Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Outline
Pipe Flow • Laminar and turbulent flows
• Developing and fully-developed flows
Larry Caretto • Laminar and turbulent velocity profiles:
Mechanical Engineering 390 effects on momentum and energy
Fluid Mechanics • Calculating head losses in pipes
– Major losses from pipe only
April 8 and 15, 2008 – Minor losses from fittings, valves, etc.
• Noncircular ducts
2

Piping System What We Want to Do

• Determine losses from friction forces in
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and
straight pipes and joints/valves
Theodore Okiishi
Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley – Will be expressed as head loss or
& Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
“pressure drop” hL = ΔP/γ
• Will show that this is head loss in energy equa-
tion if variables other than pressure change
• System consists of – Losses in straight pipes are called “major”
losses
– Straight pipes
– Losses in fittings, joints, valves, etc. are
– Joints and valves called “minor” losses
– Inlets and outlets – Minor losses may be greater than major
– Work input/output 3 losses in some cases 4

Pipe Cross Section The Pipes are Full

• Most pipes have circular cross section • Consider only flows where the fluid
to provide stress resistance completely fills the pipe
• Main exception is air conditioning ducts • Partially filled pipes are considered
• Consider round pipes first then extend under open-channel flow
analysis to non-circular cross sections
– Extension based on using same equations
as for circular pipe by defining hydraulic
diameter = 4 (area) / (perimeter), which is
Driving force Driving force
D for circular cross sections
is pressure is gravity
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson,
5 6
Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 1

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow II

• Most flows of engineering interest are
turbulent
– Analysis relies mainly on experimentation
guided by dimensional analysis
– Even advanced computer models, called
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) rely on
“turbulence models” that have large degree
• Laminar flows of empiricism
have smooth • Can get some (very limited) analytical
• Turbulent flows results for laminar flows
layers of fluid
have fluctuations
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 7 8
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow III Flow Development

• Condition of flow as laminar or turbulent
depends on Reynolds number
• For pipe flows
– Re = ρVD/μ < 2100 is laminar
– Re = ρVD/μ > 4000 is turbulent
– 2100 < Re < 4000 is transition flow
• Other flow geometries have different
characteristics in Re = ρVLc/μ and
different values of Re for laminar and
turbulent flow limits
9 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 10
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Developing Flows Developing Flows II

• Entrance regions and bends create • Entrance regions and bends create
changing flow patters with different changing flow patters with different
head losses head losses
• Once flow is “fully developed” the head • Once flow is “fully developed” the head
loss is proportional to the distance loss is proportional to the distance
• Entrance pressure drop is complex
– Complete entrance region treated under
minor losses
– Will not treat partial entrance region here
11 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 12
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 2

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Developing Flows III Fluid Element in Pipe Flow

• After development region, pressure
drop (head loss) is proportional to pipe
length
• Equations for entrance region length, ℓe
le
– Laminar flow: = 0.06 Re
D
le
• Look at arbitrary element, with length ℓ,
– Turbulent flow: = 4.4 Re1 6 and radius r, in fully developed flow
D
– Turbulent flow rule of thumb ℓe ≈ 10D • What are forces on this element?
13 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 14
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fully Developed Flow Extend Relation to Wall

No change in
momentum
Flow Direction

∑F = πr 2 p1 − πr 2 ( p1 − Δp ) − τ 2πrl = 0
• Have Δp = 2τℓ/r for any r: 0 < r < R = D/2
x

2τl • Pressure drop is due • For wall r = R = D/2 and τ = τw = wall

Δp =
r to viscous stresses shear stress: Δp = 2τwℓ/R = 4τwℓ/D
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 15 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 16
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fully Developed Laminar Flow Fully Developed Laminar Flow II

• Can get ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
exact u = uc ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
equation for ⎣⎢ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎦⎥
R R
pressure • Laminar shear
drop stress profile
128μlQ found from
Δp = uc du
πD 4 τ=μ
• Laminar ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤ dr du 2r 8μu
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by
Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore velocity u = uc ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by
Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore
τ=μ = μuc 2 = 2c r
dr R D
⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
profile 17
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
18

