S.C.

Srivastava, Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Email: [email protected]

QIP Short Term Course on Smart Grid Technology

IIT Kanpur, 9 May, 2019 1
 What is smart grid?
Announced in US by President Barack Obama on 8th January, 2009

Smarter
 Generation
 Transmission
 Distribution
 Customer participation
 Operations
 Markets
 Service Providers
Overall objective: Source: http://smartgrid.ieee.org
Smart/best/optimal utilization of all the available resources.
Initial references:
1. DOE document at http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid
2. EPRI document at http://intelligrid.epri.com
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 2
 Smart and Robust Person

Energy
System
(Heart and
Arteries)

Sensory
organs(ear,
nose,hand
etc)+Nervous
system and
computing/intellige
nce system-brain
3
 What is smart grid?...contd.
Definition by National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST), USA:
A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of energy and
uses two-way communication and control capabilities that will
lead to an array of new functionalities and applications.

IEEE:
 Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each
functional domain consists of three layers: (i) the power and
energy layer, (ii) the communication layer, and (iii) the
IT/computer layer.
 Layers (ii) and (iii) above are the enabling infrastructure that
makes the existing power and energy infrastructure ‘smarter’.

Domain of Smart Grid spans over Generation, Transmission,

Distribution till Customer Devices 4
 Conventional Grid Vs. Smart Grid
Characteristics
Architecture Consumer Generation Power New Asset Self
Participation and Storage Quality Product optimization Healing
Options and
Services

Conventional Power Grid

Hierarchical and Non- Central Poor Limited, Poor, little No Self
Vertical Structure participative Generator quality, poor data Healing
And dominance, focus on customer integration
uninformed no Storage
outage focus
framework

Smart Grid
Unbundled and Informed and DERs with Power Better Data driven, Self
Distributed participative plug and play Quality is a market predictive Healing,
Structure customers features priority and asset automatic &
services management predictive
for fault
customers address
5
Conventional Grid Vs. Smart Grid ..Contdc
Characteristics
Cyber Attack Disaster Event Communi - Predictive Intelligence Efficiency
Management Analysis cation

Conventional Power Grid

Vulnerable Slow and Slow and Mostly one Non- Limited Poor
to cyber attack reactive tedious way predictive intelligence efficiency
response to event communi- processes
natural disaster analysis cation and apps
process

Smart Grid
Resilient to Quick and Smart Integrated Predictive Intelligent to Efficiency
cyber attacks proactive analytics two way processes integrate and focus
response with communi- & apps. process
to disasters forecast cation critical info.

6
 Smart Grid Enablers
 Clean and Flexible Generation-Share of Renewable Energy
Sources to increase
 Flexible Transmission - FACTS & HVDC
 Energy Storage Systems
 System Wide Secure Communication Network
 Automation – SCADA/EMS, Synhrophasor based WAMPCS,
ADMS, Home/Building/Industrial Automation
 Active Distribution Network
 Sensors- Smart Meters, PMUs
 Smart Analytics-Wide area monitoring and control, DSM
 Market and Regulatory Framework

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 7

 Few New Concepts

 PROSUMER: Producer + Consumer

 VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: To

artificially add inertia through converter controls.

 ADMS (ADVANCE DISTRIBUTION

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM): to coordinate DMS and
MEMS (Micro-grid Energy Management System)

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 8

 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)
Distributed Generations using Renewable Technologies
 Photovoltaics (India aims at > 100 GW by 2022)
 Solar thermal
 Small wind systems (upto 50 kW)
 Large wind systems (ranging upto 1-2 MW)
 Biomass etc.

Storage Technologies
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Chemical
 Electrochemical

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 9

 Energy Storage

Electrical Chemica
Mechanical Storage Storage l Storage Electrochemical Storage

Super
condu-
Compre
Pumped cting
ssed Air Super Lead Sodium
Storage Magne- Fuel Li-Ion Flow Zinc Based
Energy Flywheels capaci- Acid Based
Hydro tic Cell Batteries Batteries Batteries
Storage tors Batteries Batteries
(PSH) Energy
(CAES)
Storage
(SMES)

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 10

Storage Technology Options (source: IESA)

