PILL CAMERA

17MCA56

Abstract:
The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper prices
and increased quality. The current technologies have attained a part of it, but the
manufacturing technology is at macro level. The future lies in manufacturing product right
from the molecular level. Research in this direction started way back in eighties. At
that time manufacturing at molecular and atomic level was laughed about. But due to
advent of nanotechnology we have realized it to a certain level.

One such product manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of
cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has made revolution in the field of medicine. This tiny
capsule can pass through our body, without causing any harm. We have made great
progress in manufacturing products. Looking back from where we stand now, we started
from flint knives and stone tools and reached the stage where we make such tools with
more precision than ever. The leap in technology is great but it is not going to stop here.
With our present technology we manufacture products by casting, milling, grinding,
chipping and the likes.

With these technologies we have made more things at a lower cost and greater precision
than ever before. In the manufacture of these products we have been arranging
atoms in great thundering statistical herds. All of us know manufactured products are
made from atoms. The properties of those products depend on how those atoms are
arranged. If we rearrange atoms in dirt, water and air we get grass. The next step in
manufacturing technology is to manufacture products at molecular level.

The technology used to achieve It takes pictures of our intestine and transmits the same
to the receiver of the Computer analysis of our digestive system. This process can help in
tracking any kind of disease related to digestive system. Also we have discussed the
drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how these drawbacks can be overcome using Grain
sized motor and bi - directional wireless telemetry capsule.

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Introduction:
We have made great progress in manufacturing products. Looking back from
where we stand now, we started from flint knives and stone tools and reached the stage
where we make such tools with more precision than ever. The leap in technology is great
but it is not going to stop here. With our present technology we manufacture products by
casting, milling, grinding, chipping and the likes.

With these technologies we have made more things at a lower cost and greater precision
than ever before. In the manufacture of these products we have been arranging
atoms in great thundering statistical herds. All of us know manufactured products are
made from atoms. The properties of those products depend on how those atoms are
arranged. If we rearrange atoms in dirt, water and air we get grass.

The next step in manufacturing technology is to manufacture products at molecular

level. The technology used to achieve manufacturing at molecular level is
“NANOTECHNOLOGY”. Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices and
system through manipulation of such miniscule matter (nanometer).Nanotechnology deals
with objects measured in nanometers. Nanometer can be visualized as billionth of a meter
or millionth of a millimeter or it is 1/80000 width of human hair.

Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures,
helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through
surgery. No longer is such technology the stuff of science fiction films.

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Existing System:
Currently, standard method of detecting abnormalities in the intestines is
through endoscopic examination in which doctors advance a scope down into the small
intestine via the mouth.

However, these scopes are unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small
intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that part of the bowel. With the help of
pill camera not only can diagnoses be made for certain conditions routinely missed by
other tests, but disorders can be detected at an earlier stage, enabling treatment before
complications develop.

Description:
The device, called the given Diagnostic Imaging System, comes in capsule form
and contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries. The capsule has a clear end that
allows the camera to view the lining of the small intestine.

Capsule endoscopy consists of a disposable video camera encapsulated into a pill like form
that is swallowed with water. The wireless camera takes thousands of high-quality
digital images within the body as it passes through the entire length of the small intestine.
The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 mm and is capable of transmitting 50,000 color
images during its traversal through the digestive system of patient.

Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor which is used to take pictures of intestine
.The lamp is used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking photos. Micro actuator
acts as memory to store the software code that is the instructions.

The antenna is used to transmit the images to the receiver. For the detection of
reliable and correct information, capsule should be able to designed to transmit several
biomedical signals, such as pH, temp and pressure. This is achieved with the help of Soc.

Proposed System:
The capsule is the size and shape of a pill and contains a tiny camera. After a
patient swallows the capsule, it takes pictures of the inside of the gastrointestinal tract.

The primary use of capsule endoscopy is to examine areas of the small intestine that
cannot be seen by other types of endoscopy such as colonoscopy or
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). This type of examination is often done to find sources
of bleeding or abdominal pain.

