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Chapter 6

The document discusses data communication and computer networking. It describes the basic elements of a communication system including a sender, receiver, and medium. It discusses different modes of transmission including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also describes different types of transmission media and network topologies including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Finally, it discusses some common applications and services on the Internet such as email, the World Wide Web, Usenet, Telnet, FTP, and video conferencing.

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90 views7 pages

Chapter 6

The document discusses data communication and computer networking. It describes the basic elements of a communication system including a sender, receiver, and medium. It discusses different modes of transmission including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also describes different types of transmission media and network topologies including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Finally, it discusses some common applications and services on the Internet such as email, the World Wide Web, Usenet, Telnet, FTP, and video conferencing.

Uploaded by

haile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AMU Chapter four 2011

CHAPTER- 6
DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKING

6.1 Basic elements of a communication system


Communication is the transfer of information from one place to another. It may be manual –
one person talks to another. Or it may be mechanical or electronic gadget or device. What ever
the case, the process of communication involves the following three basic components:

 Sender-the component from which information is transferred.

 Receiver –the component to which information is transferred.

 Medium/channel-the component through which information transferred.


6.2 Mode of transmission
The transmission medium may be physical (it connects the transmitter and receivers through
wire) or logical (there are different mode of transmission).
Simplex transmission: - In this transmission, signals are transmitted in only one direction:
One station is transmitter and the other is receiver.
Simplex channels are not often used because it is not possible to send back error(s) or control
signals to transmitter end. Computers rarely use this mode transmission as a receiver cannot send
an acknowledgement signals.
E.g. TV, Radio transmission, door bell etc.
Half-duplex transmission: - Transmission is possible in both directions but only one way
at a time i.e. both stations may transmit, but only one at a time. It is possible to perform error
detection and request the sender to retransmit information that arrived corrupted. A common
situation is for device A, acting as transmitter, to send a series of characters to device B, acting as
receiver. Then A and B simultaneously switch roles and B sends acknowledgement.
E.g. Police radio (wacky talky) or talk back radio
Full-duplex transmission: - In this transmission, signals transmitted in both direction,
both stations may transmit simultaneously. The medium carries signals in both directions at the
same time.
Eg. Telephone

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6.3 Transmission Media

Transmission Medium is the physical path between transmitter and receiver in a data
communication system. The characteristics and quality of data transmission are determined both
by the characteristics of the medium and characteristics of the signal.

Media of data transmission:

1) Guided Transmission media- Data transmission is through solid medium (wired system).

2) Unguided Transmission media– Data transmission through air/space (i.e wireless


system)
Commonly used guided media:

 Twisted pair

 Coaxial cable

 Optical fiber

6.4 Network
What is a Computer Network?
Computer Network is a communication system where a group of Computers and other
devices like printers, scanners, etc are connected by cables and other hardware for the
purpose of sharing resources like hardware, software and exchanging data or information
from one computer to another.
Connection devices: hubs, routers, switches, gateways, bridge etc.
 The advantages /importance of this Networking may be:
 Networks allow efficient management of resources.
 Networks help keep information reliable and update.
 Networks help speed up data sharing.
 Networks facilitate efficient communication etc.
 Disadvantages of networks
 Viruses transmission
 Insecurity of information

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AMU Chapter four 2011

Types of Networks
Networks are placed under three categories:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
 It is a network that is confined to a single location or limited geographical areas
be it a building or building complex. The maximum distance from one end of the
network to another is usually limited by signal strength or the network system
built in time limit for sending and receiving messages through a physical
connection such as cable.
Examples: Two computers connected by a cable in an office 100s of computers in a corporation

Fig. 4.1 LAN


Wide Area Network (WAN)
 As the advantages of Networking became clear, people thought in terms of expanding
them. LAN could not support the needs of large business and other communities
adequately whose offices and connections were spread over a wide area. This led to
the development of Wide Area Network. Such a Network is spread over cities, states
or countries. Here a physical cable spreading is not possible. So communication in
this Network takes place via telephone lines, satellites, and microwave links.
 Summary : WAN (Wide Area Network)
 No geographical limit.
 Can connect computers and other devices in different parts of
the world.
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AMU Chapter four 2011

 Examples:
o A corporation with offices in London & New York
o The Internet

Fig. 4.2 WAN


Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 It is located in between LAN and WAN. It may cover an entire city but uses LAN
technology. Cable Television Network distributing signals is an example of MAN.
Whatever the type of the Network, they have the following components and features in
common:
 Servers: Computers that provide shared resources to the Network users.
 Clients: computers that access shared resources provided by servers.
 Media: the way in which computers are connected.
 Resources: files, printers or other items to be used by network users.
Internet
Internet is a wide area network, which is the network of networks that provides access to a vast
array of information stored in computer systems throughout the world. Internet has a lot of
services.

