CS664 Computer Vision

9. Camera Geometry

Dan Huttenlocher
 Pinhole Camera
ƒ Geometric model of camera projection
– Image plane I, which rays intersect
– Camera center C, through which all rays pass
– Focal length f, distance from I to C

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 Pinhole Camera Projection
ƒ Point (X,Y,Z) in space and image (x,y) in I
– Simplified case
• C at origin in space
• I perpendicular to Z axis
x=fX/Z (x/f=X/Z) y=fY/Z (y/f=Y/Z)

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 Homogeneous Coordinates
ƒ Geometric intuition useful but not well
suited to calculation
– Projection not linear in Euclidean plane but is
in projective plane (homogeneous coords)
ƒ For a point (x,y) in the plane
– Homogeneous coordinates are (αx, αy, α) for
any nonzero α (generally use α=1)
• Overall scaling unimportant
(X,Y,W) = (αX, αY, αW)
– Convert back to Euclidean plane
(x,y) = (X/W,Y/W)
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Lines in Homogeneous Coordinates
ƒ Consider line in Euclidean plane
ax+by+c = 0
ƒ Equation unaffected by scaling so
aX+bY+cW = 0
uTp = pTu = 0 (point on line test, dot product)
– Where u = (a,b,c)T is the line
– And p = (X,Y,W)T is a point on the line u
– So points and lines have same representation in
projective plane (i.e., in homog. coords.)
– Parameters of line
• Slope –a/b, x-intercept –c/a, y-intercept –c/b

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 Lines and Points
ƒ Consider two lines
a1x+b1y+c1 = 0 and a2x+b2y+c2 = 0
– Can calculate their intersection as
(b1c2-b2c1/a1b2-a2b1, a2c1-a1c2/a1b2-a2b1)
ƒ In homogeneous coordinates
u1=(a1,b1,c1) and u2=(a2,b2,c2)
– Simply cross product p = u1×u2
• Parallel lines yield point not in Euclidean plane
ƒ Similarly given two points
p1=(X1,Y1,W1) and p2=(X2,Y2,W2)
– Line through the points is simply u = p1×p2
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 Collinearity and Coincidence
ƒ Three points collinear (lie on same line)
– Line through first two is p1×p2
– Third point lies on this line if p3T(p1×p2)=0
– Equivalently if det[p1 p2 p3]=0
ƒ Three lines coincident (intersect at one
point)
– Similarly det[u1 u2 u3]=0
– Note relation of determinant to cross product
u1 ×u2 = (b1c2-b2c1, a2c1-a1c2, a1b2-a2b1)
ƒ Compare to geometric calculations
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Back to Simplified Pinhole Camera
ƒ Geometrically saw x=fX/Z, y=fY/Z
⎛X ⎞
⎛ fX ⎞ ⎡ f 0 ⎤⎜ ⎟ 3x4
⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ ⎜Y ⎟
⎜ fY ⎟ = ⎢ f 0 ⎥⎜ ⎟ Projection
⎜Z ⎟ ⎢ ⎜ Z⎟ Matrix
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎥
1 0 ⎦⎜ ⎟
⎝1 ⎠

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 Principal Point Calibration
ƒ Intersection of principal axis with image
plane often not at image origin
⎛X ⎞
⎛ fX+Zpx ⎞ ⎡ f px 0 ⎤⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ ⎜Y ⎟
⎜ fY+Zpy ⎟ = ⎢ f py 0 ⎥⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ Z⎟
⎝ Z ⎠ ⎣ ⎢ ⎥
1 0 ⎦⎜ ⎟
⎝1 ⎠

⎡f px ⎤
⎢ ⎥ (Intrinsic)
K= ⎢ f py ⎥ Calibration
⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ matrix

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 CCD Camera Calibration
ƒ Spacing of grid points
– Effectively separate scale factors along each
axis composing focal length and pixel spacing

⎡ mx f px ⎤
⎢ ⎥
K= ⎢ myf py ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦

⎡α px ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥
⎢ β py ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦
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 Camera Rigid Motion
ƒ Projection P=K[R|t]
– Camera motion: alignment of 3D coordinate
systems
– Full extrinsic parameters beyond scope of this
course, see “Multiple View Geometry” by
Hartley and Zisserman

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 Two View Geometry
ƒ Point X in world and two camera centers
C, C’ define the epipolar plane
– Images x,x’ of X in
two image planes
lie on this plane
– Intersection of
line CC’ with
image planes
define special
points called e e′
epipoles, e,e’

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 Epipolar Lines
ƒ Set of points that project to x in I define
line l’ in I’
– Called epipolar line
– Goes through
epipole e’
– A point x in I
thus maps to a
point on l’ in I’
• Rather than
to a point
anywhere in I

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 Epipolar Geometry
ƒ Two-camera system defines one
parameter family (pencil) of planes
through baseline CC’
– Each such plane
defines matching
epipolar lines in
two image planes
– One parameter
family of lines
through each epipole
– Correspondence between images
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 Converging Stereo Cameras

Corresponding
points lie on
corresponding
epipolar lines

Known camera
geometry so
1D not 2D
search!