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Working:
It is slightly larger than normal capsule. The patient swallows the capsule and the
natural muscular waves of the digestive tract propel it forward through stomach, into
small intestine, through the large intestine, and then out in the stool. It takes snaps as it
glides through digestive tract twice a second.

The capsule transmits the images to a data recorder, which is worn on a belt around the
patient's waist while going about his or her day as usual. The physician then transfers the
stored data to a computer for processing and analysis. The complete traversal takes
around eight hours and after it has completed taking pictures it comes out of body as
excreta.

Study results showed that the camera pill was safe, without any side effects, and was able
to detect abnormalities in the small intestine, including parts that cannot be reached
by the endoscope

She tiniest endoscope yet takes 30 two-megapixel images per second and offloads them
wirelessly. See how it works inside the body in an animation

Pop this pill, and eight hours later, doctors can examine a high-resolution video of your
intestines for tumors and other problems, thanks to a new spinning camera that captures
images in 360 degrees. Developed by the Japanese RF System Lab, the Sayaka endoscope
capsule enters clinical trials in the U.S. this month.

The patient gulps down the capsule, and the digestive process begins. Over the next eight
hours, the pill travels passively down the esophagus and through roughly 20 to 25
feet of intestines, where it will capture up to 870,000 images. The patient feels nothing.

Power Up:
The Sayaka doesn’t need a motor to move throu gh your gut, but it does require 50
milliwatts to run its camera, lights and computer. Batteries would be too bulky, so the
cam draws its power through induction charging. A vest worn by the patient contains
a coil that continuously transmits power.

Start Snapping:
When it reaches the intestines, the Sayaka cam begins capturing 30 two-megapixel
images per second (twice the resolution of other pill cams). Fluorescent and white
LEDs in the pill illuminate the tissue walls.

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Spin For Close-Ups:

Previous pill cameras place the camera at one end, facing forward, so the tissue walls are
visible only in the periphery of their photos. Sayaka is the first that gets a clearer picture
by mounting the camera facing the side and spinning 360 degrees so that it shoots directly
at the tissue walls.

As the outer capsule travels through the gut, an electromagnet inside the pill reverses its
polarity. This causes a permanent magnet to turn the inner capsule and the image sensor
60 degrees every two seconds. It completes a full swing every 12 seconds—plenty of time
for repeated close-ups, since the capsule takes about two minutes to travel one inch.

Offload Data:
Instead of storing each two-megapixel image internally, Sayaka continually transmits
shots wirelessly to an antenna in the vest, where they are saved to a standard SD memory
card.

Deliver Video:
Doctors pop the SD card into a PC, and software compiles thousands of overlapping images
into a flat map of the intestines that can be as large as 1,175 megapixels. Doctors can
replay the ride as video and magnify a problem area up to 75-fold to study details.

Leave the Body:

At around $100, the cam is disposable, so patients can simply flush it away.

The below is the block diagram of receiver that receives the pictures snapped
by the camera inside the stomache.

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Advantages:

 Biggest impact on the medical industry.

 Nanorobots can perform delicate surgeries.
 They can also change the physical appearance.
 They can slow or reverse the aging process.
 Used to shrink the size of components.
 Nano technology has the potential to have a positive effect on the Environment.

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Drawbacks & Remedies:

It is a revolution, no question about it but the capsule poses medical risks

1."Unfortunately, patients with gastrointestinal structures or narrowing are not good

candidates for this procedure due to the risk of obstruction". It might also happen that the
pill camera might not be able to traverse freely inside digestive system, which may
cause the tests to be inconclusive.

1. If there is a partial obstruction in the small intestine, there is a risk that the pill will get
stuck there and a patient who might have come in for diagnostical reasons may end
up in the emergency room for intestinal obstruction.

2. The pill camera can transmit image from inside to outside the body. Consequently it
becomes impossible to control the camera behavior, including the on/off power
functions and effective illuminations inside the intestine.

The first drawback is overcomed using another product manufactured with the
help of nanotechnology which is the rice- grain sized motor. This miniature motor, when
attached to the pill camera gives it a propelling action inside the body, which makes it easy
for the pill to find its way through the digestive system.