VRB: Vanadium
redox battery

PSB: Polysulfide
bromide battery

11
 Smart Grid Network
Transformed Power System Network - Utilities are poised to move from the
traditional power system to a highly flexible, secured and green power system by
using integrated two way communications and advanced control technology.
Wind Farm Industry
Energy Storage Commercial
EV

Generation Residential
Distribution
Network

Roof Top
Solar

Microgrid
Wind
Solar Farm Farm

Power Flow in Smart Grid

Intelligent ICT Network
Power Flow in conventional Power
12
System (Fig. Source: Internet)
Renewable Generation: Few Technical Challenges
 Intermittent generation, dependent on weather, season,
time of day – Need accurate forecasting & Power
balancing .
 Voltage and frequency control; Many of these sources do
not have reactive power generation.
 Sudden generation loss can lead to system instability.
Also inertia less generation, e.g. solar.
 Power Quality issues-Harmonics, flicker, under voltage
ride through capability (IEEE & IEC std.)
 Power management and Maximum power point tracking.
Requires proper converters and controls.
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 13
Ref: POSOCO Report on “Flexibility Requirement in Indian Power System”, January 2016.
14
 Transmission Grid: Challenges and Few Measures
Challenges Measures
Right-of-Way • UHVAC, 1200 kV, 765kV, +- 800kV HVDC
• HTLS Lines, Multi Circuit Tower, Compact Tower
• FACTS Controllers, VSC based HVDC
Land Acquisition • GIS substation
• Automation of Substation, Digital Substation
Renewable Integration • Transmission to lead generation
• Strong Interconnection for large Balancing Area
• Renewable Energy Management Centres for Renewable
forecasting & Scheduling
• Balancing reserves, Power Market, Ancillary Services, Energy
Storage
Grid Management • Smart Grid- Real time monitoring System with Self-healing
• Synchrophasor based WAMPCS
• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Demand Side
Management, Consumer Participation

Need to plan ‘Regional Electricity Highway

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 15
 Synchrophasor Technology: Motivation
 Several blackouts all over the world , e.g. US North-Eastern
blackout in August 2003; July 2012 blackout in India.
 The SCADA system not suitable for real time controls/time
critical applications.
 Data time skewed. Data scan rate upto 10 sec.
 Only magnitude measurements and phasors through state
estimation-time extensive.
 Recent Smart Grid Initiative - Synchrophasors form an
important part.
 Consists of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in the field
and Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC).
 PMUs can provide time stamped phasor information every
few millisec.
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 16
 URTDMS using Synchrophasor Technology in
All India Grid
All 400kV and above substation in State and Central grids & IPPs

Generating stations at 220 kV level and above

HVDC terminals and important Inter-Regional and Inter-National tie lines

Both ends of all 400kV and above Transmission lines of State, ISTS

PHASE I
 Installation of 1186 PMUs along with 32 PDCs at control centers
 Development of Analytics etc.

PHASE II
 Installation 550 PMUs, 11000 km OPGW along with associated terminal equipment
etc.

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 17

 Few Major Challenges in the Smart Grid
 Reliable and Fast Communication, Big Data, Cyber Security.
 WAMS integration with EMS, SCADA/DMS implementation in
the existing networks.
 Suitable Converter Topology and Controls for RES Integration.
 Optimal Siting, Sizing and Controls of Energy Storage Systems.
 Dealing with Intermittent Generation- Flexible Generation
(High ramp rate), CHP and Thermal storage.
 Adaptive Protection in Active Distribution Network, Microgrid
protection (DC more challenging)
 Regulatory Changes.
 Customers’ Acceptance to RES Deployment and Demand Side
Participation- Social survey
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 18
 Smart Grid Communication

Source: IEEE Standard 2030-2011: IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and
Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use Applications, and Loads
19
Monitoring and Control in Active Distribution Network
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 20
Microgrid for Integration of Several Sources and Storage

(a) AC Micro-grid

(b) DC Micro-grid
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 21
 Microgrid
Few Challenges R&D Need
 Voltage stabilization
 Design of Microgrid architecture
 Power management  AC vs DC microgrid
 PQ management  Converter topology
 Protection  Control architecture
 Grid integration  MPPT scheme
 Adaptive and fast protection
 Stability issues scheme
 Islanded operation  Island detection and management
scheme
 Smart Inverter/Converter with
network control features
 Virtual Inertia Generation
 Micro EMS

