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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 1: Safety Precaution, Basic Test Instrument and Hand tools
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)………………………………………………….
Hand Tools……………………………………………………………………………….

Module 2: Parts and Function of Computer System

Optical Drives…………………………………………………………………………….
Hard Disk Drives…………………………………………………………………………

Module 3: Detection of Devices and Internal Components of a System Unit

Memory…………………………………………………………………………………..

Module 4: Internal and External Components of a System Unit

Motherboard……………………………………………………………………………...
Expansion Cards…………………………………………………………………………

Module 5: Techniques and Procedure in Diagnosing Different Types of Computer System Errors
Techniques in diagnosing computer system……………………………………………
Different types of computer system error………………………………………………
Procedure in diagnosing computer system errors………………………………………

Module 6: Identifying Different Types Processor

Different types of processor…………………………………………………………….

Module 7: Computer Power Supply

Different kinds of Computer Power Supply…………………………………………….

Module 8: Computer Monitor

Basic Parts and Operation of Computer Monitor……………………………………….

Module 9: Troubleshooting and Isolating Computer Hardware Problems

Finding Troubles of Internal Components………………………………………………

Module 10: Assembly and Disassembly

How to Assembly and Disassembly of a Computer System……………………………
.
Module 11: Hardware Conflicts
Diagnosing and Troubleshooting Hardware Conflicts…………………………………

Module 12: Determining, Repairing and Replacing Defective Components

Determining Defective Components…………………………………………………..

Proper Repairing and Replacing of Defective Components…………………………..

Module 13: Wiring of Power Supply
Wiring Techniques…………………………………………………………………….

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COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 2
Course Objectives
The course primarily aims to familiarize the students’ in the world of computer
hardware and software. The course also aims to develop the student’s skills in handling and managing
hardware and software problem and strategies necessary for the maintenance of a Computer System
and Network.

Course Outline

Module I: Safety Precaution, Basic Test Instrument and Hand tools

Module II: Parts and Function of Computer System
Module III: Detection of Devices and Internal Components of a System Unit
Module IV: Internal and External Components of a System Unit
Module V: Techniques and Procedure in Diagnosing Different Types of Computer
System Errors
Module VI: Identifying Different Types Processor
Module VII: Computer Power Supply
Module VIII: Computer Monitor
Module IX: Troubleshooting and Isolating Computer Hardware Problems
Module X: Assembly and Disassembly
Module XI: Hardware Conflicts
Module XII: Determining, Repairing and Replacing Defective Components
Module XIII: Wiring of Power Supply

Text Reference

Module 2: Parts and Function of Computer System

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Optical Drives

The word “Optical” refers to lasers, which can "see" and read data on optical discs. These
discs include CDs and DVDs, which are made up of millions of small bumps and dips. Optical
drives have lasers that read these bumps and dips as ones and zeros, which the computer can
understand.
Some common types of optical drives include CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-
RW, and Blu-ray drives. CD and DVD writers, such as CD-R and DVD-R drives use a laser to
both read and write data on the discs. The laser used for writing the data is much more powerful
than the laser that reads the data, as it "burns" the bumps and dips into the disc. While optical
drives can spin discs at very high speeds, they are still significantly slower than hard drives,
which store data magnetically.

Parts of an Optical Drive

Front

Back

Top

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Types of an Optical Drive

1. Compact Disc (CD) Drive – The basic task of the CD drive is to install
software onto the computer, but with available technology, they can be used
for several other tasks as well. A CD drive can perform a variety of tasks.
With the advent of writeable and rewriteable compact disk technology, users
could use the drive to back up important data or entire hard drives.

2. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) Drive – is an optical disc storage format,

invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995.
DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the
same dimensions.DVD drive is a component of a computer or other
electronic device designed specifically to utilize digital versatile discs, or
DVDs.

3. Blu-ray Drive – A Blu-Ray drive is similar to a standard DVD or CD

drive in a computer, with the only difference being that it plays Blu-Ray
discs instead of those other formats. A Blu-Ray drive can be internal,
meaning that it sits inside the computer and plugs directly into the
motherboard, or external, meaning that it plugs into the computer via a
USB port.