Advantages of the Internet


The Internet helps in various ways:
To get information
You could get information about people, products, organizations, research data, electronic
versions of the printed media, etc. from the Internet. You can get easy access to a wealth of
information and entertainment. As such it is often described as the prototype for a worldwide
information "superhighway".

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AMU Chapter four 2011

To provide information
Most of what you want to provide could be considered global advertising.
The best and most inexpensive way to let people know who you are, what you are doing/have
done, and how
Publishing: including full test articles, reports, abstracts, computer programs, and
demonstrations
Extension: in which some of the delays associated with the printed media, may be
reduced.
Teaching: The possibilities here include both distance learning and assistance for students
Sharing or exchanging information with the outside world.
Ability to communicate
The Internet gives people the ability to communicate with other connected computer
users through electronic mail and real time typed conversations (bulletin boards, databases,
and discussion groups). Users will be able to use electronic mails to transmit messages,
announcements and document/file attachments to other users within the Intranet or over the
Internet.

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AMU Chapter four 2011

Applications and Services on the Internet


 Electronic- Mail (E-mail)
E-mail is one of the most widely used services on the internet, E-mail is easy to send, read, reply
to and manage, and it is fast and convenient. E-mail is also global, allowing messages to pass
from Japan to the U.S in minutes, regardless or the time they were sent. It is much cheaper to
send an e-mail message then a letter, or to make a long distance telephone call. Another
advantage of e-mail is, it is possible to send the same message to any number of individuals as
long as you know their e-mail address.
 World Wide Web (WWW)
Is one of the newest Internet services? The WWW allows you to combine text, a video, graphics,
and even animation to make a document a viewed easy. Links within WWW documents can take
you quickly to other related documents. WWW is a set of sites that you can go for information.
To access the WWW, it is necessary that you run a WWW browser on your computer.
 Use Net
It is one of the Internet services which allow users from any where on the Internet to participate
a discussion groups (News groups). It is an organized electronic mail (e-mail) system, except
there is no single user that mail is sent to. Instead, the messages you and every one else using
Use Net write are sent to a newsgroup section, available for anyone who accesses that news
group.
 Telnet
It is a program that lets you log into a remote computer directly through the Internet and you can
work on that computer.
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
This enables you to examine the files of remote hosts on the Internet and to transfer files b/n your
hosts and the others. Using FTP programs we can upload or download files. But to do this there
should be an admission from the remote computer.
 Video Conferencing
The internet is, in its raw form, communication. Video conferencing means making a conference
on the internet by individuals who live in different locations. The individuals speak and see each
other.

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Computer Security - generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect data and
to
frustrate hackers
The classification of security services are as follows:
Confidentiality: Ensures that the information in a computer system and transmitted information
are accessible only for reading by authorized parties.
E.g. Printing, displaying and other forms of disclosure.
Authentication: Ensures that the origin of a message or electronic document is correctly
identified, with an assurance that the identity is not false.
Integrity: Ensures that only authorized parties are able to modify computer system assets and
transmitted information. Modification includes writing, changing status, deleting, creating and
delaying or replaying of transmitted messages.
Non repudiation: Requires that neither the sender nor the receiver of a message be able to deny
the transmission.
Access control: Requires that access to information resources may be controlled by or the target
system.
Availability: Requires that computer system assets be available to authorized parties when
needed
 Encipher (encrypt) - converting plaintext to cipher text
 decipher (decrypt) - recovering cipher text from plaintext
A virus is a piece of software that can "infect" other programs by modifying them; the
modification includes a copy of the virus program, which can then go on to infect other
programs. A virus can do anything that other programs do. The only difference is that it attaches
itself to another program and executes secretly when the host program is run. Once a virus is
executing, it can perform any function, such as erasing files and programs
A worm is a program that can replicate itself and send copies from computer to computer across
network connections. Upon arrival, the worm may be activated to replicate and propagate again.
Network worm programs use network connections to spread from system to system. Once active
within a system, a network worm can behave as a computer virus or bacteria,

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