Also the grain-sized motor has an application of its own too. It can be employed to
rupture and break painful kidney stones inside the body. The other two drawbacks can be
overcome using a bidirectional wireless telemetry camera.

The bidirectional wireless telemetry camera, 11mm in diameter, can transmit

video images from inside the human body and receive the control signals from an external
control unit. It includes transmitting antenna and receiving antenna, a demodulator, a
decoder, four LED’s, a CMOS image sensor, along with their driving circuits.

The receiver demodulates the received signal that is radiated from the external
control unit. Next, the decoder receives this serial stream and interprets the five of the
binary digits as address code. The remaining signal is interpreted as binary data.

As a result proposed telemetry model can demodulate the external signals to

control the behavior of the camera and 4 LED’s during the transmission of video image.

The CMOS image sensor is a single chip 1/3 inch format video camera, OV7910, this
can provide high level functionality with in small print footage.

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The image sensor supports an NTSC-type analog color video and can directly
interface with VCR TV monitor. Also image sensor has very low power consumption as it
requires only 5 volt dc supply.

Conclusion:

Though nanotechnology has not evolved to its full capacity yet the first rung of
products have already made an impact on the market. In the near future most of
the conventional manufacturing processes will be replaced with a cheaper and better
manufacturing process “nanotechnology”.

Scientists predict that this is not all nanotechnology is capable of. They even foresee that
in the decades to come, with the help of nanotechnology one can make hearts, lungs,
livers and kidneys, just by providing coal, water and some impurities and even prevent the
aging effect.

Nanotechnology has the power to revolutionize the world of production, but it is sure to
increase unemployment.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA) – Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

PILL Camera
C.Suresh [1], V.Vidhya [2], E.Shamli [3], R.Muthulakshmi [4], P.Mahalakshmi [5]
B.Tech, Department of Information Technology (Final year) [1]

B.E, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Final year) [2] & [3]
B.E, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Third year) [4]
B.E, Department of Civil Engineering (Final year) [5]
Mailam Engineering College
Mailam- India

ABSTRACT

The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper prices and increased quality. The current
technologies have attained a part of it, but the manufacturing technology is at ma cro level. The future lies in
manufacturing product right from the molecular level. Research in this direction started way back in eighties. At that
time manufacturing at molecular and atomic level was laughed about. But due to advent of nanotechnology we have
realized it to a certain level. One such product manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of
cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has made revolution in the field of medicine. At that time manufacturing at molecular and
atomic level was laughed .But due to advent of nanotechnology we have realized it to a certain level. One such product
manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has made revolution in
the field of medicine.

This tiny capsule can pass through our body, without causing any harm. It takes pictures of our intestine and transmits
the same to the receiver of the Computer analysis of our digestive system. This process can help in tracking any kind of
disease related to digestive sys tem. Also we have discussed the drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how these
drawbacks can be overcome using Grain sized motor and bi-directional wireless telemetry capsule .Besides this we have
reviewed the process of manufacturing products using nanotechnology .

Keywords:- NANOTECHNOLOGY, PILL

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I. GENERAL
We have made great progress in manufacturing technology used to achieve manufacturing at molecular
products. Looking back from where we stand now, we level is “NANOTECHNOLOGY”. Nanotechnology is
started from flint knives and stone tools and reached the the creation of useful materials, devices and system
stage where we make such tools with more precision through manipulation of such miniscule matter
than ever. The leap in technology is great but it is not (nanometer).Nanotechnology deals with objects
going to stop here. With our present technology we measured in nanometers. Nanometer can be visualized
manufacture products by casting, milling, grinding, as billionth of a meter or millionth of a millimeter or it
chipping and the likes. With these technologies we have is 1/80000 width of human hair. These technologies we
made more things at a lower cost and greater precision have made more things at a lower cost and greater
than ever before. In the manufacture of these products precision than before.
we have been arranging atoms in great thundering
statistical herds. All of us know manufactured products Trillions of assemblers will be needed to develop
are made from atoms. The properties of those products products in a viable time frame. In order to create
depend on how those atoms are arranged. If we enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some
rearrange atoms in dirt, water and air we get grass. The Nano machines called explicators will be developed
next step in manufacturing technology is to using self-replication process, will be programmed to
manufacture products at molecular level. The build more assemblers. Self-replication is a process in
which devices whose diameters are of atomic scales, on
the order of nanometers, create copies of themselves.
For of self-replication to take place in a constructive
manner, three conditions must be met.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA) – Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016