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Types of Optical Disc

1. Compact Disc (CD) – A compact disc (CD) is a small, portable, round

medium made of molded polymer (close in size to the floppy disk) for
electronically recording, storing, and playing back audio, video, text, and other
information in digital form.

Variations of Compact Disc

 CD-ROM – CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute

computer software, including video games and multimedia applications,
though any data can be stored. Some CDs hold both computer data and
audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data
is only usable on a computer.

 CD-RW – is a rewritable optical disc. It was introduced in 1997, and

was known as "CD-Writable" during development.CD-RW disks can
hold about 700 megabytes of data. CD-RW drives vary significantly in
how fast they can read and record data.

 CD-R – is a type of write once, read many compact disc format that
allows one-time recording on a disc. A standard CD-R is a 1.2 mm
(0.047 in) thick disc made of polycarbonate with a 120 mm (4.7 in) or
80 mm (3.150 in) diameter.

 Photo CD – is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and saving

photos in a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold
nearly 100 high quality images, scanned prints and slides using
special proprietary encoding.

 Video CD– is a standard digital format for storing video on a Compact

Disc. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most DVD-
Video players, personal, and some video game consoles.

2. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) – is an optical disc storage format, invented

and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer
higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same
dimensions.

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Variations of Digital Versatile Disc

 DVD-R – (often pronounced DVD-minus-R or DVD-dash-R) is a 4.7

gigabyte single-layer DVD that can be recorded to once. It cannot be
written to in a DVD+R drive; although a DVD+R drive may or may
not be able to play it back. Consumer DVD players will play these
discs.

 DVD-RW – is a rewritable version of DVD-R, and has the same size

and restrictions on use.

 DVD-RAM – is a special DVD format intended for computer use

only. It uses a disc inside a special cartridge, and cannot be read or
written in any other type of drive.

 DVD+R –(often pronounced DVD-plus-R) is a one-time recordable

format like DVD-R which uses a slightly different recording
technology. You can't write a DVD+R disc in a DVD-R drive, but
you can usually read or play a disc of either format in a player of the
other format, and also in consumer DVD players.

 DVD+RW – is more closely related in terms of technology to

DVD-RW than DVD+R. It's an erasable, rewritable format.

 DVD+R DL – is a dual-layer version of DVD+R and can hold

roughly twice as much data (almost 9 gigabytes.)

3. Blu-Ray Disc (BD) – is an optical disc storage medium designed to

supersede the DVD format. The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and
1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Blu-ray Discs contain
25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) being the norm for
feature-length video discs.

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Hard Disk Drives

Hard Disk Drive is a device for storing and retrieving digital information, primarily
computer data. It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly rotating discs (platters)
coated with magnetic material, and with magnetic heads arranged to write data to the surfaces
and read it from them.

Hard drives are designed to store large amounts of digital information. This is
accomplished by writing the binary data to a series of rotating magnetic platters. When the
platters containing data are spun, the magnetic profile is read and the data can be detected and
reconstructed by the computer. Hard drives are attached to the computer's motherboard, which
governs the writing and reading of information.

All of the data displayed on a computer, including pictures, music, video and text, are
stored on the hard drive. Additionally, the applications that display this content and allow users
to modify it are themselves stored on the hard drive.

Hard Disk Drive

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Parts of an Optical Drive

Top

Back View (IDE)

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Back View (SATA)

Kinds of Hard Disk Drives

1. Parallel ATA (IDE) Drive – IDE (Integrated Drive

Electronics) is a standard electronic interface used between a
computer motherboard's data paths or bus and the computer's
disk storage devices. The IDE interface is based on the IBM PC
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) 16-bit bus standard, but it
is also used in computers that use other bus standards.

2. Serial ATA (SATA) Drive – Serial Advanced Technology

Attachment, often abbreviated SATA or S-ATA, is a serial link - a
single cable with a minimum of four wires creates a point-to-point
connection between devices. As an evolution of the older Parallel
ATA physical storage interface, SATA host-adapters and devices
communicate via a high-speed serial cable.

