 1998]
10
(1) 30 W (2) 90 W (3) W (4) 270 W
3

15. As the temperature of hot junction increases, the thermo emf : [MP PET 99]
(1) always increases (2) always decrease
(3) may increase or decrease (4) always remains constant

16. Two resistors having equal re sistance s are joined in serie s and a current is passed through the
combinations. Neglect any variation in resistance as the temprature changes. In a given time interval :-
(1) equal amounts of thermal energy must be produced in the resistors [MP PMT 99]
(2) unequal thermal energy may be produced

9
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
(3) the temprature must rise equally in the resistors
(4) the temprature must rise unequally in the resistors

17. If the power dissipated in 5 is 20 W then power dissipated in 4 is :- [AIPMT 1999]

(1) 4W (2) 6W
(3) 10W (4) 20W 6 4
5

18. A bulb is connected first with DC and then AC of same voltage then it will shine brightly with:-
[RPET 2000]
(1) AC (2) DC
1
(3) brightne ss will be in ratio (4) equally with both
1.4

19. Two electric bulbs whose resistances are in the ratio 1 : 2 are connected in parallel to a constant
voltage source the powers dissipated in them, have the ratio:- [MP PMT 2000]
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 1 : 1 (3) 2 : 1 (4) 1 : 4

20. A 60 watt bulb operates on 220 V supply. The current flowing through the bulb is :-[MP PMT 2000]
11 3
(1) A (2) A (3) 8 A. (4) 6 A.
3 11

21. Two heater wires, made of the same material and having the same length and the same radius, are
first connected in series and then in parallel to a constant potential difference. If the rate of heat
Hs
produced in the two cases are Hs and Hp respectively, then Hp will be :[MP PMT 2000, 2001]

1 1
(1) (2) 2 (3) (4) 4
2 4

22. A, B, C are identical bulbs. How does the brightness of A and B change when the switch S is closed:
(1) the brightness of A increases and that of B decreases [MP PET 2000]
(2) the brightness of A does not change and that of B decreases S C
(3) the brightness of both A and B decreases A
B
(4) the brightness of A increases and that of B does not change

23. How much heat is developed in a 210 watt electric bulb in 5 minutes :– [MP PET 2000]
(mechanical equivalent of heat = 4.2 joule/cal.)
(1) 7500 cal. (2) 15000 cal. (3) 30000 cal. (4) 22500 cal.

24. The smallest temperature difference that can be measured with a combination of a thermocouple of
thermo e.m.f 30 V per degree and a galvanometer of 50 ohm resistance, capable of measuring a
minimum current of 3 x 10 -7 A. is : [MP PET 2000]
(1) 0.5 degree (2) 1.0 degree (3) 1.5 degree (4) 2.0 degree

11
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
25. Two bulbs of (40 W, 200 V), and (100 W, 200 V). Then correct relation for their resistances:-
[AIPMT 2000)
(1) R 40 < R 100 (2) R 40 > R 100
(3) R 40 = R 100 (4) no relation can be predicted

26. A (100 W, 200 V) bulb is connected to a 160 V power supply. The power consumption would be :
[JIMPER 2000]
(1) 80W (2) 125W (3) 64W (4) 100W

27. An electric bulb is designed to draw power P 0 at voltage V 0. If the voltage is V, it draws a power P,
then – [CET 2001]
2 2
 V   V0   V0   V 
(1) P   V  P0 (2) P   V  P0 (3) P    P0 (4) P    P0
 0    V   V0 

28. A bat tery supplies 150 W and 196 W power to two resistance of 6 and 4when they are connected
separately to it. The internal resistance of the battery is :– [CET 2001]
(1) 1  (2) 0.5  (3) 2.5  (4) 2 

29. The temperature at which thermal electric power of a thermo couple becomes zero is called :–
[MP PMT 2001]
(1) inversion temperature (2) neutral temperature
(3) junction temperature (4) null temperature

30. Two electric bulbs rated P 1 wat t V volt and P 2 wat t V, the se are joined in parallel and voltage V are
applied to it. The total power will be:[MP PMT 2001]