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 3

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Fully Developed Laminar Flow III Effect of Velocity Profile

• What is centerline velocity, uc? • Momentum and kinetic energy flow for
⎡ ⎛r⎞
R R 2⎤ mean velocity, V
∫ ∫
Q = VA = VπR 2 = udA = u 2πrdr = uc ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 2πrdr
⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
∫ & V = ρVAV = ρV2(πR2)
– FlowMomentum = m
A 0 0
– FlowKE = mV /2 = ρVAV2/2 = ρV3(πR2)/2
& 2

⎡R R 3
r ⎤ ⎡r2 r4 ⎤
R
R2 • Accurate representation uses profile
∫
Q = 2πuc ⎢ rdr −
⎢⎣ 0 ∫
dr
R 2 ⎥⎦
⎥ = 2 πu c ⎢ − 2 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 4 R ⎦⎥ 0
= 2 πu c
4 R
⎡ ⎛ r 2 ⎞⎤
2
4
∫ ∫
FlowMomentum = ρudAu = ρ⎢uc ⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎥ 2πrdr = ρV 2 A
0
⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎝ R ⎠⎦⎥
0 ⎣
3
R2 2Q 2VA 2VπR 2 A
Q = πuc ⇒ uc = = = = 2V 3
u 2 1 ⎡ ⎛⎜ r 2 ⎞⎟⎤
R
πR 2 πR 2 πR 2 V3
2
∫
FlowKE = ρudA = ∫
ρ⎢uc 1 − 2 ⎥ 2πrdr = 2ρA
⎜
2 2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠⎥⎦ ⎟ 2
Centerline uc is twice the mean velocity, V 19 A 0 20

Turbulent Flow Turbulent Flow Quantities

Velocities at one point
• For laminar and turbulent flows, the
as a function of time
velocity at the wall is zero
– This is called the no-slip condition
– Momentum is maximum in the center of the
flow and zero at the wall u(t) = instantaneous
• Laminar flows: momentum transport from wall t0 +T velocity
to center is by viscosity, τ = μdu/dr 1
• Turbulent flows: random fluctuations exchange
u=
T ∫ u(t )dt u’ = velocity
eddies of high momentum from the center with
t0 fluctuation = u – u
low momentum flow from near-wall regions

21 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 22

Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Momentum Exchange Turbulence Regions/Profiles

turbulent
eddy
viscosity, η

τ = (μ + η)
du
Fundamentals
dr
of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E
by Bruce
Munson, Donald
Young, and

• Very thin viscous sublayer next to wall

Theodore
Okiishi.
Laminar flow – Turbulent flow – Copyright ©

– 0.13% of R = 3 in for H20 at u = 5 ft/s

2005 by John
random eddies have Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights
molecular motion structure reserved.
• Flat velocity profile in center of flow
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 23 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 24
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 4

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young,
Profile Effect of Velocity Profile
and Theodore Okiishi.
1n
Copyright © 2005 by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All u ⎛ r⎞ • Analysis similar to one used for laminar
rights reserved. = ⎜1 − ⎟
Vc ⎝ R ⎠ flow profile
– Determine momentum and kinetic energy
Turbulent
flow for mean velocity
velocity
– Correction factor multiplies average V
profiles results to give integrated u2 and u3 values
n = 6: Re = 1.5x104; Vc/V = 1.264 with n a
n = 8: Re = 4x105; Vc/V = 1.195
function of n Re Momentum KE
n = 10: Re = 3x106; Vc/V = 1.155 6 1.5x104 1.027 1.077
Laminar: Vc/V = 2 V = Q/A Reynolds
number 8 4x105 1.016 1.046
25 10 3x106 1.011 1.031 26

