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Modelling and Control of Micro-grid Integrated With Solar PV and Wind Power
(DFIG)

Technical Report · November 2018

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23143.70565

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 A project report on

Micro-grid Modelling and Control

Submitted by

Debjyoti Chatterjee
(107116024)

Kailash Kumawat
(107116038)

Power System Analysis Laboratory

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli
Tamilnadu-620015
October 30, 2018
Contents:

1. Introduction:
2. Wind energy conversion systems

2.1 Wind turbine technologies

2.2 Aerodynamics of wind energy conversion
2.3. Doubly fed induction generator WECS
2.3.1 Mathematical model of DFIG
2.3.2 Control blocks of DFIG WECS
2.3.3 Vector control of DFIG WECS
3. Solar energy conversion systems

3.1 Modelling of PV array

3.2 MPPT designing
3.3 Boost converter
3.4 DC to AC converter

4. Renewable integration with grid

5. Result and Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Future work
References
ABSTRACT
The significant benefits associated with microgrids have led to vast efforts to expand renewable
energy penetration in electric power systems. Although their deployment is rapidly growing,
there are still many challenges to efficiently design, control, and operate microgrids when
connected to the grid, and also when in islanded mode, where extensive research activities are
underway to tackle these issues. It is necessary to have an across-the-board view of the
microgrid integration in power systems. Due to the fact that solar and wind power is
intermittent and unpredictable in nature, higher penetration of their types in existing power
system could cause and create high technical challenges especially to weak grids or stand-alone
systems without proper and enough storage capacity. By integrating the two renewable
resources into an optimum combination, the impact of the variable nature of solar and wind
resources can be partially resolved and the overall system becomes more reliable and
economical to run. The report gives a review of the main research work reported in the literature
with regard to optimal sizing design, power electronics topologies and control of both grid
connected and stand-alone hybrid solar and wind systems.

1. INTRODUCTION
The MICROGRID, as defined by the U.S. Department of Energy, is ``a group of interconnected
loads and distributed energy resources (DERs) with clearly defined electrical boundaries that
acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid and can connect and disconnect from
the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island modes''. Based on this definition,
DER installations could be considered as a microgrid if comprised of three distinct
characteristics: they must have electrical boundaries that are clearly defined, there must exist a
master controller to control and operate DERs and loads as a single controllable entity, and the
installed generation capacity must exceed the peak critical load thus it could be disconnected
from the utility grid, i.e., the islanded mode, and seamlessly supply local critical loads. These
characteristics further present microgrids as small-scale power systems with the ability of self-
supply and islanding which could generate, distribute, and regulate the _ow of electricity to
local customers. Microgrids are more than just backup generation. Backup generation units
have existed for quite some time to provide a temporary supply of electricity to local loads
when the supply of electricity from the utility grid is interrupted. Microgrids, however, provide
a wider range of benefits and are significantly more flexible than backup generation.

The main microgrid components include loads, DERs, master controller, smart switches,
protective devices, as well as communication, control and automation systems. Microgrid loads
are commonly categorized into two types: fixed and flexible (also known as adjustable or
responsive). Fixed loads cannot be altered and must be satisfied under normal operating
conditions while flexible loads are responsive to controlling signals. Flexible loads could be
curtailed (i.e., curtailable loads) or deferred (i.e., shiftable loads) in response to economic
incentives or islanding requirements. DERs consist of distributed generation units (DG) and
distributed energy storage systems (ESS) which could be installed at electric utility facilities
and/or electricity consumers' premises.

Microgrids offer significant benefits for the customers and the utility grid as a whole: improved
reliability by introducing self-healing at the local distribution network; higher power quality
by managing local loads; reduction in carbon emission by the diversification of energy sources;
economic operation by reducing transmission and distribution (T&D) costs; utilization of less
costly renewable DGs; and offering energy efficiency by responding to real-time market prices.
Considering the growing interest in microgrid deployment, the research on microgrids has
significantly increased over the past few years. This paper presents a review on different
aspects of microgrid research, ranging from DER technologies to microgrid communications,
with the primary objective of providing insight on current trends and directions in microgrid
research and further identifying areas in need of further investigation.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II focuses on Wind energy conversion
system, in Section III Solar energy conversion system is discussed. Section IV presents grid
codes for integrating solar and wind energy to the grid. Simulation is done in MATLAB and
obtained results are shown in Section V. Section VI concludes the paper and Section VII
presents vision for future research in this area