Once swallowed, an electric current flowing through Fig2.2 nickel crystal board
the UW endoscope causes the fiber to bounce back and
forth so that its lone electronic eye sees the whole
scene.
Feynman long ago in 1959 at the annual meeting of
the American Physical Society at the California institute
of technology -Caltech and at that time it was laughed
1.2 IMAGE PROCESSING about. Nothing was pursu ed init till 80’s. The
technology used to achieve It takes pictures of our
intestine and transmits the same to the receiver of the
Computer analysis of our digestive
The image processing then combines all this
information to create a two-dimensional color picture.

2.2 Engines Of Creation:

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Drexel in the year 1981 through his article “The Engines

of Creation”. In 1990, IBM researchers showed that it is
2.1 Historical Overview: possible to manipulate single atoms. They positioned 35
Xenon atoms on the surface of nickel crystal, using an
atomic force microscopy instrument. These positioned
atoms spelled out the letters” IBM”.
Manipulation of atoms is first talked about by noble
laureate Dr.Richard

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nickel

Fig 2.2.1 view of capsule Crystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument.
These positioned atoms spelled out the letters
"IBM."The next step will be to develop nanoscopic
machines, called assemblers, that can beprogrammed to
2.3 Manufacturing Products Using Nanotechnology:
manipulate atoms and molecules at will. It would take
thousands of years for a single assembler to produce
any kind of material one atom at a time. Trillions of
There are three steps to achieving nanotechnology - assemblers will be needed to develop products in a
produced goods: Atoms are he building blocks for all viable time frame. In order to create enough assemblers
matter in our Universe. All the products that are to build consumer goods, some Nano machines called
manufactured are made from atoms. explicators will be developed using self-replication
process, will be programmed to build more assemblers.
Self-replication is a process in which devices whose
The properties of those products depend of how those diameters are of atomic scales, on the order of
atoms are arranged .for e.g. If we rearrange the atoms nanometers, create copies of themselves. For of self-
in coal we get diamonds, if we rearrange the atoms in replication to take place in a constructive manner, three
sand and add a pinch of impurities we get computer conditions must be met/
chips. Scientists must be able to manipulate individual
atoms. This means that they will have to develop a
technique to grab single atoms and move them to
desired positions. In 1990, IBM researchers showed
this by positioning 35 xenon atoms on the surface of a

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA) – Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016

III. PILL AMERA APPLICATION

2.4 Nanorobot

3.1 Pill –Sized Camera:

· The 1st requirement is that each unit be a
specialized machine called Nano robot, one of whose
functions is to construct at least one copy of itself Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel
during its operational life apart from performing its through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a
intended task. An e.g. of self-replicating Nano robot is problem which doctor previously would have found
artificial antibody. In addition to reproducing itself, it
seeks and destroys disease causing organism.

2.5 Ingredients

· The 2nd requirement is existence of all energy

and ingredients necessary to build complete copies of
nanorobot in question. Ideally the quantities of each
ingredient

should be such that they are consumed in the correct

proportion., if the process is intended to befinite , then
when desired number of nanorobots has been
constructed , there should be nounused quantities of
any ingredient remaining.

2.6 Replication Process

The 3rd requirement is that the environment be

controlled so that the Replication process can proceed
efficiently and without malfunctions. Excessive
turbulence, temperature extremes, intense radiation, or
other adverse circumstances might prevent the proper
functioning of the nanorobot and cause the process to
fail or falter. Once nanorobots are made in sufficient
numbers, the process of most of the nanorobots is
changed from self-replication to mass manufacturing of
products. The nanorobots are connected and controlled
by super computer which has the design details of the
product to be manufactured. These nanorobots now
work in tandem and start placing each molecules of
product to b manufactured in the required position. the
process of most of the nanorobots is changed from self-
replication to mass manufacturing of products.