Pipe
Pipe Roughness roughness
effects in
• Effect of rough walls on pressure drop viscous
may depend on surface roughness of sublayer
pipe affects
Fundamentals of Fluid
• Typical roughness values for different Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, pressure
materials expressed as roughness
and Theodore Okiishi.
Copyright © 2005 by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All drop in
length, ε, with units of feet or meters rights reserved.
turbulent
• Only turbulent flows depend on flow
roughness length, laminar flows do not
No effect on
laminar flow
27 28

Use this Energy Equation

table (p • Energy equation between inlet (1) and
433 of outlet (2)
text) to p V2 p V2
z2 + 2 + 2 = z1 + 1 + 1 + hs − hL
find ε γ 2g γ 2g
• Previous applications allowed us to
Fundamentals of Fluid
compute the head loss from all other
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and data in this equation
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright
© 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights
– Call this the measured head loss
reserved.
• We can compute it, but we have no way of
knowing its cause
29 30

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 5

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Pressure Drop/Head Loss Pressure Drop/Head Loss

• We now seek a design calculation for hL • We now seek a design calculation for hL
• Use level pipe (z1 = z2) with constant • Use level pipe (z1 = z2) with constant
area (V1 = V2) and no shaft head (hs = 0) area (V1 = V2) and no shaft head (hs = 0)
p2 V22 p V2
z2 + + = z1 + 1 + 1 + hs − hL
γ 2g γ 2g
p1 p2 Δp • Will use friction factor f for Δp in such
hL = − =
γ γ γ flows, but we are really getting hL
• Calculated Δp for z1 = z2, V1 = V2, and hs – Extend to more general flows later
p1 p2 Δp
= 0 gives hL for more general flows hL = − =
31 γ γ γ 32

Head Loss in Pipes How do we get f?

• Dimensional analysis shows that • Have said that f = f(Re, ε/D)
dimensionless pressure drop, Δp/ρV2, is • What is form of this relationship?
a function of Reynolds number, ρVD/μ, • For laminar flow we will later show that
the ℓ/D ratio and relative roughness, ε/D f = 64/Re
• Expressed in terms of friction factor, f • Relationship determined experimentally
Δp ⎛ ρVD ε ⎞
f = = f ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟ with empirical fit to equations for
1 l
ρV 2 ⎝ μ D⎠ turbulent flows
2D
f =
γhL
⇒ hL = f
l ρV 2 • Results expressed as Moody diagram
1 l D 2g
ρV 2 33 34
2D

Moody Diagram Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics,

5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald
Young, and Theodore Okiishi.

Moody Diagram Equations

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Colebrook equation 1 ⎛ε D 2.51 ⎞

= −2.0 log10 ⎜ + ⎟
(turbulent) ⎜ 3.7 Re f ⎟
f ⎝ ⎠

• Haaland equation 1 ⎛ 6.9 ⎛ ε D ⎞1.11 ⎞

≈ −1.8 log10 ⎜ +⎜ ⎟ ⎟
(turbulent) f ⎜ Re ⎝ 3.7 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, 5/E
• Laminar 128μlQ 256μ π 2
by Bruce Munson, V D
Δp π = πD
Donald Young, and 4 3 4 64 64
Theodore Okiishi.
f = = D = =
Copyright © 2005 by
1 l 1 l ρV 2 ρVD Re
ρV ρV
John Wiley & Sons, 2 2
Inc. All rights
reserved. 2D 2D μ
35 36

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 6

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Wholly Turbulent Flows Pressure Drop Problems

• Large Reynolds numbers: f independent • Find the pressure drop given fluid data,
of Re depends only on ε/D pipe dimensions, ε, and flow (volume
l ρV 2 Q Q 16 Q 2 flow, mass flow, or velocity)
Δp = f V= = ⇒ V2 =
D 2 A π D2 π2 D 4 – Get A = πD2/4
4 – Get V = Q/A or V = m & /ρA if not given V
l ρ 2 l ρ 16 Q 2 8 fl ρQ 2 8 fl m& 2 – Find ρ and μ for fluid at given T and P
Δp = f V = f = = 2
D2 D 2 π2 D 4 π2 D5 π ρD 5 – Compute Re = ρVD/μ and ε/D
– Find f from diagram or equation
• Pressure drop varies as D-5 • Laminar f = 64/Re; Colebrook for turbulent
– Similar to D-4 dependence in laminar flow – Compute Δp = f (ℓ/D) ρV2/2
37 38