2.WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

Wind turbine
wind aerodynamic P(W) Gear train model P(m) Generator P(e) Grid
model

figure 1: Block diagram of WECS

Wind is formed by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by sun rays. There is formation of
pressure gradient because of the formation of hot and cold air regions. This results in the flow
of air from high pressure to low pressure region. The kinetic energy of air in motion is called
as wind. The block diagram of the wind energy conversion system is shown in figure 1. This
kinetic energy hits on the aerodynamically designed blades which results in the rotation of the
wind turbine. Sometimes the wind speed is not sufficient to rotate the blades at the speed where
power generation is not possible. To increase the speed of the rotor shaft, gearbox is required
in some of the topologies of WECS. The mechanical energy of the shaft is converted into
electrical energy by the use of generators. The electrical energy generated is supplied to the
connected grid.

2.1 Wind turbine topologies

There are two categories of wind energy conversion systems
1. Fixed speed operation
2. Variable speed operation

These 2 categories are defined on the basis of the rotor speed. In fixed speed mode, rotor is
rotated at one fixed speed so as to maintain the output frequency. The frequency of output
power varies if there is variation in wind speed. In this mode the wind turbine is desired to give
maximum power at a fixed speed i.e. no maximum power point tracking is there to optimise
the power. The main disadvantages of these type of wind turbines is that there is no control of
active and reactive power, an additional capacitor bank is required to supply the reactive power
to grid and narrow range od speed where the output power is maximum.
In variable speed mode, the maximum power from the wind is extracted over wide range of
wind speeds. These turbines maintain the constant out frequency under a wide range of variable
wind speeds. The back to back power electronic converters are used to control the power
requirement of grid and the output frequency of electrical power generated. In these systems,
generally DFIG and PMSG are used.
There are 4 types of configurations for WECS based on speed control and type of control. In
this report, the type 3 of WECS is discussed that is shown in figure 2

DFIG GRID

DC Link

DC AC

AC DC

Rotor-side converter Grid-side converter

figure 2: doubly fed induction machine-based wind turbine model [5]

In this type of configuration, the stator of DFIG is directly connected to the grid and rotor is
connected to the grid with a back to back power electronic converter with DC link which
enables the DFIG for variable speed operation. The power active power can be unidirectionally
transferred directly from the stator to the grid and can be transferred bidirectionally from rotor
to grid through power electronics converter.

2.2 Aerodynamics of wind energy conversion

Radius ‘r’

Area swept
πr2

Figure 3 swept area of rotor

v= velocity of wind in m/s, ṁ= mass flow rate in kg/s, ρ= density of air in kg/m3, P= wind
power available, A= swept area in m3 as shown in figure 3
1 1 1
Power available in wind = 2 (𝑚)𝑣 2 = (𝜌𝐴𝑣)𝑣 2 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 3
2 2

Maximum efficiency in power is Cp= 0.59

1
Actual Power available in wind= 2 𝜌𝐴𝑣 3 𝐶𝑝 (1)

The actual power available in wind turbine is given by equation (1) where Cp is the rotor power
coefficient and Betz law states that the useful power which can be extracted from the wind is
59.26% of the total power with the ideal turbine of infinite blades. So, the maximum value of
Cp can be .5926.
The aerodynamic model consists of 3 individual task that are-
• Calculation of tip speed ratio
• Calculation of rotor power coefficient
• Calculation of torque

Calculation of tip speed ratio (TSR)

Tip speed ratio (𝜆) is the ratio which determines the fraction of extracted power from wind
turbine [4]. Mathematically, it is the ratio of linear speed of the blade’s tip point with the wind
speed is given by equation (2).

𝜆= (𝜔𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟×𝑅𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟)/𝑉𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 (2)

Where 𝜔𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 is the angular speed, Vwind is the wind velocity in m/s and Rrotor is the radius of
the rotor blades.