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intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that
part of the bowel. With the help of pill camera not only
can diagnoses be made for certain conditions routinely
only through surgery. No longer is such technology the missed by other tests, but disorders can be detected at
stuff of science fiction films. an earlier stage, enabling treatment before
complications develop. However, the amount left
behind in the body is less than is absorbed by the
average person drinking tap water, according to
researchers. Scientific advances in areas such as
nanotechnology and gene therapy promise to
revolutionize the way we discover and develop drugs,
as well as how we diagnose and treat disease. The
'camera in a pill' is one recent development that is
generating considerable interest

Fig 3.1 Pill Sized Camera

Fig 3.2conventional camera 3.3 Diagnostic

3.2 Conventional Method: imaging system

Currently, standard method of detecting abnormalities The device, called the given Diagnostic Imaging
in the intestines is through endoscopic examination in System, comes in capsule form and contains a camera,
which doctors advance a scope down into the small
intestine via the mouth. However, these scopes are
unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA) – Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016

Fig3.3 future pill camera

lights, transmitter and batteries. The capsule has a clear
end that allows the camera to view the lining of the
small intestine. Capsule endoscopy consists of a
disposable video camera encapsulated into a pill like 3.4 video chip:
form that is swallowed with water. The wireless camera
takes thousands of high-quality digital images within Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor
the body as it passes through the entire length o f the which is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is
small intestine. The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking
photos. Micro actuator acts as memory to store the
mm and is capable of transmitting 50,000 color images software code that is the instructions. The antenna is
during its traversal through the digestive system of used to transmit the images to the receiver. For the
patient. detection of reliable and correct information, capsule

Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor

which is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is
used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking
photos. Micro actuator acts as memory to store the
software code that is the pH, temp and pressure
instructions. The antenna is used to transmit the images
to the receiver. For the detection of reliable and correct.
The tiny cameras are swallowed by patients who want
less invasive examinations of their digestive track. Until
now U.S. DRAM maker Micron Technology Inc. had
been the biggest promoter of the camera-in-a-pill
concept, with companies such as Israel's Given Imaging
charging as much as $450 for its PillCam. MagnaChip
is highlighting the low-light sensitivity of the camera,
but provided no specification detail. Usually, an LED
flash is used to illuminate the area around the capsule.

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computer workstation processes the data and produces a
continuous still images.

should be able to designed to transmit several

biomedical signals, such as pH, temp and pressure.

3.5 Components Of Capsule Camera\

Fig 3.5components of capsule

IV. ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE

4.1 Swallowed Capsule:

Movement Of capsule Through The Digestive

Capsule is swallowed by the patient like a System Produces two images per second,
conventional pill.It takes images as it is propelled
forward by peristalsis .A wireless recorder, worn on a
belt, receives the image transmitted by the pill.A

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA) – Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016

transmit a video signal and receive a control determining

the behavior of the capsule. As a result, the total power
consumption of the telemetry capsule can be reduced by
approximately 2,600 high quality images Fig 4.1 turning off the camera power during dead time and
movement of capsulee separately controlling the LEDs for proper illumination
in the intestine. Accordingly, proposed telemetry module
for bidirectional and multi-channel communication has
the potential applications .

The proposed telemetry capsule can simultaneously

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Fig 4.1 conceptional diagram of bidirectional

wireless endoscopy system

The capsule is capable of transmitting up to eight

hours of video before being naturally expelled. No
hospitalization is required. The film is downloaded to a
computer workstation and processed using a software
program called RAPID (reporting and processing of
images and data), also developed by Given Imaging. It
condenses the film into a 30-minute video. The
software also provides an image of the pill as it passes
through the small intestine so the physician can match
the image to the location of the capsule. Future capsules
to be developed using its basic platform. It is not
inconceivable that this same technology can be used to

pump medication lallow determination of concentration.