Sample Problem Sample Problem Solution

π 2 π
D = (6.065 in ) D = (0.5054 ft )2 = 0.2006 ft 2
ft
• You have been asked to size a pump = 0.5054 ft A=
12 in 4 4
for an airport fuel delivery system. JP-4 5 slug
m& 16.61 ft
fuel (ρ = 1.50 slug/ft3, μ = 1.2x10-5 V= = s =
slug/ft·s) has to travel 0.5 mi through
ρA 1.50 slug 0.2006 ft 3
ft 3
( s )
commercial steel, schedule 40 pipe with
a nominal 6 in diameter. The flow rate
1.50 slug 16.61 ft
(0.5054 ft )
ρVD ft 3 s
Re = = = 1.05 x106 > 4100
is 5 slug/s. What is the head loss? μ 1.2 x10 −5 slug
• Schedule 40 pipe: OD = 6.625 in; ft ⋅ s Since Re >
thickness = 0.280 in; ID = 6.065 in 4,100, flow is
39
turbulent 40

Sample Problem Solution II Sample Problem Solution III

ε 0.00015 ft l ρV 2 0.0156 0.5 mi 5280 ft 1.50 slug 1 lb f ⋅ s ⎛ 16.61 ft ⎞
2 2
ε = 0.00015 for commercial
= = 0.000297 ΔP = f = ⎜ ⎟
D 0.5054 ft steel (Table 8.1, page 433) D 2 2 0.5054 ft mi ft 3 slug ⋅ ft ⎝ s ⎠

Find f from Moody diagram (page 434) ΔP =

16876 lb f
=
117.2 lb f
= 117.2 psi
ft 2 in 2
f (Re = 1.05 x106 , ε D = 0.000297) = 0.0155
• For shaft head to overcome this lead loss
Check f value with Colebrook equation W& shaft
net in ΔP ΔP m& ΔP
= hs ≥ hL = = ⇒ W& shaft ≥
⎛ε D ⎞ γ ρg ρ
1
= −2.0 log10 ⎜ +
2.51 ⎟ = −2.0 log10 ⎛⎜ 0.000297 + 2.51 ⎞
⎟⎟
m& g net in
⎜ 3.7 Re f ⎟ ⎜ 3.7
f ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1.05 x106 0.0155 ⎠ 5 slug 16876 lb f
1 1 m& ΔP s ft 2 hp ⋅ s
= 8.005 ⇒ f = = 0.0156 W& shaft ≥ = = 102 hp
f 8.0052 ρ 1.50 slug 550 ft ⋅ lb f
net in
Use f = 0.0156 41
ft 3 42

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 7

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Pressure Drop Problems II A Harder Problem

• Find the diameter for a given pressure • You have a 200 hp pump to deliver 5
drop given fluid data, ε, and flow slug/s of JP-4 fuel (ρ = 1.50 slug/ft3, μ =
(volume flow, mass flow, or velocity)
1.2x10-5 slug/ft·s) over 0.5 mi. What
– Find ρ and μ for fluid at given T and P
diameter of commercial steel, schedule
– Guess D; get A = πD2/4
– Get V = Q/A or V = m & /ρA if not given V 40 pipe should be used?
– Compute Re = ρVD/μ and ε/D • Compute required Δp
– Find f from diagram or equation 550 ft ⋅ lb f
• Laminar f = 64/Re; Colebrook for turbulent
ρW& shaft
1.50 slug
(200 hp )
net in ft 3 hp ⋅ s 33000 lb f
– Compute Δpcalculated = f (ℓ/D) ρV2/2 Δprequired = = =
m& 5 slug ft 2
– Iterate on D until Δpcalculated = Δprequired s
43 44