Calculation of rotor power coefficient (Cp)

Cp is the dimensionless quantity which gives the effectiveness of the wind turbine to convert
kinetic energy of wind to mechanical energy of shaft as given in equation (3). For wind turbines
the Cp is dependent of the pitch angle of the blades and the tip speed ratio [4].
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝐶𝑝 = = (3)
𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑)

Calculation of aerodynamic torque

The wind makes contact with the blades and the torque is developed in rotor which is given by
equation (4).[4]
2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 0.5𝐶𝑝 𝜌𝜋𝑅𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑇= = (4)
𝜔𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜔𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
2.3 Doubly fed induction generator WECS
The doubly fed induction generator WECS is widely used in wind power generation because
of its different benefits like extraction of maximum power from wind by controlling the rotor
side of DFIG, control of active and reactive power with use of partial scale back to back power
electronic converter and it gives support to the grid under fault and low voltage condition.
The main parts of DFIG wind power plant other than wind turbine are-
• Doubly fed induction generator

DFIG is like wound rotor induction machine, which has stator connected to grid and
rotor connected to the grid via back to back power electronic converters. DFIG is used
in wind power plants, as active power from the rotor circuit can be exchanged by the
grid. The control of power electronics converter and dc link voltage enables the user to
deliver the power from the rotor at high wind speeds and at lower wind speed it can get
power from the grid. The DFIG gives the active power from the stator in a slip region
of 0.3 to -0.3 i.e. under-synchronous mode and super-synchronous mode.
• Back to back power electronic converters and their control
The rotor windings are connected to the grid by back to back power electronic
converter. The controlling of these power electronic gives the control over active and
reactive power supplied to grid, voltage stability and constant stator frequency.

• DC link capacitor
DC link capacitor is an energy storing element when there is power balance in the
system during faults and low voltage disturbances. During the faults, there is a power
unbalance caused by voltage dip on stator. The system is not able to supply the
continuous power to stator and this makes the power unbalance in rotor and grid side.

• Wind turbine control

Wind turbine control is present for optimise the power extraction from wind during
wind speeds. It gives the reference values of power and speed to the RSC controllers.

2.3.1 Mathematical model of DFIG

The DFIG generates power in 2 modes, synchronous and sub-synchronous region [6]. The
general equation which relates the stator voltage/current frequency (𝜔𝑠 ), frequency of rotor
voltages/currents (𝜔′𝑟 ) and rotor electrical speed (𝜔𝑚 ) is given by equation (5)
𝜔𝑠 = 𝜔′𝑟 + 𝜔𝑚 (5)
The slip of machine is given by equation (6)
 𝜔𝑠 −𝜔𝑚
𝑠= (6)
𝜔𝑠

The synchronous frequency(𝜔𝑠 ) in most of the cases is constant. The 2 modes are
1. Sub synchronous region 𝜔𝑚 < 𝜔𝑠 => 𝑠 > 0
2. Super synchronous region 𝜔𝑚 < 𝜔𝑠 => 𝑠 < 0

The equivalent circuit of DFIG referred to stator side is shown in figure (4).

figure 4: Equivalent circuit of DFIG referred to stator side [6]

where,
Vs: supplies stator voltage, Vr: supplied rotor voltage, Is: stator current, Ir: rotor current, Es:
Induced emf in stator, Ers: induced emf in rotor, R: resistance of windings, Lm: mutual
inductance, 𝐿𝜎𝑠 : stator leakage inductance and 𝐿𝜎𝑟 : rotor leakage inductances.
The equation of stator and rotor voltages are given by equation (7-8) [6]
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝑠 + 𝑗𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝜎𝑠 𝐼𝑠 + 𝑗𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝑚 (𝐼𝑠 + 𝐼𝑟 ) (7)
𝑉𝑟 𝑅𝑟
= 𝐼𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝜎𝑟 𝐼𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝑚 (𝐼𝑠 + 𝐼𝑟 ) (8)
𝑠 𝑠

And the flux linkages are given by

𝛹𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝐼𝑟 (9)
𝛹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑚 𝐼𝑠 + 𝐿𝑟 𝐼𝑟 (10)

The dq-transformation of these equations are necessary, as the controllers are designed for
DFIG in dq-reference frame. The conversion of abc-reference frame in synchronous rotating
reference frame is done by parks transformation. This conversion is helpful because it
decouples the control of active and reactive power components and they can be simultaneously
controlled by different control loops. For the dq-transform the phasor diagram is given by
figure 5.
Figure 5: Phasor diagram for abc-dq transform [6]