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 22

 Indian Power Sector Management
Central Sector
Organizations Authorities R & D & Training
IPPs
CEA, RPCs CPRI, NPTI, PSTI
 Generating Utilities:
NTPC, NHPC,
NEEPCO, NPCIL Appellate
Tribunal
 Transmission utility:
POWERGRID Regulator
Central Govt. (MOP, MNRE) CERC
 System Operation:
NLDC, RLDCs Power Exchange
(POSOCO)  IEX
 PXIL
 Finance: PFC

 Rural Electrification State Govt. Regulator

REC SERC

State Sector
Trading Cos.  Generation Other
 PTC India  Transmission DISCOM
 NVVNL, ...  Distribution State IPPs

23
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview
 Status of Indian Power Sector
Status
As on of Indian Power Sector 2019
February/March,
RES Installed Capacity
 Wind : 35,625.97 MW
Total Installed Capacity # :
 Small Hydro: 4,593.15 MW 350.2 GW (February 2019)
 Bio-power: 9,788.31 MW
(Biomass, Gasification &
21.5%
Coal(197.352GW)
Bagasse)
 Waste to power: 138.30 Hydro (45.399 GW)
MW 7.0% 56.4%
Nuclear (6.78 GW)
 PV: 28,780.66 MW
0.2+1.9%
(100 GW by 2022) 13.0% Diesel (0.637 GW)
 Off-grid : 1257.71 MW
Gas (24.937 GW)

Total Installed Renewable* Renewable (75.056 GW)

Capacity: 78.317GW

* Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy March 2019 # Source: Central Electricity Authority

State: 30%, Central: 24% Private: 46%

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview
 Power Situation (April 2018- February 2019)
Demand Met Surplus/
Deficit

Energy 1,165,900 MU 1,159,014 MU -0.6%

Peak Demand 177,022 MW 175,528 MW -0.8 %

Per Capita Consumption of Electricity

(Year 2015-16) 1075 kWH / Year

• Rural Electrification 100% (as on 28 April, 2018)

• All India AT&C loss: 24.62% (2014-15)
• T&D loss: 21.42% (2016-17)

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 25

 Map of India in Five Regions
(Regions are shown separated for sake of clarity)

Region Installed Capacity in MW as on February 2019

RES Total
NR 14025.32 92414.55
WR 22312.56 114375.17
SR 37022.57 105634.66
ER 1388.09 33631.85
NER 294.82 4053.65

Islands 12.56 52.61

TOTAL 75055.92 350162.48

High Voltage Transmission Capacity (as on 28-02-19)

(220kV & above about 4,10,539 ckt. km)
Capacity Circuit km

765/800 kV 40873

400 kV 179269

220 kV 174841
Inter-regional capacity+: 99,050 MW HVDC 15556
+ As of 28 Feb 2019
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview
 National Initiatives in Smart Grid

 Indian Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF) set up in 2010:

An inter-ministerial group to advise ministry on Smart Grid domain
 Indian Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) set up in 2010:
• A public-private partnership initiative to act as advisory to ministry of
power regarding smart grids.

 National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM)set up in 2015:

• To plan and monitor the implementation of policies related to smart grids.
• Responsible for development of smart grids under smart cities mission.
• NSGM-PMU located in Powergrid for project approval and monitoring.

• Expert Panel on Smart Transmission Grid by Powergrid in 2010:

• To advise on synchrophasor initiative in India including its pilot projects
and Unified Real time Dynamic Monitoring project.
• To help in finalizing specifications, analytics and testing requirements.
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 28
 MoP Funded Smart Grid Pilot Projects

The primary goals of the Pilot Projects:

To incorporate distribution system with
• Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
• Power Quality Management (PQM)
• Outage Management System (OMS)
• Peak load Management (PLM)
• Distributed Generation (DG)
• Smart Home Solution (SHS)
• Smart Analytics (SA)

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

 CESC Mysore Smart Grid Pilot Project
CESC Strategic Smart Grid Vision
Heavy
Driving Rising Ageing ‘Green’ Power Security
DISCOM
Forces Demand Infra Policy Outages Threats
Losses