V. RESOLUTION OF LENS

5.1 Lens/Illumination/Layer:

Starting at the top level that closest to the

transparent portion of the capsule?is the

lens/illumination layer. An annular PCB surrounds the

single plastic molded lens, supporting the LEDs and

their associated current-limit resistors. Below this lens

level is the imager layer, home to a 256-by-256pixel

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CMOS color image sensor. Marking on the chip

indicates it is a custom device from Photobit, a

company acquired by Micron Imaging in 2001.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA) – Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016

interrupting the battery connection. When the package is

opened and the capsule is removed from its holster for
swallowing, the reed switch closes and power to the
Combined with the plastic lens, the camera offers a PillCam begins to flow.
claimed 140? viewing angle and 0.1mm feature
resolution within the GI tract being imaged.

VI. RF EMISSION GUIDELINES

Behind the imager layer is a pair of Eveready No. 399

silver oxide watch batteries, wired in series to create the
sole 3V supply for the PillCam. The two button cells Per FCC filings, the transmitter operates at either
provide 3V at 55mA-hr, or 165mW-hr of total available
energy. Since the device runs for up to eight hours, a
time-averaged power draw of approximately 20mW is
implied.

5.1.1 Switch layer

The switch layer located behind the batteries

provides the means to preserve precious battery energy
before the PillCam is ingested by the patient. A reed
switch mounted on the switch layer circuit board is held
open by a magnet in the PillCam's shipping holster,
interrupting the battery connection. When the package
is opened and the capsule is removed from its holster
for swallowing, the reed switch closes and power to the
PillCam begins to flow.

5.1.2 Transmitter layer

The final strata of the PillCam is the transmitter

layer is home to the only other IC, a custom ASIC
developed by Given and of unmarked foundry origin.
The chip must provide system control along with radio
transmission. A 27MHz crystal located on the reverse
side of the transmitter layer is consistent with bo th
functions. The 3.2-by-3.5mm flip-chip ASIC contains a
small block of logic, a very small memory array and a
variety of mixed-signal circuits.

The switch layer located behind the batteries provides

the means to preserve precious battery energy before
the PillCam is ingested by the patient. A reed switch
mounted on the switch layer circuit board is held open
by a magnet in the PillCam's shipping holster,

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The 8hr PillCam lifetime provides up to 57,000 images

432.13MHz or 433.94MHz, with minimum-shift- at a 2fps rate, with the LEDs flashing only during image
keying modulation. MSK has the general benefits of capture. The combination of low-power CMOS
providing constant-envelope modulation, transmitter imagers,
simplicity and good spectral efficiency. A simple air
coil is the radiating antenna element, tucked into the
rounded capsule end opposite the camera. Transmit 6.1 Pill camera not so hard for patient to swallow:
power is held low to manage power consumption, as
the receiver antennas are in close proximity with the
waist - worn monitor.
As the miniaturisation of cameras continues apace,
more and more innovative products are thrown up, such
as this pill camera. Basically a lens on a piece of string
Nevertheless, FCC filings indicate the PillCam (isn't that something that Hell's Angels like to do
stays within emitted RF guidelines only when the pill involving string, bacon and laydeez, and goes by the
is inside the body. The minute or so that it takes the name of Wolfbagging , the technology costs just
pill to go from activated/depackaged form to ingestion
$300—far less than a $5,000 endoscope. Developed at
is apparently given a waiver as part of the PillCam's
the University of Washington, the only person who has
regulatory approval.
tried it out so far is research associate professor Eric
Siebel.

Image capture, switch and transmitter layers are all

fabricated on a single rigid-flex PCB. Delayering the
"Never in your life have you ever swallowed anything
board among the three islands of functionality creates
and it's still sticking out of your mouth, but once you do
flex circuits to interconnect those regions. The
it, it's easy," he said of the device. It consists of seven
assembly is folded up around the batteries, and a pair
fiber optic cables in a capsule about the size of a
of gold-plated coil springs distributes power from the
painkiller, with a 1.4-mm tether that allows the doctor
imager layer to the lens/illumination layer through
holes in the lens barrel.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA) – Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016

to move the camera around and pull it back up once the

exploration is finished.

Testing starts at the Seattle Veterans' Administration

hospital next year. Once given the thumbs -up, the
reusable gadget (disinfect, rinse, repeat, I guess) is
expected to be used in the fight against oesophagal
cancer. Normal endoscopes are considerably bigger and
can only be swallowed after the patient has been
sedated (and liberally greased up, probably).