The equations for the rotor and stator voltages in dq-reference frame are given by
𝑑𝛹𝑑𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 + − 𝜔𝑠 𝛹𝑞𝑠 (11)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝛹𝑞𝑠
𝑉𝑞𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 + − 𝜔𝑠 𝛹𝑑𝑠 (12)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝛹𝑑𝑟
𝑉𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑟𝑠 + − 𝜔𝑟 𝛹𝑞𝑟 (13)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝛹𝑞𝑟
𝑉𝑞𝑟 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + − 𝜔𝑟 𝛹𝑑𝑟 (14)
𝑑𝑡

𝛹𝑑𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑟 , 𝛹𝑞𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑟 (15)

𝛹𝑑𝑟 = 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 ; 𝛹𝑞𝑟 = 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑠 + 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 (16)

Where all the symbols have usual meaning. d is the direct axis components and q is quadrature
axis component. [6]

2.3.2 Control blocks of DFIG WECS

The control block of DFIG WECS is shown in figure (6)
 figure 6: Overall control system of variable speed wind turbine [4]

Different types of line are used to denote the different signals like

• Double dotted lines are used for measures signal

• Single dotted lines are used for reference signal
• Solid lines are used for output signals from reference

The DFIG control level has 3 input signals

• Pgridconv, ref , it is the power reference for the rotor side control which is provided by the
wind turbine control.
• Qgridref, it is the reactive power reference to the control level which is provided by the
grid system operators.
• Udcref it is the dc link capacitor voltage reference to the control level which depends
upon the size of capacitor and the size is determined by amount of voltage ripples in dc
link voltage.

Wind turbine control block

Wind turbine control block is responsible for generating the reference signal for the RSC
control circuit which enables the system to optimise the capture of wind energy in different
regions. These regions are shown in figure (7)
figure 7: Static curves used in the control of DFIG [4].

This control strategy used 2 static curves for the control of DFIG, one is Mechanical power Vs
wind speed and Electrical power Vs generator speed. In DFIG we have to the range of rotor
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑚
speed, 𝜂𝜖[𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛 , 𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛 ]

2.3.3 Vector control of DFIG WECS

The dynamic equation for the rotor side voltages [6] are derived by using equation (26-27) and
given by
𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑟 𝐿𝑚 𝑑
𝑉𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝜎𝐿𝑟 − 𝜔𝑟 𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + |𝛹𝑠 | (26)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑠 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑞𝑟 𝐿𝑚
𝑉𝑞𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + 𝜎𝐿𝑟 − 𝜔𝑟 𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝜔𝑟 |𝛹𝑠 | (27)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑠

Here the stator flux is taken to be constant as the grid voltage is constant during normal
𝐿𝑚 𝑑
operation, so the term |𝛹𝑠 | becomes zero. By using equation (26-27) and torque equation
𝐿𝑠 𝑑𝑡
(24), the overall control is designed as shown in figure (13)
The cross-coupling terms, 𝜔𝑟 𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 and 𝜔𝑟 𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 are added to the control loop to get proper
controlling. There is a angle calculation block which is used to determine the rotor flux angle
at all time to convert the abc reference frame to dq reference frame as shown in figure (13)
figure 13: RSC current control loop for DFIG [6]

The grid side control is designed on the basis of the equations (28-29) and the figure (14) where
the Rf and Lf are the filter parameters between the GSC and Grid [2]. All the symbols have
usual meaning. The right side of figure represents grid side and left side as output of GSC.
𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑔
𝑉𝑑𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓 𝑖𝑑𝑔 + 𝐿𝑓 + 𝑉𝑑𝑔 − 𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑞𝑔 (28)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑞𝑔
𝑉𝑞𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓 𝑖𝑞𝑔 + 𝐿𝑓 + 𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑑𝑔 (29)
𝑑𝑡

The control block is designed by these equations and the cross-coupling terms are added for
accurate results which is shown in figure 15.

figure 15: Grid voltage-oriented vector control (GVOVC) block diagram [2].
Complete model of DFIG based wind turbine is shown below:

3. SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

A Solar cell is the basic unit of a photovoltaic (PV) system. Combination of solar cells in
series forms a PV panel or PV module. These modules when connected in series and parallel
form PV arrays.