P1P2 P1  P2
(1) P 1 + P 2 wat t (2) P1P2 wattt (3) wattt (4)
P1  P2 P1P2

31. 'n' identical bulbs, each designed to draw a power P from a certain voltage supply are joined in series
across the supply. The total power which they will draw is :– [KCET 2002]
P P
(1) P (2) nP (3) 2 (4)
n n

32. If the temperatures on both ends of a conductor are different then the emf between them is called
[MP PET 2002]
(1) seaback emf (2) paltier emf (3) thomson emf (4) none of these

33. The wires of t wo electric heaters are made up of same material and have same value. On combining
them firstly in series after in parallel with a 220 V A.C. source, the ratio of heat dissipiated on them
will be :– [MP PET 2002]
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 (3) 4 : 1 (4) 1 : 4

11
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
34. The bulbs of 40W, 100W and 200Wat t are connected in serie s with a voltage source of 220V. Which
bulb will glow brightly (most) : [RPMT 2002]
(1) 200 watt (2) 40 wat t (3) 100 watt (4) none of the se

35. A fuse wire with radius 1 mm blows at 1.5 ampere. The radius of the fuse wire of the same material
to blow at 3 A will be : [KCET 2003]
(1) 3 1/4 mm (2) 4 1/3 mm (3) 3 1/2 mm (4) 2 1/3 mm

36. Two 220 volt, 100 wat t bulbs are connected first in serie s and then in parallel. Each time the
combination is connected to a 220 volt a.c. supply line. The power drawn by the combination in
each case re spectively will be :- [AIPMT 2003]
(1) 50 watt, 100 wat t (2) 100 watt, 50 watt (3) 200 wat t, 150 watt (4) 50 watt, 200 wat t

37. An electric kettle has two heating coils. When one of the coils is connected to an a.c. source, the
water in the ket tel boils in 10 minutes. When the other coil is used the water boils in 40 minute s.
If both the coils are connected in parallel, the time taken by the same quantit y of water to boil
will be :[AIPMT 2003]
(1) 8 min (2) 4 min (3) 25 min (4) 15 min

38. Fuse wire is a wire of [AIPMT 2003]

(1) high re sistance and high melting point (2) high resistance and low melting point
(3) low resistance and low melting point (4) low resistance and hight melting point

39. When three identical bulbs of 60 wat t, 200 volt rating are connected in serie s to a 200 volt
supply, the power drawn by them wil l be : [AIPMT 2004]
(1) 180 watt (2) 10 wat t (3) 20 watt (4) 60 watt

40. In India electricity is supplied for domestic use at 220 V. It is supplied at 110 V in USA. If the
resistance of a 60W bulb for use in India is R, the re sistance of a 60W bulb for use in USA will
be [AIPMT 2004]
R R
(1) 2R (2) (3) (4) R
4 2

41. A heater coil connected to a supply of a 220 V is dissipating some power P 1. The coil is cut into
half and the two halves are connected in paralle. The heater now dissipates power P 2. The ratio
of power P 1 : P 2 :- [A FMC 2004]
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 (3) 1 : 4 (4) 4 : 1

42. A 5-ampere fuse wire can withstand a maximum power of 1 wat t in the circuit. The re sistance of
the fuse wire is :- [AIPMT 2005]
(1) 5 ohm (2) 0.04 ohm (3) 0.2 ohm (4) 0.4 ohm

13
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
43. The temperature of inversion of a thermocouple is 620°C and the neutral temperature is 300°C. What
is the temperature of cold junction :[AIPMT 2005]
(1) 40°C (2) 20°C (3) 320°C (4) – 20°C

44. For ensuring disspation of same energy in all three resistors (R1, R2, R3) connected as shown in figure,
their values must be related as :– [AIIMS 2005]
i1
(1) R 1=R 2=R 3 (2) R 2=R 3 and R 1=4R 2 R i2 i3
1

Vin R2 R3
R
(3) R 2=R 3 and R 1= 2 (4) R 1=R 2 + R 3
4

45. Power dissipated across the 8 reistor in the circuit shown here is 2 wat t. The power dissipated in
wat t units across the 3 resistor is :- [AIPMT 2006]
1 3
(1) 2.0 (2) 1.0
8
(3) 0.5 (4) 3.0