Advantage of SATA from IDE

Transfer rates for Serial ATA begin at 150MBps. One of the main design advantages of
Serial ATA is that the thinner serial cables facilitate more efficient airflow inside a form factor
and also allow for smaller chassis designs. In contrast, IDE cables used in parallel ATA systems
are bulkier than Serial ATA cables and can only extend to 40cm long, while Serial ATA cables
can extend up to one meter.

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Module 3: Detection of Devices and Internal Components of a System Unit

Optical and Hard Disk Drives Detection using Jumper Pins

The jumpers for hard disk(s) and CD/DVD drives are located on the back of the drive.
The jumper is a small metal slider covered by a rectangular piece of plastic. Jumpers for hard
drives are designed to slide over and connect the two metal pins together so that electricity can
flow between them.

Before you can use the jumpers, you must know the hard drive setting for each pair of pins.

Pin information might be printed directly on the hard drive label, the hard drive PCA board
under the pins, or etched in the surrounding plastic or metal near the pins. Some drives use a
default setting when there is no jumper attached. The hard drive settings can be, but are not
limited to, the following:

 MS, MA, DS, 0, or M = Master or Device 0. The drive is the first drive to be used on the
cable/channel (connected to the end connector on an IDE cable).
 SL, PK, 1, or S = Slave or Device 1. The drive is the second drive to be used on the
cable/channel (connected to the middle connector on an IDE cable).
 CS, CSEL = Cable Select. The drive can be automatically set up by a capable system.

If you cannot find the names of the hard drive settings for the pins, you will need to refer to
information from the drive manufacturer – either from the drive manufacturer’s support Web site
or from any available manuals that came with the drive when it was purchased.

The pins are usually located on the back of the drive next to the ribbon cable connector. The
drive should have three or four pairs of pins for setting the drive.

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Next, you need to know the location and type of each available channel connector on the
motherboard. There are two main types of connectors used by drives:

 IDE and SATA. An IDE ribbon cable plugs into either a primary or secondary IDE
connector on the mother board. Each IDE cable supports up to two IDE compatible hard
drives
 A SATA cable plugs into a SATA connector. Each cable supports one drive. Generally, no
jumper configuration is necessary.

Each of the connectors is labeled on the motherboard. Your computer might have one or no IDE
connectors as well as no SATA or many SATA connectors. The capabilities of attaching a hard
drive to your computer are limited by the number and type of IDE and SATA connectors on the
motherboard. For example you cannot connect 2 SATA drives if there is only one SATA
connector available on the motherboard.

Figure 1: Example of motherboard connectors for drives (your computer configuration

might be different)

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1 – IDE connectors (primary and secondary)

2 – SATA connectors 1 through 4

Lastly, the type of cable used might also affect the configuration of your drives.

For SATA drives, all that is needed is to connect the SATA cable to the motherboard connector
and the drive.

Figure 2: Example of SATA connections

1 – Power cable connection

2 – SATA cable and connector (90 degree type, connector type might vary)

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For IDE drives, however, use an IDE ribbon cable (40 wire standards or 80 wires Ultra-IDE or
EIDE). The ribbon cable connects a hard drive or CD/DVD drive to the motherboard. It is
possible to connect up to two devices on the same ribbon cable, as long as the cable has three
connectors (one that plugs into the motherboard and two that plug into the back of the drives).

Figure 3: Upper IDE cable connectors

1 – Slave connector (middle)

2 – Master connector (end)

Figure 4: Example of an IDE connection

1 – IDE ribbon cable and connection

2 – Power cable connection

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Internal Components of a System Unit

Memory (RAM)

A Random Access Memory is a type of computer memory that can

be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the
preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and
other devices. It is used to store the programs and data that you will run.

Memory (RAM)

Types of RAM

1. Static RAM – Static RAM is a type of RAM that holds its data without external refresh, for as
long as power is supplied to the circuit. This is contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which
must be refreshed many times per second in order to hold its data contents.