The circuit diagram of a single non- ideal solar cell is shown below.
From the Figure1 current equation can be written as
I = Ipv – ID – Ish

Where, I is the current generated by a solar cell, Ipv is the photon current, ID is the diode
current and Ish is the current flow through shunt resistor Rp.
For a solar cell,

Main equation can be written as,

Knowing the total number of series connected solar cells N that result in a solar panel/module
and from the numbers of series Ns and parallel Np connected solar panels, Current equation
for a PV array is given by:

3.1 Modelling of PV Array

Current based model of PV array has been modelled using the following subsystem models:

Photon current: Photon current has been modelled using

3) Diode current: Diode current at any temperature takes reverse saturation current into
account. Reverse saturation current at standard condition is found by
Modelling of reverse saturation current at reference is shown in Figure5.

At different conditions of temperature, the reverse saturation current is determined using [4]:

Where, 〖I_( o)〗_n is Reverse saturation current at standard temperature, E_gis energy gap
value = 1.12 (for monocrystalline silicon).

3.2. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

The solar PV array has a nonlinear behaviour and its output changes repeatedly due to change
in weather conditions. MPP tracker helps the PV array to deliver maximum power at its
output and thus increases the system efficiency. It sets a suitable duty cycle value at the gate
of Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switch used in boost converter so that maximum
power can be extracted. Incremental conductance technique with internal regulator has been
used to model MPPT. At maximum power point:

Now,

Hence,

MPPT tests for (dI )/dV and I/V to be zero. If the sum is not zero, PI controller/regulator
treats the sum as error and minimizes this error. The obtained value at the output of the PI
controller is the change in duty cycle value. This is added to the initial value of duty cycle
(D). Initial D value is set based upon the requirement at the output of the DC-DC boost
converter.

Algorithm for Incremental Conductance type MPPT is shown below

3.3 Boost Converter

A DC-DC boost converter is used to boost and regulate the output voltage of the PV array
and to implement Maximum power point tracking. The modelled boost converter circuit
is shown in the Figure 10.

The converter output is given by:

Vo=Vin/(1-D)
3.4 DC to AC Converter

Three-phase three level voltage source converter has been used to convert DC power into
AC. Simulink block used for this purpose is shown in Figure 11.

Capacitors at the output of boost converter provide neutral point N for the inverter. Gate signals
at the inverter controls the IGBT switches on and off period. These signals are generated by
inverter control loop. Designed inverter control loop consists of
• Phase locked loop (PLL) and dq0 transformer
• DC voltage control loop
• Current control loop
• Reference voltage and PWM generator
Complete grid connected system is shown below :

4. RENEWABLE INTEGRATION WITH GRID

4.1 GRID CODES OF WIND INTEGRATION

Grid operators, both in transmission and distribution, have developed grid codes for connecting
WTGS and the wind turbine manufacturers have responded to these requirements by
developing advanced functionalities in the field of WTGS control and electrical system design
Essential grid code requirements are discussed below

A. Frequency control
Several grid codes require the participation of wind farms in primary and secondary frequency
control, including frequency response capability and limitation of both ramp rates and active
power output. The requirements are expected to become stricter at higher wind power
integration levels in order to avoid exceed power gradients of conventional power plants
responsible for primary and secondary frequency control. Some operators also require that
WTGS should stay connected and in operation at a wider frequency band in order to contribute
to frequency restoration and stable power systems operation.

B. Voltage control
The individual WTGS have to control their own terminal voltage to a constant value by means
of an automatic voltage regulator, allowing that modern wind farms have capability to control
the voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) to a pre-defined set-point of grid voltage.
Expanded reactive power capabilities can bring advantages for system operators because it
offers the possibility of better balancing the reactive power demand.
C. Fault Ride-Through capability
WTGS must remain connected during and after severe grid disturbances, ensuring fast
restoration of active power to pre-fault levels as soon as the fault is cleared and inject reactive
current in order to support the grid voltage during disturbances and to provide fast voltage
recovery after fault clearing.