46. The total power dissipated in wat ts in the circuit shown here is :– [AIPMT 2007]
6
(1) 4 (2) 16
(3) 40 (4) 54 3

4
18V

47. A steady current of 1.5 amp flows through a copper voltameter for 10 minutes. If the electrochemical
equivalent of copper is 30 x 10 –5 gm coulomb –1, the mass of copper deposited on the electrode will
be :– [AIPMT 2007]
(1) 0.27 gm (2) 0.40 gm (3) 0.50 gm (4) 0.67 gm

48. If the cold junction of a thermo-couple is kept at 0°C and the hot junction is kept at T°C, then the
relation between neutral temperature (T n ) and temperature of inversion (T i ) is :– [AIPMT 2007]

Ti
(1) T n = T i + T (2) Tn  (3) T n = 2T i (4) T n = T i – T
2

49. A electric ket tle takes 4A current at 220V. How much time will it take to boil 1kg of water from
temperature 20°C ? The temperature of boiling water is 100°C. [AIPMT 2008]
(1) 12.6 min (2) 4.2 min (3) 6.3 min (4)8.4 min

50. Thermoelectric refrigerator is based on [RPMT 2008]

(1) Seback effect (2) Peltier effect
(3) Thomson effect (4) Joule–Thomson effect

13
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
51. E.M.F. of a thermocouple is 25 mV/°C. A galvanometer whose resistance is 40W, reads. 10 –5 A current
then minimum temperature. Which is determined by it will be- [RPMT 2008]
(1) 8°C (2) 12°C (3) 16°C (4) 20°C

52. The value of thermoelectric power at neutral temperature is :- [RPMT 2010]

(1) Maximum (2) Minimum (3) Zero (4) None of these

53. In producing chlorine by electrolysis 100 kW power at 125 V is being consumed. How much chlorine
per minute is liberated (E.C.E. of chlorine is 0.367 x 10 –6 kg/C) [AIPMT 2010]
(1) 3.67 x 10 kg
–3
(2) 1.76 x 10 kg
–3
(3) 9.67 x 10 kg
–3
(4) 17.61 x 10 –3 kg

54. The thermo e.m.f. E in volts of a certain thermo-couple is found to vary with temperature difference

2
q in °C between the t wo junctions according to the relation E  30   . The neutral temperaturee
15

for the thermo-couple will be :- [AIPMT 2010]

(1) 400°C (2) 225°C (3) 30°C (4) 450°C

55. The rate of increase of thermo-e.m.f. with temperature at the neutral temperature of thermocouple:
[AIPMT (Pre) 2011]
(1) is positive (2) is zero
(3) depends upon the choice of the two materials of the thermocouple
(4) is negative

56. A thermocouple of negligible resistance produce s an e.m.f. of 40 µV/°C in the linear range of
temperature. A galvanometer of resistance 10 ohm whose sensitivity is 1 µV/div, is employed with
the thermocouple. The smalle st value of temperature difference that can be detected by the system
will be :- [AIPMT (Mains) 2011]
(1) 0.25°C (2) 0.5°C (3) 1°C (4) 0.1°C

57. The cold junction of a thermocouple is at 0°C. The thermo e.m.f. , in volts, generated in this
t2
thermocouple varie s with temperature t°C of the hot junction as  = 6 + 4t – . The neutral
32
temperature of the thermocouple is [RPMT 2011]
(1) 100°C (2) 76°C (3) 64°C (4) 50°C

58. If voltage across a bulb rated 220 Volt 100 Wat t drops by 2.5% of its rated value, the percentage
of the rated value by which the power would decrease is [AIPMT (Pre) 2012]
(1) 5% (2) 10% (3) 20% (4) 2.5%

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
59. The power dissipated in the circuit shown in the figure is 30 Wat ts. The value of R is :
[AIPMT (Mains) 2012]
R

5

10V
(1) 10  (2) 30  (3) 20  (4) 15 

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

STD. XII
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S DATE :