2. Dynamic RAM - Dynamic RAM is a type of RAM that only holds its data if it is continuously
accessed by special logic called a refresh circuit. Many hundreds of times each second, this
circuitry reads the contents of each memory cell, whether the memory cell is being used at that
time by the computer or not. Due to the way in which the cells are constructed, the reading action
itself refreshes the contents of the memory. If this is not done regularly, then the DRAM will
lose its contents, even if it continues to have power supplied to it. This refreshing action is why
the memory is called dynamic.

Differences of SRAM and DRAM

 Simplicity: SRAMs don't require external refresh circuitry or other work in order for
them to keep their data intact.
 Speed: SRAM is faster than DRAM.
 Cost: SRAM is, byte for byte, several times more expensive than DRAM.
 Size: SRAMs take up much more space than DRAMs.

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Kinds of Dynamic RAM

1. Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM) – can

run at 133 MHz, which is much faster than earlier RAM technologies.
SDRAM is very protective of its data bits, storing them each in a
separate capacitor. The benefit of this is the avoidance of corruption and
the maintenance of "pristine" data. The drawback is that those same
capacitors that are so useful at storing the SDRAM bits also happen to
be very bad at keeping electrons in check; the result is where
the Dynamic part of the name comes in, as refreshes are required to
maintain data integrity.

2. Double Data Rate Random Access Memory (DDR) – a type of

computer memory used in Pentium III or higher computers. DDR
RAM is the computer’s primary working memory, storing program
instructions and data for use by the central processing unit (CPU)
through the bus controller.DDR RAM executes commands, which are
usually issued by the chipset.

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Module 4: Internal and External Components of a System Unit

Motherboard

Motherboard is the central printed circuit board in many modern computers and holds
many of the crucial components of the system, providing connectors for other peripherals. The
motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, and planar
board. The motherboard serves to connect all of the parts of a computer together.
The CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card and other ports and
expansion cards all connect to the motherboard directly or via cables.

Motherboard

Parts of a Motherboard

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 PS2 (Mouse + Keyboard) – The physical PS/2 port is one of two styles of connectors:
The 5-pin DIN or the 6-pin mini-DIN. Both connectors are completely (electrically)
similar; the only practical difference between the two is the arrangement of pins.
 USB Ports –A USB port is a standard cable connection interface on personal computers
and consumer electronics. USB ports allow stand-alone electronic devices to be
connected via cables to a computer (or to each other).
 Serial Port –A port, or interface, that can be used for serial communication, in which
only 1bit is transmitted at a time.
 Parallel Port –A parallel interface for connecting an external device such as a printer.
Most personal computers have both a parallel port and at least one serial port.
 LAN Port –a port connection that allows a computer to connect to a network using a
wired connection.
 PCI Slots –Peripheral Component Interconnect, a local bus standard developed by Intel
Corporation.
 AGP Slots –is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to
a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer
graphics.
 CMOS Battery Slot – is the term usually used to describe the small amount of memory
on a computer motherboard that stores the BIOS settings.
 IDE Connector – a standard electronic interface used between a computer motherboard's
data paths or bus and the computer's disk storage devices.
 AT/ATX Power Connector –designed to connect a computer’s power supply to an
AT/ATX motherboard.
 Memory Slot –this is where computer memory is placed into on the
computer motherboard or I/O Board.
 CPU Fan/Heat Sink – metallic device that sits directly on the CPU, drawing heat away
from the chip into its cooler, aluminum, fin-like structure. The CPU fan attaches to the
heat sink, pulling air through the fins.
 CPU Socket –is a mechanical component that provides mechanical and electrical
connections between a microprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB).

Types of CPU Sockets

1. Pin Grid Array (PGA) – the CPU's circuits are integrated inside a
ceramic layer with an array of pins on the surface.

2. Lan Grid Array (LGA) – LGA processors has no pins. Instead it is

an array of pads that is built on the CPU's surface.

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Motherboard Chipsets

1. Southbridge Chipset – is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a personal
computer (PC) motherboard, the other being the Northbridge. The Southbridge typically
implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard in a
Northbridge/Southbridge chipset computer architecture.

2. Northbridge Chipset – usually contains the CPU interface and the memory controller. This
chip is clearly larger in size compared to the Southbridge, because hundreds of data paths are
needed for the processor and the RAM.