Fig 6.3 parts of capsule

6.2 Gastroesophageal reflux disease:

Besides the miniature color video camera, the capsule

contains a light source, batteries, a transmitter, and an
(GERD), is a backflow of acid-containing fluid antenna. Once swallowed this capsule/camera travels
from the stomach into the esophagus. If it persists, it
can develop into a more serious condition known as
Barrett’s esophagus. Barrett’s esophagus is a condition
in which cells of the lining of the esophagus become
pre-malignant and can lead to a potentially fatal form of
cancer known as esophageal adenocarcinoma.

6.3 Picoendo:

PicoEndo is about to produce a functional prototype.

An even smaller camera sensor than the current 2.55

mm is under development. The processing software

exists. The developers believe that by using a
combination of white, UV, and NIR LEDs in the lens
holder, that it may be possible to conduct an optical
biopsy in situ instead of (or in addition to) a physical
biopsy. A search for suitably sized UV and NIR LEDs
is underway.

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Pill endoscopy is a new spin off of regular endoscopy,

easily through the digestive tract and is naturally where and endoscope it inserted into the body to
excreted. It is never absorbed in the body. The patient observe the walls of various organs and racts. Now
wears a wireless Given Data Recorder on a belt around there are pill cameras you can swallow that will take
his or her waist, much like a portable "Walkman. pictures of your organs and tracts,without the
These discomfort of having a tube inserted intoyour body.A
major issue with current endoscopies is there is about
20 feet of the digestive track that is out reach of current
signals can also track the physical course of the methods. In order to overcome this an Israeli physician,
capsule's progress. During this procedure, users feel no Dr. Iddan, in 1981 began the development of a camera
pain or discomfort and are able to continue their that would fit into a pill. Unfortunately, technology
regular wasn’t ready for this. It took until 2001 for it to be
possible. In 2001 the FDA approved the Given
Diagnostic Imaging System. The system was an
activities as the camera works inside the body and the 11x26mm 4 gram capsule, which contained a color
sensors and belt work outside. The entire process takes video camera, a radio transmitter, 4 LEDs and a battery.
about eight hours. The camera could take up to 50,000 pictures in the 8-
hour trip through the digestive track. The pill is moved
around the body with peristaltic contractions.
People who are exposed to radiation or Throughout the procedure the patient can perform daily
hazardous chemicals in their work environment are at tasks without discomfort.Throughout the 8-hours, the
a higher risk of illness. Occasional testing is typically images are transmitted to a device about the size of a
done but may not detect a disease in its early stage. walkman. The images are received through special
Early detection could initiate timely treatment with a antenna pads placed on the body. From this the images
higher chance of success, and have a worker removed can be downloaded to the computer for
from the hazardous environment to prevent further examination.One company has put a new twist on the
damage. pill camera. Other pill cameras have their lenses and

VII. ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA) – Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016

Because of its string (or tether), which also acts as an

electronic connection and teering cable, the body of the
endoscope does not have to contain batteries, memory, or
sensor in the moving direction, requiring a wide angle processing electronics as do the much larger camera
lens. The problem with this is the peripheral regions of pills. The size of the camera and lens system determines
the picture become distorted. the size of the unit. PicoEndo currently uses a camera
and lens system 2.55mm across, but a system about half
that size is under development. The unit is small enough
for even children to swallow easily.
7.1 Collimating lenses

Among the products manufactured in Triumph

HT Optics are miniature camera lenses for CIF, VGA
and several Megapixel formats. The international SMIA
standard is supported with several designs, including
the EMC shielding of the lens amount. The lenses are
characterized by an optimal design for manufacturing,
resulting in high yield processes and therefore a reliable
delivery to our customers. A 100% MTF test on state of
the art test equipment is part of our outgoing inspection.

Other product lines are collimating lenses for laser

applications and fresnellenses for solar concentrators
and illumination, mouse optics and rearview
cameralenses for the automotive industry. A true
specialty are the objective lenses which are
manufactured for pill camera’s.