TIME :
PHYSICS TUTORIALS
PHYSICS
TOPIC : HEATING EFFECT IN CURRENT - TUTORIAL SHEET - II

STUDENT NAME :

1. For silver plating on a spoon as shown in figure, the electrolyte is AgNO 3 :–

A
(1) with A should be connected to the spoon and with B to a silver rod
(2) with A should be connected to the spoon and with B to a copper rod
(3) with A should be connected to a silver rod and with B to the spoon
(4) any electrolyte can be taken A AgNO3 B
solution

2. The amount of substance liberated on electrodes during electrolysis when 1 coulomb of electricity is
passed, is :–
(1) chemical equivalent (2) electrochemical equivalent
(3) equivalent weight (4) one mol

3. All the bulbs below are identical. Which bulb (s) light (s) most brigthly ?
(1) 1 only (2) 2 only
5
(3) 3 and 4 (4) 1 and 5 1
3 4

2
4. The true statement for thermo emf of a thermocouple :–
(1) depends on the nature of metals (2) depends only on temperature of cold junction
(3) depends only on temperature of hot junction
(4) depends on the length of the wires used for thermocouple

5. You are given re sistance wire of length 50 cm and a battery of negligible re sistance. In which of the
following case s is the largest amount of heat generated ?
(1) when the wire is connected to the battery directly
(2) when the wire is dived into t wo parts and both the parts are connected to the bat tery in parallel
(3) when the wire is divided into four parts and all the four parts are connected to bat tery in parallel
(4) when only half of the wire is connected to the bat tery

6. A house is served by 220 V supply line in a circuit protected by a 9 A fuse. The maximum number of
60 W lamps in parallel that can be turned on, is :–
(1) 44 (2) 20 (3) 22 (4) 33

7. A copper refining cell consists of two parallel copper plate electrodes 5 cm apart and 1 metre squre,
immeresed in a copper sulphate solution of resistivity 12 x 10 –2 -m. Then the potential difference
which must be established between the plates to provide a constant current to deposit 0.66 kg of
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
copper on cathode in one hour is nearly (Z = 3.33 x 10 –7 kg/C)
(1) 0.6 V (2) 0.33 V (3) 3.0 V (4) 15 V

8. The resistance of a hot tungsten filament is about 10 times the cold resistance. What will be the
resistance of 100 W and 200 V lamp when not in use :–
(1) 400 (2) 200 (3) 40 (4) 20

9. The temperature of cold junction and neutral temprature of a thermocouple are 15°C and 280°C
respectively. The temperature of inversion is :–
(1) 295°C (2) 265°C (3) 545°C (4) 575°C

10. A wire of length L and 3 identical cells of negligible internal resistance s are connected in serie s. Due
to the current, the temperature of the wire is raised by T in a time t. A number N of similar cells is
now connected in series with a wire of the same material and cross-section but of length 2L. The
temperature of the wire is raised by the same amount T in the same time t. The value of N is :–
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 9

11. A thermocouple is made of Cu and Fe. If a battery is connected in it, then

(1) both junctions will be at same temperature (2) both junctions will becomes hot
(3) one junction will be hot ter than the other (4) none of these

12. An ammeter in series with a silver voltameter reads 0.081 amp. If the weight of silver deposited in
20 minutes is 1.071 gm , the error in the reading of ammeter (ECE of Ag = 0.01118 gm/C) :–
(1) +0.012 A (2) –0.012 A (3) +0.12 A (4) –0.12 A

13. Two resistances connected in parallel across a cell of negligible internal resistance, use 4.5 times the
power that they would use, when in series across the same cell. If one of the resistance is 8 ohm, the
other is :–
(1) 8  (2) 12  (3) 16  (4) 36 

14. If the temperature of cold junction of thermocouple is lowered, then the neutral temperature :–
(1) increases (2) approaches inversion temperature
(3) decreases (4) remain the same

15. Silver and copper voltameter are connected in parallel with a batter y of emf 12 V. In 30 min, 1 gm of
silver and 1.8 gm of copper are liberated. The power supplied by the battery is :–
(ZCu = 6.6 x 10–4 gm/C & ZAg = 11.2 x 10–4 gm/C)
(1) 24.13 J/sec (2) 2.413 J/sec (3) 0.2413 J/sec (4) 2413 J/sec