Chipset Illustration

Kinds of Motherboard

1. Advanced Technology (AT) Motherboard – AT motherboards are

older and not commonly used now a day. It follows the same design
and 12x13" form factor that was in the original IBM PC/AT.

2. Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) Motherboard – The PC

motherboard that superseded the Baby AT design. The ATX layout
rotated the CPU and memory 90 degrees, allowing full-length
expansions to be plugged into all sockets. The power supply blows air
over the CPU rather than pulling air through the chassis.

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Different Motherboard Sockets

CPU Sockets

Pin Frequency Bus Frequency

Socket CPU families
count (MHz) (MHz)

Slot 1 / SC242 242 Intel Celeron, Pentium II, 233 - 1133 66 - 133
Pentium III

Socket 7 321 AMD K5 / K6 / K6-2 / K6-III 75 - 570 50 - 100

Cyrix 6x86, 6x86L, 6x86MX, MII
IBM 6x86, 6x86L, 6x86MX
IDT Winchip 2, Winchip C6
Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX
Rise Technology MP6
ST 6x86

Socket 370 / PGA370 370 Intel Celeron, Pentium III 300 - 1400 66 - 133
VIA C3

Socket 423 (PGA423) 423 Intel Pentium 4 1300 - 2000 400

Socket 462 / Socket 462 AMD Athlon, Athlon 4, Athlon MP, 550 - 3200 200 - 400
A Athlon XP, Athlon XP-M, Duron,
Mobile Athlon, Mobile Duron,
Sempron

Socket 478 478 Intel Celeron 1200 - 3467 400 - 800

(mPGA478B) Intel Celeron D
Intel Embedded Celeron
Intel Mobile Celeron
Intel Mobile Pentium 4
Intel Mobile Pentium 4-M
Intel Pentium 4
Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition

Socket 479 / 479 Intel Celeron M, Core 2 Duo 866 - 2333 133 - 667
mPGA479M Mobile,
Core Duo, Core Solo, Mobile
Celeron,
Pentium Dual-Core Mobile,
Pentium III-M, Pentium M,
VIA C7

Socket 563 / PGA563 563 Athlon XP-M 1000 - 1800 200 - 333

Socket 754 754 AMD Athlon 64 1000 - 2600 800 (HT)

AMD Mobile Athlon 64
AMD Mobile K8 Athlon XP-M

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CPU Sockets

Pin Frequency Bus Frequency

Socket CPU families
count (MHz) (MHz)

AMD Mobile Sempron

AMD Sempron
AMD Turion 64 Mobile technology

Socket 775 (LGA775) 775 Intel Celeron 1600 - 3800 533 - 1600
Intel Celeron D
Intel Celeron Dual-Core
Intel Core 2 Duo
Intel Core 2 Extreme
Intel Core 2 Quad
Intel Pentium 4
Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition
Intel Pentium D
Intel Pentium Dual-Core
Intel Pentium Extreme Edition
Intel Xeon

Socket 939 939 AMD Athlon 64 - 3000 800 (HT)

AMD Athlon 64 FX
AMD Athlon 64 X2
AMD Dual-Core Opteron
AMD Opteron
AMD Sempron

Socket 940 940 AMD Athlon 64 FX 1400 - 3000

AMD Dual-Core Opteron
AMD Opteron

Socket 1156 1156 Intel Celeron Dual-Core 1867 - 3600

(LGA1156) Intel Core i3
Intel Core i5
Intel Core i7
Intel Pentium Dual-Core
Intel Xeon

Socket 1366 1366 Intel Core i7 1600 - 4400 2400 (QPI) - 3200
(LGA1366) Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition (QPI)
Intel Xeon

Socket AM2 940 AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, 1000 - 3200
Athlon 64 X2, Mobile Athlon 64
X2,
K8 Sempron, Phenom X3,
Phenom X4, Second Generation
Opteron

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CPU Sockets

Pin Frequency Bus Frequency

Socket CPU families
count (MHz) (MHz)