Demand Side Peak Load Reduce AT&C Increased Optimal Resource

Goals Management Shifting Losses Efficiency Utilization

Team MoP (GoI) + CESC (GoK) + Enzen

Advanced Peak Load Outage Distributed

Components Analytics
Metering Management Management Generation

Improved Shorter Increased Customer Consumer Supply

Benefits Reliability Outages Efficiency Satisfaction Cost Integration
Saving

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 30

 CESC Mysore Smart Grid Pilot Project Details

ALL Consumer
VV Mohalla
>150 MU Types
Division
Input Energy Res, Comm,
(ACAD) Industrial and Agri Accomplished
LT-1–BJ/KJ 0.07%
objectives
18076 single phase
LT-2 – Domestic 15% meters installed
LT-3 –
Commercial 5% Installation of 446 DCUs
LT-4 –
Agriculture IP 3%
Installation of 3-phase
LT-5–Heating/
LT/CT GPRS meters
Motive (IND) 12%
LT-6–Street light Agricultural DSM with
3% community portal
LT-7–Temporary 0.4%
KPI based MIS and data
HT 63% analytics

473
21,954
14 Feeders Distribution
Consumers
Transformers

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 31

Smart Grid R&D Pilot Project at IIT Kanpur: Functionalities

 Smart city
substation
 Smart homes,
Home automation
 Renewable
integration
 Advanced Metering
Infrastructure
(AMI)
 Smart city control
centre
 Advanced IT
infrastructure
 Battery storage
management

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

 Smart Grid R&D Pilot Project at IIT Kanpur

Research Activities:
 Remote monitoring &
control applications for
smart homes
 Distribution state estimation
 Load forecasting
 Distribution reconfiguration
 Fault detection, isolation,
and restoration
 Intelligent billing system
 Demand response
management
 Power extraction control
from solar PV during grid-
connected and off-grid
operation
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview
Few Smart Grid Projects Funded by DST

Advanced Communication And Control For The

Prevention Of Blackouts (ACCEPT)

High Energy and Power Density (HEAPD) solutions

for large energy deficits

Reliable and Efficient System for Community Energy

Solutions (RESCUES)

Intelligent Microgrids with Appropriate storage for

Energy (IMASE)

Reconfigurable Distribution Networks

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

Recent Major Smart Grid Projects Funded by DST under
International Collaboration

UK India Clean Energy Research Institute

(UKICERI) under JVCCE

India-UK Centre for Education and

Research in Clean Energy (IUCERCE) under
JVCCE

US-India collAborative for smart

diStribution System wIth STorage (UI-
ASSIST) under JCERDC PACE-R

Mission Innovation IC#1 Smart Grids

 This project is jointly supported by the
Department of Science and Technology (DST),
Ministry of Science and technology,
Government of India, through Indo-US Science
and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) New Delhi,
India under grant no. IUSSTF/JCERDC-Smart
Grids and Energy Storage/2017 and the
Department of Energy (DOE), USA, under
Award Number DE-IA0000025 for UI-ASSIST.

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

 Project Objectives
 To evolve future distribution grid
that will allow the continuing
increase of Distributed Energy
Resources (DER) penetration
towards a carbon-free electricity
system.
 To develop and demonstrate the
DSO functions for optimal
utilization and management of
DER by interfacing with DER
control and microgrid control
system with high penetration of
energy storage.

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

 Distribution System
Finalizing Overall
Modeling and Microgrid and Active
Project Management Energy Storage Cyber Security
Benchmark System Distribution System
Architecture
Development

UI-ASSIST Themes

Impact Analysis and

DSO Functions /
Policy
Energy DSO Market and Lab Testing and Field Workforce
Recommendations
Management Regulatory Issues Validation Demonstration Development
(including social
survey)

UI-ASSIST Website
URL: www.uiassist.org
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview
 Field Demonstration

 Both India and US have planned 10 field demonstration sites, 5 each covering Rural,
Semi-urban and Urban sites.
 Indian consortium has planned 2 Rural, 1 semi-urban and 2 Urban Microgrid pilots.
• One AC Microgid Rural pilot by IIT Kanpur and UPPCL covering two village hamlets in
Kanpur having no grid supply yet (100 kWp SPV, 100kWh Battery Storage and
Biomass-appx. 30 KW )
• Second DC Microgrid Rural pilot in a village near Rihand by NTPC NETRA. Village
identified which belongs to a local NGO ‘Banwasi Sanstha’. Reliability of supply is
major issue.
• The Semiurban Pilot by IIT Kanpur inside campus covering single storey houses in two
lanes (200kWp SPV, 200 kWh Battery Storage and two EV Charging stations).
• One Urban Pilot by BSES/TERI in New Delhi area having Battery storage, SPV and EV
charging station.
• The other Urban pilot inside IITK campus covering two housing towers an academic
building (50 kWh SPV, Battery and Thermal Storage)
• DSO-ADMS functions to be implemented at available SCADA control center (such as
IITK and BRPL SCADA control centers).
 Rural Microgrid Pilot by IIT Kanpur & DVVNL (UPPCL)