Iterative Solution Iterative Problem Solution

π 2 π
D = (5 in ) D = (0.4167 ft )2 = 0.1364 ft 2
ft
• The calculation we just did for D = 6.065 = 0.4167 ft A=
12 in 4 4
in gave Δp = 16876 psf an error of 5 slug
m& s 24.45 ft
16876 psf – 33000 psf = –16124 psf V= = =
(
ρA 1.50 slug 0.1364 ft 3
ft 3
s )
Count Dguess (in) Δpcomputed (psf) Error (psf)
1 6.065 16876 –16124
1.50 slug 24.45 ft
(0.1364 ft )
ρVD ft 3 s
Re = = = 1.27 x106 > 4100
• Take second guess of D = 5 in and μ 1.2 x10 −5 slug
repeat calculations done previously to ft ⋅ s Since Re >
find Δpcomputed 4,100, flow is
45
turbulent 46

Iterative Problem Solution II Iterative Problem Solution III

ε 0.00015 ft ε = 0.00015 for commercial l ρV 2 0.0160 0.5 mi 5280 ft 1.50 slug 1 lb f ⋅ s ⎛ 24.45 ft ⎞
2 2
= = 0.00036 ΔP = f = ⎜ ⎟
D 0.4167 ft steel (Table 8.1, page 433) slug ⋅ ft ⎝
D 2 2 0.4167 ft mi ft 3 s ⎠
Find f from Moody diagram (page 434) 45564 lb f 316.4 lb f
ΔP = = = 316.4 psi
f (Re = 1.27 x10 , ε D = 0.000297) = 0.0159
6 ft 2
in 2

Check f value with Colebrook equation • We now have two iterations

⎛ε D ⎞
1
= −2.0 log10 ⎜ +
2.51 ⎟ = −2.0 log10 ⎛⎜ 0.00036 + 2.51 ⎞
⎟⎟ Count Dguess (in) Δpcomputed (psf) Error (psf)
⎜ 3.7 Re f ⎟ ⎜ 3.7
f ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1.27 x106 0.0159 ⎠
1 6.065 16876 –16124
1 1
= 7.894 ⇒ f = = 0.0160 2 5 45564 12564
f 7.8942
Use f = 0.0160 47 48

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 8

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Iterative Problem Solution IV Iterative Problem Solution V

• Use linear interpolation to get new guess, • Continue iterations until error is “small”
Di+1 that sets error ei+1 to zero
Di − Di −1 D −D Count Dguess (in) Δpcomputed (psf) Error (psf)
Di +1 = Di + (ei +1 − ei ) = Di − ei ei − e i −1
ei − ei −1 i i −1 1 6.065 16876 –16124
0
Di − Di −1 5 − 6.065 2 5 45564 12564
Di +1 = Di − ei = 5 − 12564 = 5.466
ei − ei −1 12564 − (− 16124 ) 3 5.466 28780 –4219
4 5.349 32176 –823
Count Dguess (in) Δpcomputed (psf) Error (psf)
5 5.321 33072 72
1 6.065 16876 –16124 6 5.323 32999 –1
2 5 45564 12564
49 50

Iterations and Reality Pressure Drop Problems III

• Commercial pipe and tubing only comes • Find the flow rate for a given pressure
in fixed sizes drop given fluid data, ε, and diameter
– Get A = πD2/4
– Extra iterations not needed once the
minimally acceptable commercial size is – Find ρ and μ for fluid at given T and P
found – Guess V
– Compute Re = ρVD/μ and ε/D
– In this case available nominal diameters
– Find f from diagram or equation
are 5 in and 6 in with actual inside
• Laminar f = 64/Re; Colebrook for turbulent
diameters of 5.047 in and 6.065 in (for
– Compute Δpcalculated = f ℓ/D ρV2/2
Schedule 40)
– Iterate on V until Δpcalculated = Δprequired
– Only choice is 6 in (nominal) – Compute Q or m & as desired
51 52