16. The amount of charge required to liberate 9 gm of aluminium (atomic weight = 27 and valency = 3) in
the process of electrolysis is (Faraday's number = 96500 C/ gm equivalent)
(1) 321660 C (2) 69500 C (3) 289500 C (4) 96500 C

17
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
17. A fuse wire with a circular cross-section and having a diameter of 0.4 mm blows with a current of
3 ampere. The value of current for which another fuse wire made of the same material but having
circular corss-section with diameter of 0.6 mm will blow is :–
3
3 3
(3) 3    A
3 2
(1) 3 A (2) 3  A (4) 3    A
2 2  2 

18. For a thermocoule, the neutral temperature is 270°C and the temperature of its cold junction is 20°C.
If there is no deflection in the galvanometer, the temperature of the hot junction should be :–
(1) 210°C (2) 540°C (3) 520°C (4) 209°C

19. The internal resistance of a primary cell is 4 . It generates a current of 0.2 A in an external resistance
of 21 . The rate at which chemical energy is consumed in providing the current is :–
(1) 0.42 J/sec (2) 1 J/sec (3) 8.84 J/sec (4) 5 J/sec

20. Water can not be made conducting by adding small amount of any of the following except :-
(1) sodium chloride (2) copper sulphate (3) ammonium chloride (4) sugar

21. For goldplating on a copper chain, the substance required in the form of solution is
(1) copper sulphate (2) copper chloride
(3) potassium cyanide (4) potassium aurocyanide

22. The same mass of copper is drawn into two wires 1 mm and 2 mm thick. Two wires are connected in
series and current is passed through them. Heat produced in the wire is in the ratio :–
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 16 (3) 4 : 1 (4) 16 : 1

23. Peltier co-efficient of a thermo couple is 2 nano volts. How much heat is developed at a junction if 2.5
A current flows for 2 min :–
(1) 6 erg (2) 6 x 10 –7 erg (3) 16 erg (4) 6 x 10 –3 erg

24. Arrange the power consumed in the given circuits in decreasing order (all resistors are identical) :–

i i i
i
I II III IV
(1) I > II > III > IV (2) III > IV > I > II (3) IV > III > II > I (4) II > III > I > IV

25. The emf of a thermocouple, one junction of which is kept at 0°C, is given by e = at + bt 2 the Peltier
co-efficient will be :–
(1) (t + 273) (a + 2bt) (2) (t + 273) (a – 2bt) (3) (t – 273) (a – 2bt) (4) (t – 273) (a – 2bt)

26. One junction of a certain thermoelectric couple is at a fixed temperature T r and the other junction is
1
at temperature T. The thermo emf for this is E  K (T  T )  T  1 (T  T )  . At temperature T  T0 ,
r  0 r  2
2 
the thermoelectric power is :–
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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS
1 1 1
(1) KT0 (2) KT 0 (3) KT02 (4) K (T0  Tr ) 2
2 2 2

27. Above neutral temperature, thermo emf in a thermocouple

(1) decrease s with rise in temperature
(2) increases with rise in temperature
(3) remains constant
(4) changes sign

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Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

STD. XII
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S DATE :

TIME :
PHYSICS TUTORIALS
PHYSICS
TOPIC : HEATING EFFECT IN CURRENT - TUTORIAL SHEET - I - SOLUTION

STUDENT NAME :

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 4 2 2 2 2 3
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 1 4 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 1
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 4 3 4 2 2 4 1 2 3 2 3 2 4 3 4
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Ans. 4 1 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 2 1 3 1 1

21
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S PHYSICS TUTORIALS

STD. XII
Prof. SAMEER UNIA’S DATE :

TIME :
PHYSICS TUTORIALS
PHYSICS
TOPIC : HEATING EFFECT IN CURRENT - TUTORIAL SHEET - II - SOLUTION

STUDENT NAME :

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 3 2 4 1 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 1 3 4 1
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Ans. 4 3 3 2 4 4 4 1 2 1 1 1

21