Socket FM1 905 AMD A4-Series 2100 - 3000

AMD A6-Series
AMD A8-Series
AMD Athlon II X4
AMD E2-Series

Socket G1 988 Intel Core i3 Mobile 1600 - 2800

(rPGA988A) Intel Core i5 Mobile
Intel Core i7 Mobile
Intel Core i7 Mobile Extreme
Edition
Intel Mobile Celeron Dual-Core
Intel Pentium Dual-Core Mobile

Socket G2 988 Intel Core i3 Mobile 1500 - 2900

(rPGA988B) Intel Core i5 Mobile
Intel Core i7 Mobile
Intel Core i7 Mobile Extreme
Edition
Intel Mobile Celeron Dual-Core
Intel Pentium Dual-Core Mobile

Socket S1 (S1g4) 638 Athlon II Dual-Core Mobile, 1600 - 3200 1600 - 1800 (HT)
Phenom II Dual-Core Mobile,
Phenom II Quad-Core Mobile,
Phenom II Triple-Core Mobile,
Sempron Mobile,
Turion II Dual-Core Mobile,
V Series for Notebook PCs

Socket M / 478 Intel Celeron M, Core 2 Duo 1466 - 2333 533 - 667
mPGA478MT Mobile,
Core Duo, Core Solo,
Pentium Dual-Core Mobile

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Expansion Cards

 Video Card – responsible for taking information from the CPU and convert it to an
image, and then send that image to your monitor. Without video cards, modern gaming
would be impossible. While a CPU can render simple 3D images, the video card excels at
drawing complex scenes very fast. The video card installs in an expansion slot on the
motherboard. While most video cards are of the PCIe format, video cards come in other
formats as well, including PCI and AGP.

Video Card

Types of Video Card

 Top End / Heavy Graphics / Game Usage - High specification

cards with plenty of memory and fast processors providing
plenty of power for the latest games or video work. HDMI, DVI
outputs typically standard, versions often include several outputs
for multiple displays and may include TV/Video In/Out or
tuners.

 Mainstream / Occasional Gamer - General applications and

light gaming. If your system is fairly recent you may not need
to change your card. However some of the newer games do
require more powerful specifications. For guidance you should
view the minimum specifications on the back of the game.

 Value/Onboard Cards - Ideal if your main use is general

Office and Internet applications. Some cheaper machines
come with onboard graphics and use some of the system
memory (RAM) to run this can be increased in the BIOS
usually 32Mb or 64MB can be used.

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Sound Card

A sound card is an internal computer component that processes audio files in order to
provide high-quality playback through computer speakers. A sound card plays voice as well as
music files, and can handle various audio file formats including .wav, .mp3 and .cda to name but
a few. The typical sound card has an interface available at the back of the computer with various
input and output ports. The quality of the sound card and speakers both affect the
overall sound quality of the computer system. Speakers plug directly into the back of the
sound card.

A sound card also has a line-in port for listening to or recording from an external
device such as a digital audio player. If the source device does not have a line-out port to connect
to the sound card, a stereo cable can be run from the headphone jack on the source device to the
line-in port on the sound card. Software configurations may be required to hear the device
playing.

Sound Card

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LAN Card

A Local Area Network (LAN) card is used to provide wireless Internet access to
computer users in home or roaming networks. It works by exchanging signals with a router,
which transmits the signals over a physically wired line. The LAN card became ubiquitous in
Western society in the early part of the twenty first century, when the cards became affordable
due to wireless networks springing up everywhere, from coffee shops to airports.

A LAN card communicates with the router using radio waves and an antenna. The
computer converts data into binary form and sends it to the LAN card, which in turn broadcasts
the signal to be picked up by the router. The router sends the information on in the form of
packets of information, and bundles information for return to the computer via the LAN card in
the same way. Usually wireless networks transmit at a relatively high frequency, ranging
between 2.4 and 5 Ghz, designed to accommodate the more rapid transfer of large amounts of
data. When purchasing a router or LAN card, the packaging will indicate the frequency of the
signal it uses.

LAN Card

Kinds of LAN Card

 Wired LAN Card – a wired network adapter use to connect

to a wired network.

 Wireless LAN Card – allows a computer to join a

wireless LAN. Wireless LAN Cards contain a built-in
radio transmitter and receiver.

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