7.2 Smallest tethered endoscope

The PicoEndo endoscope is the smallest tethered

endoscope in the world (4.5mm x 12.0mm). It is also
inexpensive enough to use and discard. It provides a
dramatic cost reduction in equipment requirements
from conventional endoscope or pill camera systems,
which can cost upwards of $30,000 USD. PicoEndo
delivers more images at an improved quality, including
images processed into 3D. The PicoEndo system is
applicable to medical tasks such as photographing the
surface of the esophagus and to applications in any
other industry that needs to place a tiny electronic
camera eye in a location that is difficult to view, s uch
as inspecting the interiors of assembled engines.

7.3 Teering cable:

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Fig 7.1 conventional lens

The tether connects PicoEndo to a special signal

In collaboration with engineers from Given Imaging,
processing unit that in turn connects to a standard
the Israelite Hospital in Hamburg and the Royal
office PC. The disposable endoscopy head, image
Imperial College in London, researchers from the
processing unit, and software are estimated to cost
Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering have
$1,000 USD, a substantial cost reduction from the less
developed the first-ever control system for the camera
capable larger systems. The system offers 160,000
pill. The camera pill can be swallowed by a patient. A
pixel resolution at 30 fps (about that of a conventional
doctor can move the camera pill by a magnetic remote
endoscope) in a camera head that is far smaller and
control. The steerable camera pill consists of a camera,
that requires no sedation; it offers a 140-degree field of
a transmitter that sends the images to the receiver, a
view that allows it to “see around corners,’ which a
battery and several cold-light diodes which briefly flare
conventional endoscope cannot do.
up like a flashlight every time a picture is taken.

VIIII. ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION

8.1 1nanotechnology

Additionally, nanorobots could change your

physical appearance. They could be programmed to
perform cosmetic surgery, rearranging your atoms to
change your ears, nose, eye color or any other physical
feature you wish to alter.There's even speculation that
nanorobots could slow or reverse the aging process, and
life expectancy could increase significantly.

Nanotechnology has the potential to have a positive

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA) – Volume 3 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016

 malabsorption Disorders.


 Tumors of the small intestine & Vascular

effect on the environment. For instance, airborne
Disorders.
nanorobots could be programmed to rebuild the 
thinning ozone layer. Contaminants could be
automatically removed from water sources, and oil  Ulcerative Colitis
spills could be cleaned up instantly. And if 
nanotechnology is, in fact, realized, it might be the
 Medication Related To Small Bowel Injury
human race's greatest scientific achievement yet,
completely changing every aspect of the way we live.
9.3 Advantages:

8.2 Existing System

 Biggest impact on the medical industry

Currently,standard method of detecting abnormalities in

the intestines is through endoscopic examination in
which doctors advance a scope down into the small
intestine via the mouth. However,these scopes are
unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small
intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that
part of the bowel

IX. DIGESTIVE TRACK

9.1 Small Intestine

The best of hands the entire small intestine is not

visualized. The visit to attach the sensor pads and
swallow the capsule will take 30 minutes to an hour.
You are able to leave the hospital at this time. the
digestive track naturally with the aid of the peristaltic
activity of the intestinal muscles. The patient
comfortably continues with regular activities
throughout the examination without feeling sensations
resulting from the capsule's passage.

9.2 Uses:

 Crohn's Disease.


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with the help of nanotechnology one can make hearts,
lungs, livers and kidneys, just by providing coal,
water and some impurities and even prevent the aging
effect. Nanotechnology has the power to
revolutionize the world of production, but it is sure to
increase unemployment.
 Nanorobots can perform delicate surgeries.

Nanotechnology can be used to make miniature
 They can also change the physical appearance.
explosives, which would create havoc in human lives.

Every new technology that comes opens new doors
 They can slow or reverse the aging proces. and horizons but closes some. The same is true with
 nanotechnology too.

 Used to shrink the size of components.

 You will need to return at the time your nurse gives
you. The study takes 8 hours. The capsule most often
X. CONCLUSION will pass in your bowel movement.

The given endoscopy capsule is a pioneering

concept for medical technology of the 21 st century.The REFERENCES
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