Different Friction Factors Minor Losses

• The friction factor definition we are • Determine pressure drop (head loss) in
using here is the common one a variety of flow passages
– Called the Darcy friction factor if – Entrance into a piping system
clarification is needed – Exit from a piping system
• Another definition, called the Fanning – Expansion in a piping system
friction factor is sometimes seen – Contraction in a piping system
– Fanning factor = τw / (ρV2/2) – Valves of various types (with different
• From the relationship that τw = DΔp/4ℓ we get opening fractions)
the result that the Fanning factor is one fourth
– Fittings (elbows, tees, bends, unions)
of the Darcy factor
53 54

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 9

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

ρV 2 V = Pipe velocity
ΔpL = K L
Minor Losses Entrance
2 Losses

• Fittings in pipe systems modeled as

loss coefficients, KL
Fundamentals of Fluid
Reentrant: Sharp edged:
V2 Δp L V2 ρV 2
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

hL = K L ⇒ = KL ⇒ Δp L = K L
Munson, Donald Young,
and Theodore Okiishi. KL = 0.8 KL = 0.5
2g ρg 2g 2 Copyright © 2005 by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All
rights reserved.

• KL depends on geometry and Re

r
– For flows dominated by inertia effects KL is
a function of geometry only D
• Alternative process, not given here,
uses equivalent length for minor losses Slightly rounded:
55 KL = 0.2 Well rounded:
56
KL = f(r/D)

Rounded Inlet KL
Full KE loss
Slightly cannot be
rounded KL recovered in
= 0.2 for r/D sharp-edged
= 0.055 entrance
Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics,
5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald
Young, and
Theodore Okiishi.
Copyright © 2005
r/D = 0 is by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All
square inlet rights reserved.

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 57 58

Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

New Area
Sudden
contraction
(left)
Reentrant KL = 1 for all Sharp edged
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, exit flows
and Theodore Okiishi.
Copyright © 2005 by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All For sudden
rights reserved.
expansion
(right) KL = ( 1 –
A1/A2)2

59 60
Slightly rounded Well rounded

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 10

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, 5/E
by Bruce Munson,
Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi.
Copyright © 2005 by
John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights
reserved.

Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, 5/E
by Bruce Munson,
Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi.
Copyright © 2005 by
John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights
reserved.

61 62

Problem with Minor Losses Problem Solution

π π
A = D 2 = (0.05250 m )2 ρ = (SG )ρ ref =
• 4 kg/s of oil with SG = 0.82 and μ = 0.05 4 4 999 kg 819.2 kg
kg·m/s2 is pumped from one tank to = 0.002165 m 2 (0.82) =
s s
another. The line of 2-in Schedule-40 4 kg
pipe has a total length of 40 m, with two V=
m&
= s =
2.26 m
gate valves and six elbows (regular
flanged 90o). The entrance is rounded
ρA 819.2 kg 0.002165 m3
m3
( s )
with an r/D ratio of 0.1.
• Find pressure loss with both valves open ρVD
819.2 kg 2.26 m
(0.05250 m )
Re = = m3 s
= 1940 < 2100
• 2-in schedule 40 pipe has OD = 2.375 in μ 0.050 kg
and thickness = 0.154 in, so ID = 2.067 m⋅s Since Re <
in = 0.05250 m 2,100, flow is
63 64
laminar

