0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views25 pages

Introduction To Computers and Java

java

Uploaded by

NEDAL NNEE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views25 pages

Introduction To Computers and Java

java

Uploaded by

NEDAL NNEE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to
Computers
and Java

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Chapter Topics
Chapter 1 discusses the following main topics:
– Introduction
– Why Program?
– Computer Systems: Hardware and Software
– Programming Languages
– What Is a Program Made Of?
– The Programming Process
– Object-Oriented Programming

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-2


Java History

• 1991 - Green Team started by Sun


Microsystems (now owned by Oracle).
• There was a need for a programming language
that would run on various devices.
• Java (first named Oak) was developed for this
purpose.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-3


Introduction
• Java enabled web browser (HotJava)
demonstrated at 1995 Sun World conference.

• Java is “cross platform”, meaning that it can run


on various computer operating systems.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-4


Programming Languages
• A program is a set of instructions a computer follows
in order to perform a task.

• A programming language is a special language used to


write computer programs.

• A computer program is a set of instructions that enable


the computer to solve a problem or perform a task.

• Collectively, these instructions form an algorithm

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-5


Programming Languages
• An algorithm is a set of well defined steps to
completing a task.
• The steps in an algorithm are performed sequentially.
• A computer needs the algorithm to be written in
machine language.
• Machine language is written using binary numbers.
• The binary numbering system (base 2) only has two
digits (0 and 1).

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-6


Programming Languages
• The binary numbers are encoded as a machine
language.
• Each CPU has its own machine language.
– Motorola 68000 series processors
– Intel x86 series processors
– ARM processors, etc.
• Example of a machine language instruction:
1011010000000101

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-7


Programming Languages
• High level programming languages followed
that were not processor dependent.
• Some common programming languages:
Java C Visual Basic

BASIC C++ Python


COBOL C# Ruby

Pascal PHP JavaScript

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-8


Programming Languages
Common Language Elements

• There are some concepts that are common to


virtually all programming languages.
• Common concepts:
– Key words
– Operators
– Punctuation
– Programmer-defined identifiers
– Strict syntactic rules.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-9


Programming Languages
Sample Program

public class HelloWorld


{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String message = "Hello World";
System.out.println(message);
}
}

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-10


Programming Languages
Sample Program

• Key words in the sample program are:


•public •static
•class •void
• Key words are lower case (Java is a case
sensitive language).
• Key words cannot be used as a programmer-
defined identifier.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-11


Programming Languages
• Semi-colons are used to end Java statements;
however, not all lines of a Java program end a
statement.
• Part of learning Java is to learn where to
properly use the punctuation.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-12


Programming Languages
Lines vs Statements

• There are differences between lines and


statements when discussing source code.
System.out.println(
message);
• This is one Java statement written using two
lines. Do you see the difference?

• A statement is a complete Java instruction that


causes the computer to perform an action.
©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-13
Programming Languages
Variables
• Data in a Java program is stored in memory.
• Variable names represent a location in memory.
• Variables in Java are sometimes called fields.
• Variables are created by the programmer who assigns
it a programmer-defined identifier.

example: int hours = 40;

• In this example, the variable hours is created as an


integer (more on this later) and assigned the value of
40.
©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-14
Programming Languages
Variables

• Variables are simply a name given to represent


a place in memory.
0x000
0x001
0x002
0x003
0x004
0x005
0x006
0x007

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-15


Programming Languages
Variables

Assume that the this


variable declaration
0x000 has been made.
The Java Virtual 0x001 int length = 72;
Machine (JVM) 0x002
actually decides 0x003 72
where the value 0x004 The variable length
will be placed 0x005 is a symbolic name
in memory. 0x006 for the memory
location 0x003.
0x007

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-16


The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine
• A programmer writes Java programming
statements for a program.
• These statements are known as source code.
• A text editor is used to edit and save a Java
source code file.
• Source code files have a .java file extension.
• A compiler is a program that translates
source code into an executable form.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-17


The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine
• A compiler is run using a source code file as
input.
• Syntax errors that may be in the program will
be discovered during compilation.
• Syntax errors are mistakes that the programmer
has made that violate the rules of the
programming language.
• The compiler creates another file that holds the
translated instructions.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-18


The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine
• Most compilers translate source code into
executable files containing machine code.
• The Java compiler translates a Java source file
into a file that contains byte code instructions.
• Byte code instructions are the machine
language of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
and cannot be executed directly by the CPU.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-19


The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine
• Byte code files end with the .class file
extension.
• The JVM is a program that emulates a micro-
processor.
• The JVM executes instructions as they are read.
• The JVM is often called an interpreter.
• Java is often referred to as an interpreted
language.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-20


Program Development Process
Saves Java statements
Text editor Source code
(.java)

Produces Byte code


Java compiler (.class)

Java Results in Program


Virtual Execution
Machine

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-21


Portability
• Portable means that a program may be written on one
type of computer and then run on a wide variety of
computers, with little or no modification.
• Java byte code runs on the JVM and not on any
particular CPU; therefore, compiled Java programs are
highly portable.
• JVMs exist on many platforms:
•Windows •Unix
•Mac •BSD
•Linux •Etc.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-22


Portability
• With most programming languages, portability
is achieved by compiling a program for each
CPU it will run on.

• Java provides an JVM for each platform so that


programmers do not have to recompile for
different platforms.

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-23


Portability
Byte code
(.class)

Java Virtual Java Virtual


Machine for Windows Machine for Unix

Java Virtual Java Virtual


Machine for Linux Machine for Mac

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-24


Java Versions
• The software you use to write Java programs is
called the Java Development Kit, or JDK.
• There are different editions of the JDK:
– Java SE - Java Standard Edition.
– Java EE - Java Enterprise Edition.
– Java ME - Java Micro Edition.
• Available for download at
http://java.oracle.com

©2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-25

You might also like