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Signal and System Lab Manual

1. The document discusses various signal representations including unit step, unit impulse, ramp, parabolic, signum, exponential, rectangular, triangular, sinusoidal, sinc, and sampling functions. 2. It defines each signal mathematically and discusses their properties and shapes. For example, it defines the unit step function as u(t) = {10 if t≥00 if t<0 and notes its area under the curve is unity. 3. The aim is to study different ways to represent signals in both continuous and discrete time domains in order to understand how to convey information through signals.

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Vishal Daud
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77 views5 pages

Signal and System Lab Manual

1. The document discusses various signal representations including unit step, unit impulse, ramp, parabolic, signum, exponential, rectangular, triangular, sinusoidal, sinc, and sampling functions. 2. It defines each signal mathematically and discusses their properties and shapes. For example, it defines the unit step function as u(t) = {10 if t≥00 if t<0 and notes its area under the curve is unity. 3. The aim is to study different ways to represent signals in both continuous and discrete time domains in order to understand how to convey information through signals.

Uploaded by

Vishal Daud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practical-1

Aim: To study signal representation.


Theory: Signal
Signal is a time varying physical phenomenon which is intended to convey information.
OR
Signal is a function of time.
OR
Signal is a function of one or more independent variables, which contain some information.
Example: voice signal, video signal, signals on telephone wires etc.

1.Unit Step Function


Unit step function is denoted by u(t). It is defined as u(t) = {10t⩾0t<0{1t⩾00t<0

● It is used as best test signal.


● Area under unit step function is unity.

2.Unit Impulse Function


Impulse function is denoted by δ(t). and it is defined as δ(t) = {10t=0t≠0{1t=00t≠0

∫∞−∞δ(t)dt=u(t)∫−∞∞δ(t)dt=u(t)
δ(t)=du(t)dtδ(t)=du(t)dt

3.Ramp Signal
Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as r(t) = {t0t⩾0t<0{tt⩾00t<0

∫u(t)=∫1=t=r(t)∫u(t)=∫1=t=r(t)
u(t)=dr(t)dtu(t)=dr(t)dt
Area under unit ramp is unity.

4.Parabolic Signal
Parabolic signal can be defined as x(t) = {t2/20t⩾0t<0{t2/2t⩾00t<0

∬u(t)dt=∫r(t)dt=∫tdt=t22=parabolicsignal∬u(t)dt=∫r(t)dt=∫tdt=t22=parabolicsignal
⇒u(t)=d2x(t)dt2⇒u(t)=d2x(t)dt2
⇒r(t)=dx(t)dt⇒r(t)=dx(t)dt

5.Signum Function
Signum function is denoted as sgn(t). It is defined as

sgn(t) = 1 {t>0
=0 {t=0
=-1 {t<0
sgn(t) = 2u(t) – 1(property of unit step signal)

6.Exponential Signal
Exponential signal is in the form of x(t) = eαteαt.
The shape of exponential can be defined by αα.
Case i: if α = 0 →→ x(t) = e0 = 1

Case ii: if α < 0 i.e. -ve then x(t) = te−αt. The shape is called decaying exponential.

Case iii: if α > 0 i.e. +ve then x(t) = eαt. The shape is called raising exponential.
7.Rectangular Signal
Let it be denoted as x(t) and it is defined as

8.Triangular Signal
Let it be denoted as x(t)

9.Sinusoidal Signal
Sinusoidal signal is in the form of x(t) = A cos(w0±ϕw0±ϕ) or A sin(w0±ϕw0±ϕ)

Where T0 = 2πw02πw0

10.Sinc Function
It is denoted as sinc(t) and it is defined as sinc(t)=sinπtπt
for t=±1,±2,±3...
11.Sampling Function
It is denoted as sa(t) and it is defined as
sa(t)=sint
for t=±π,±2π,±3π...

Conclusion: hence we studied representation of basic signals such as unit


step,ramp,rectangular,exponential,sine,cosine etc signals in continuous and discrete forms using matlab
software.

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