• Covers two village hamlets (Bargadiya Purwa and Chhabba Niwada) in Harnoo
Panchayat, Kanpur Nagar (about 45 km north of IIT Kanpur).
• Distribution in Kanpur Nagar Villages by Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitran Company (DVVNL)
under UPPCL.
• Till recently both hamlets were unelectrified except very small size solar PV by an NGO
‘Shramik Bharati’. Recent electrification work started under ‘Saubhagya Yojana’ of the
Prime Minister.
• Both hamlets will have separate 63 kVA transformers. The distribution system cost will
be part of contribution of DVVNL/UPPCL to this project.
• Panchayat lands in each hamlet identified for the solar PV, storage (Li-ion BESS), and
biomass (appx.30 kWp output). Moved for approval of local administration.
• A local society is under formation to operate and maintain the system. Net metering
billing at one point (transformer LV point) by DVVNL to society in future. Internal billing
by the society.
• A social survey was conducted in the beginning (discussed later). Apart from electricity,
villagers urgently need irrigation pumping system, and drinking water filtering plants.
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 40
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview
Visit in December 2018 to finalize the site and apprize
Gram Pradhan and Ward members

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

Semi-Urban and Urban Microgrid Pilots inside IIT Kanpur

• Two lanes inside campus (lanes 32 and 33) having single storey houses
identified for Semi-Urban pilot. Possible sites for rooftop PV, centralized
storage and EV charging stations decided.
• Smart meters already placed in the two feeders for load profiling.
• Two faculty housing towers (C&D) and Environmental Science & Engineering
building considered for Urban pilot. Smart Meters placed for load profiling.
• Tender for thermal storage system awarded.
• Separate tender for joint development and deployment of ADMS functions in
the existing SCADA system floated.

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

UI-ASSIST Demonstration of DSO (ADMS) Concepts

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 44

Mission Innovation IC-1 Smart Grid Projects

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 45

 Government of India’s New Initiatives

Renewable Energy Renewable forecasting, SCADA for RE generation, Scheduling of RE

Management Centres

Battery Energy Testing of different battery technology at Grid level

Storage Systems

Green Energy Integration of renewable resources through Strong Grid connections,

Corridors enlarging balancing areas etc.

Wide Area
Monotoring
Protection and Enhanced situational awareness, Better visualisation of grid
control System parameters, Stable operation of Grid

Demand Response Automated Metering Infrastructure and Price Incentives for Demand
Pilots Side Management

E-Mobility: Recent Government Initiative towards promotion of Electric

Vehicles.
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview
46
Green Corridor Plan by 2030

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

47
Renewable Energy Management Centers

NLDC

NRLDC WRLDC SRLDC

Raj MP TN

Guj AP

Mah Kar

• Forecasting of RE generation
• Real time tracking of
generation from RE sources
• Scheduling solutions

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 48

 Conclusions
 Smart Grid (SG) is characterized by two way flow of electrical
power and data in communication network.
 It aims at large deployment of DERs, microgrids, with power
electronic interface, WAMCPS in distributed & networked manner.
 Renewable integration will pose power management and stability
challenges, which needs proper controls to be implemented.
 Modular integration approach, open protocol and common
information (CIM) need to be adopted.
 It will also require big data analytics, cyber-security measures to be
adopted at various levels.
 India has separate RE mechanism, green corridor, REMCs and
recently transmission planning regulations.
 Smart and secure distribution network development will require
integrating microgrids with renewables, storage, and ADMS.
SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 49
 Thank
You
Acknowledgement:
Smart Grid and LDC Divisions of POWERGRID, Gurgaon
NSGM, Powergrid office, Gurgaon,
POSOCO, New Delhi
DST New Delhi
IITK Smart City and UI-ASSIST Team

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview 50