Problem Solution II Problem Solution III

Find Δpmajor directly from laminar flow equation Δpminor = (Loss coefficient sum) times ρV2/2
3 3
m& 4 kg m 0.04883 m Could also
Q= = =
ρ s 819.2 kg s use f = 64/Re
(∑ K L ) ρV2
2
2
3.07 819 kg ⎛ 2.26 m ⎞ 1 N ⋅ s 2 6,397 N
Δpminor = = ⎜ ⎟ =
(128) 0.05 2N ⋅ s (40 m ) 0.004883 m 52369 N
3
2 m3 ⎝ s ⎠ kg ⋅ m m2
128μlQ m s
Δpmajor = = = = 52.369 kPa
πD 4 π(0.05250 m )4 m2
52,369 N 6,397 N
Δptotal = Δpmajor + Δpminor = +
Minor losses coefficients: rounded entrance (r/D m2 m2
= 0.1), KL = 0.12; exit, KL = 1; fully open gate 58,766 N
valve, KL = 0.15; 6 elbows, KL = 6(0.3) = 1.8. Δptotal = = 58.8 kPa
m2
Total KL = 0.12 + 1 + 0.15 + 1.8 = 3.07
65 66

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 11

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Noncircular Ducts
• Define hydraulic diameter, Dh = 4A/P 4A
Dh =
– A is cross-sectional area for flow P
– P is wetted perimeter ρVD
Re h =
– For a circular pipe where A = πD2/4 and P μ
= πD, Dh = 4(πD2/4) / (πD) = D
l ρV 2
• For turbulent flows use Moody diagram ΔP = f
Dh 2
with D replaced by Dh in Re, f, and ε/D
• For laminar flows, f = C/Re (both based 2C μlQ
ΔP =
on Dh) – see next slide for C values π Dh4
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young,
67 68
and Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All
rights reserved.

Problem Solution
• An 10-in-square, commercial steel air 125 ft 3 min
4 A 4 L2
Dh = = =L Q min 60 s 3 ft
conditioning duct contains air at 80oF P 4L V= = 2
=
and atmospheric pressure and has a = 10 in = 0.8333 ft A
(10 in ) ft 2
2 s
144 in
flow rate of 125 ft3/min. Find the
pressure drop per unit duct length VDh
3 ft
(0.8333 ft ) Turbulent flow
Re h = = s = 1.78 x105
• Property data at 80oF (Table B.3) ρ = ν 1.69 x10 −4 ft 2 for Reh > 4100
0.002286 slug/ft3; ν = 1.69x10-4 ft2/s s
• Solution: find Reh to see if flow is ε 0.00015 ft ε = 0.00015 for commercial
= = 0.00018
steel (Table 8.1, page 433)
laminar or turbulent then find f and Δp D 0.8333 ft
69 70

Solution II Recommended Air Velocity

Find f from Moody diagram (page 434) Air Velocity
Air Ducts
f (Re = 1.27 x10 , ε D = 0.00018) = 0.0172
6 m/s ft/s
Combustion air ducts 12 - 20 40 - 66
Check f value with Colebrook equation
Air inlet to boiler room 1-3 3.3 - 9.8
⎛ε D ⎞
1
= −2.0 log10 ⎜ +
2.51 ⎟ = −2.0 log10 ⎛⎜ 0.00018 + 2.51 ⎞
⎟⎟ Warm air for house heating 0.8 - 1.0 2.6 - 3.3
⎜ 3.7 Re f ⎟ ⎜ 3.7
f ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1.78 x105 0.0172 ⎠
1 1
Vacuum cleaning pipe 8 - 15 26 - 49
= 7.611 ⇒ f = = 0.0173 Use f = 0.0173
f 7.6112 Compressed air pipe 20 - 30 66 - 98
−5 Ventilation ducts (hospitals) 1.8 - 4 5.9 - 13
0.00229 slug 1 lb f ⋅ s ⎛ 3 ft ⎞ 1.78 x10 lb f
2 2
ΔP 1 ρV 2 0.0173 1
= f = ⎜ ⎟ = Ventilation ducts (offices) 2.0 - 4.5 6.5 - 15
l D 2 2 0.8333 ft ft 3 slug ⋅ ft ⎝ s ⎠ ft 3
71 72
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flow-velocity-air-ducts-d_388.html

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 12