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 Motion Examples
ƒ Epipoles in direction of motion

Parallel to
Image
Plane

Forward

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Fundamental and Essential Matrix
ƒ Linear algebra formulation of the epipolar
geometry
ƒ Fundamental matrix, F, maps point x in I
to corresponding epipolar line l’ in I’
l’=Fx
– Determined for particular camera geometry
• For stereo cameras only changes if cameras
move with respect to one another
ƒ Essential matrix, E, when camera
calibration (intrinsic parameters) known
– See slides 9 and 10
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 Fundamental Matrix
ƒ Epipolar constraint
x’TFx=x’Tl’=0
– Thus from enough corresponding pairs of
points in the two images can solve for F
• However not as simple as least squares
minimization because F not fully general matrix
ƒ Consider form of F in more detail

L A A
x → l → l’

F=AL l
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 Form of Fundamental Matrix
ƒ L: x → l
– Epipolar line l goes through x and epipole e
– Epipole determines L
l=x×e
l = Lx (rewriting cross product)
– If e=(u,v,w)
⎡ 0 w -v⎤
⎢
L = -w 0 u
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ v -u 0 ⎥⎦
– L is rank 2 and has 2 d.o.f. l
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 Form of Fundamental Matrix
ƒ A: l → l’
– Constrained by 3 pairs of epipolar lines
l’i = A li
– Note only 5 d.o.f.
• First two line correspondences each provide two
constraints
• Third provides only one constraint as lines must
go through intersection of first two
ƒ F=AL rank 2 matrix with 7 d.o.f.
– As opposed to 8 d.o.f. in 3x3 homogeneous
system

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 Properties of F
ƒ Unique 3x3 rank 2 matrix satisfying
x’TFx=0 for all pairs x,x’
– Constrained minimization techniques can be
used to solve for F given point pairs
ƒ F has 7 d.o.f.
– 3x3 homogeneous (9-1=8), rank 2 (8-1=7)
ƒ Epipolar lines l’=Fx and reverse map l=FTx’
– Because also (Fx)Tx’=0 but then xT(FTx’)=0
ƒ Epipoles e’TF=0 and Fe=0
– Because e’Tl’=0 for any l’; Le=0 by construction

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 Stereo (Epipolar) Rectification
ƒ Given F, simplify stereo matching problem
by warping images
– Shared image plane for two cameras
– Epipolar lines parallel to x-axis
• Epipole at (1,0,0)
• Corresponding scan lines of two images
e

– OpenCV: calibration and rectification

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 Stereo Matching
ƒ Seek corresponding pixels in I, I’
– Only along epipolar lines
ƒ Rectified imaging geometry so just
horizontal disparity D at each pixel
I’(x’,y’)=I(x+D(x,y),y)
ƒ Best methods minimize energy based on
matching (data) and discontinuity costs

Stereo

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 Plane Homography
ƒ Projective transformation mapping points
in one plane to points in another
ƒ In homogeneous coordinates

⎛ aX+bY+cW ⎞ ⎡a b c⎤ ⎛X ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ dX+eY+fW ⎟ = ⎢d e f⎥ ⎜Y ⎟
⎥
⎜ gX+hY+iW ⎟ ⎢g h i⎥ ⎜W ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎝ ⎠
ƒ Maps four (coplanar) points to any four
– Quadrilateral to quadrilateral
– Does not preserve parallelism
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 Contrast with Affine
ƒ Can represent in Euclidean plane x’=Lx+t
– Arbitrary 2x2 matrix L and 2-vector t
– In homogeneous coordinates
⎛ aX+bY+cW ⎞ ⎡a b c⎤ ⎛X ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ dX+eY+fW ⎟ = ⎢d e f⎥ ⎜Y ⎟
⎥
⎜ W ⎟ ⎢0 0 i⎥ ⎜W ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎝ ⎠
ƒ Maps three points to any three
– Maps triangles to triangles
– Preserves parallelism

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 Homography Example
ƒ Changing viewpoint of single view
– Correspondences in observed and desired views
– E.g., from 45 degree to frontal view
• Quadrilaterals to rectangles
– Variable resolution and non-planar artifacts

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Homography and Epipolar Geometry
ƒ Plane in space π induces homography H
between image planes
x’=Hπx for point X on π, x on I, x’ on I’

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 Obeys Epipolar Geometry
ƒ Given F,Hπ no search for x’ (points on π)

ƒ Maps epipoles, e’= Hπe

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 Computing Homography
ƒ Correspondences of four points that are
coplanar in world (no need for F)
– Substantial error if not coplanar
ƒ Fundamental matrix F and 3 point
correspondences
– Can think of pair e,e’ as providing fourth
correspondence
ƒ Fundamental matrix plus point and line
correspondences
ƒ Improvements
– More correspondences and least squares
– Correspondences farther apart
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 Plane Induced Parallax
ƒ Determine homography of a plane
– Remaining differences reflect depth from plane
– Flat surfaces like in sporting events

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Plane + Parallax Correspondences

l’ = x’ × Hx

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 Plane + Parallax

Vaish et al CVPR04
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 Projective Depth
ƒ Distance between Hπx and x’ (along l’)
proportional to distance of X from plane π
– Sign governs which side of plane

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 Multiple Cameras
ƒ Similarly extensive geometry for three
cameras
– Known as tri-focal tensor
• Beyond scope of this course

• Three lines
• Three points
• Line and 2 points
• Point and 2 lines

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