4.2 SOLAR ENERGY INTEGRATION

The first application of photovoltaic power was as a power source for space satellites. Mostly
the photovoltaic modules are used for utility-interactive power generation. Grid connected
solar systems are typically classified as three categories: residential, commercial, and utility
scales. Residential scale is the smallest type of installation and refers to all installations less
than 10kW usually found on private properties. The commercial capacity ranges from 10kW
to 100kW, which are commonly found on the roof of a commercial building. Utility scale is
designed to the installations above 100kW, which are traditionally ground-based installations
on fields. In this technique using integrate communication systems - the photovoltaic panel,
voltage, current and temperature of each module was collected and the information is sent
to the monitoring interface. The solar power monitoring [3] can be classified as three
categories: system level, string-level, and module-level. Fig. 3 shows the three-level
monitoring based on wireless communication systems. The system will monitor the status of
solar modules, solar strings, and solar inverters based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 ZigBee
standard. Either star or mesh topology can be used. With this wireless monitoring capability,
each solar module status is visible.

4.3 WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY INTERGRATION

The combination of wind and solar energy leads to reduced local storage requirements. The
combination of complementary and multilevel energy storage technologies, where a super
capacitor or flywheel provides cache control to compensate for fast power fluctuations and to
smoothen the transients encountered by a battery with higher energy capacity. Micro grids or
hybrid energy systems have been shown to be an effective structure for local interconnection
of distributed renewable generation, loads, and storage. Recent research has considered the
optimization of the operation on one hand and the usage of dc to link the resources on the other
.A schematic of the dc micro grid with the conventions employed for power is given in Fig. 4.
The dc bus connects wind energy conversion system (WECS), PV panels, multilevel energy
storage comprising battery energy storage system (BESS) and super capacitor. The WECS is
connected to the dc bus via an ac–dc converter. PV panels are connected to the dc bus via a
dc–dc converter. The BESS can be realized through flow battery technology connected to the
dc bus via a dc–dc converter. It is connected close to the LV–MV transformer to reduce losses
and voltage drop and it is connected to main grid.
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Proposed grid connected wind and PV model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Complete

Simulink model is shown below

A 10 kW, 5 kVAR load is connected to the 11 kV grid. Distributed Energy sources present in
grid are capable of supplying power to grid at rated voltage and frequency. Result is shown
below:
For solar PV, irradiance and temperature is kept constant at 1000 W/m 2 and 25 ͦC
respectively. Rated active power 100 kW and voltage 270 V.
Above figure shows voltage, current, dc link voltage and rotor speed of the wind generator.
Through proper grid side control technique, dc link voltage is kept constant. Rotor speed is
varied to extract maximum power.

6. CONCLUSION
Feasibility study on power control of grid-connected wind/PV hybrid generation system was
conducted at designing stage of the multiple renewable sources hybrid control system. Power
electronic interface and its control scheme were proposed for the maximum power generation
of the wind/PV hybrid system with grid interface. The dynamic analysis models of the system
components and power control schemes were addressed. The modelling and simulation study
was carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results showed the excellent
performance of the wind/PV hybrid control in response to severe changes in wind speed
and solar intensity conditions.

7. FUTURE SCOPE
A partial list of the future research topic areas, which can impact renewable power generation
and management, is given below:

1) Energy Management and Standardization: As the deployment of hybrid RE/AE systems in

the form of independent microgrid increases, the need for real-time energy management
of such systems, and robust communication between the individual energy sources of the
microgrid, become important tasks and, therefore, deserve further attention. Furthermore,
systematic approaches and standardization, e.g., IEEE Standard 1547 and IEC 61850 are
needed for efficient and safe deployment of such
systems.

2) DC Distribution: With the development of modern equipment and household appliances that
use dc voltage, several researchers have explored the virtue of dc Microgrid for localized loads
and the idea of completely rewiring homes to run on dc. This venue deserves further attention
to explore its technical and economic feasibility.

3) New Semiconductor Devices: The rugged electronic power switching technology using
silicon carbide and gallium nitride semiconductors is rapidly advancing. Devices made out of
these materials can be operated at much higher frequencies, and such operations can lead to
compact inverters, choppers, and other interface systems, which can enhance the overall
performance of hybrid renewable power systems. As these devices become available, research
efforts are needed to integrate them into the evolving hybrid systems.

4) Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Last but not least, the production of hydrogen and hydrogen economy
should be a constant future research topic. A breakthrough in this area could revolutionize the
way we live.
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