MAPUA UNIVERSITY

School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological

Engineering
Intramuros, Manila

EXPERIMENTATION ON THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF CORNSTARCH AS AN
ADMIXTURE TO A CONCRETE THAT
CONSISTS OF EGGHELLS AS PART OF THE
FINE AGGREGATES
by

Mariah Vianca L. Hurtada

Mar Christian H. Mentoy
Reinalynn D. Sison
Ronaldo C. Sultan Jr.

A Research Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological

Engineering in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Mapua University
August 2019

1
 APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the study prepared by
Mariah Vianca L. Hurtada, Mar Christian H. Mentoy, Reinalynn D. Sison, Ronaldo
C. Sultan Jr. entitled Experimentation on the Effectiveness of Cornstarch as an
Admixture to a concrete that consists of eggshells as part of the Fine Aggregates and
that the said study has been submitted for final examination by Oral Examination
Committee.

__________________________
Engr. John Paul D. Carreon
Professor

Content Adviser English Editor

As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined this
thesis, presented before the committee on August 2019 and hereby requirements for the
degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Chairman Panel Member

Member Member

This study is hereby approved and accepted by the School of CEGE as requirements for
the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Dr. Francis Aldrine A. Uy

Dean, School of CEGE

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 ABSTRACT

This study investigated the potential of egg shell and cornstarch as a concrete

material. The egg shells were used as a part of fine aggregate and cornstarch was used as

an admixture. Nine concrete cylinder samples were tested after 7 days of curing. The

samples have the same amount of 1 kg of egg shells and different amount of cornstarch

(0.5 kg, 1.0 kg and 1.5 kg) mixed in the concrete. Based on the test, the compressive

strength of the sample increases as the amount of cornstarch increases but it still does not

meet the required standard compressive strength. Since the presence of cornstarch and

eggshell on concrete gives low results, it cannot be used as an alternative for construction.

Keywords: Admixture, Cornstarch, Compressive Strength, Egg shell, Fine aggregates,

Ultimate Testing Machine

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express their outmost appreciation and gratitude to

Almighty God for giving them the inspiration, determination, patience and knowledge to

conduct the paper. This research would not be possible without the guidance and assistance

of many people including our family, friends, groupmates and others. We would like to

express our gratitude to Engr. John Paul Carreon, our professor and research adviser, for

approving and assisting to do this type of research in relation to the course, Methods of

Research. Also, thank you to all the faculty and staff of the School of Civil, Environmental,

and Geological Engineering and ILMO Office in letting us use the school’s Ultimate

Testing Machine.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………...1

APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………………...2

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………4

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….5

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………...6

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………..6

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………7

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………..13

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY………………………………………………..16

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………….23

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION………………………..32

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………...35

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………40

RESUME…………………………………………………………………………51

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 4.1.1: Compressive strength of concrete with 1 kg of

starch………………………..................................................................................23

TABLE 4.1.2: Compressive strength of concrete with 1.5 kg of

starch……………………………………………………………………………..25

TABLE 4.1.3: Compressive strength of concrete with 0.5 kg of

starch……………………………………………………………………………..26

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: Conceptual Framework……………………………………………...16

FIGURE 2: Research Diagram…………………………………………………...17

FIGURE 3: Graph of trial no.1…………………………………………………...28

FIGURE 4: Graph of trial no. 2…………………………………………………..29

FIGURE 5: Graph of trial no. 3…………………………………………………..30

FIGURE 6: The graph comparison of the trials made……………………………31

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Various mix designs for concrete were conducted using waste materials as admixtures,

and fine aggregates. Engineers nowadays develop a more sustainable concrete for cleaner

eco-friendly construction. Cornstarch and Eggshell Powder are commonly used waste

materials. It is necessary to consider the influence of material ingredients, for instance, the

type and maximum size of aggregates and cement type on the form of dependence

tensile/flexural and compressive strength. (Kepniak M., 2016)

The starch admixtures such as corn starch can replace the use of chemical admixtures.

It also reduces the additional cost of using chemical admixtures. (Abd, 2018) With the use

of cornstarch in concrete, it made the concrete to be more biodegradable and light-weight

compared to traditional concrete and brick. (Kulshreshtha, 2017)

When Eggshell powder is incorporated with concrete, can increase its compressive

strength. It also shows significant reduction in water absorption and water penetration.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to the study conducted with Starch as an admixture, the compressive

strength of concrete increases in the addition of 1% of corn starch. Further increase in the

addition of starch admixtures reduces the compressive strength. (Abd, 2018)

Bricks containing 10–20 wt.% eggshell powder increased in compression strength by

12% and 7%, respectively as compared to the reference bricks without eggshell. However,

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when 30 wt.% eggshell powder was added compression strength decreased by only 2%.

The results showed up to 30 wt.% eggshell waste powder can be added to bricks made of

soil and Portland cement.

In this paper, the researchers want to know the effectiveness of cornstarch as an

admixture to a concrete that consists of eggshell powder as part of the fine aggregates.

Analysis and experimentation were carried out to identify the compressive strength of the

concrete with the influence of starch as admixture and eggshell powder as fine aggregates.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This part of the chapter focuses on who benefits from the study. The list of the

following would be the most beneficial when this research is already applied.

1.3.1 Engineers

The study provides a useful process to the engineers and in the

construction sites in a way that it can lessen the waste materials and add it

on the concrete.

1.3.2 Construction Companies

The construction companies will spend less because the materials

used are cheap, convenient and it easily to find.

1.3.3 Contractors/Project Managers

Contractors and project managers are the one who handle the plan

of the site and the coordination of the project itself. Since the study can

apply to the materials that will be used in the site, this may bring them to

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 have new ideas and knowledge in designing a concrete and a proper

application on the design of aggregates.

1.3.4 Suppliers

Suppliers provide the construction supplies including the

aggregates, be it coarse or fine aggregates. The research will have an effect

to the supplier in a way that they will gain profit through this.

1.3.5 Researchers

The topic helps the researchers to have knowledge on how to

increase the strength of the concrete by using the waste material in adding

to the mixtures and it gives them the opportunity to explore things like this.

Also, to understand the properties of concrete behaves in terms of having

admixtures and using cornstarch and eggshell powder as aggregates and the

areas of compressive and tensile strength that other researchers were not

able to.

1.3.6 Future Researchers

Future researchers have the advantage of developing the research

that was done, for future purposes.

1.3.7 Economy

This study can be helpful, not only to engineers, contractors, project

manager and construction companies but also it helps the global economy.

Maybe it become a business and gives job opportunities to the people.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

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 ● to determine the compressive strength of concrete using eggshell as fine

aggregate and cornstarch as admixture

● to compare the result between using eggshell as fine aggregate and using the

common type of aggregate

● to determine the potential of using cornstarch as admixture and eggshell as fine

aggregate

There are many objectives to satisfy, but the general objective of the research is to

know the effect of starch as an admixture in the compressive strength of a concrete that

uses egg shell as part of fine aggregate.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study emphasizes on the compressive strength of the concrete that uses egg shells

as fine aggregate with the aid of starch as an admixture. The researchers will conduct an

experiment that will make use of 3 samples with 3 more subsamples, 9 samples in total. It

will have the same level of egg shell as aggregate, but varying level of starch as admixture.

In this way, the researchers will be able to discover which sample will give the best results.

All sample concrete will undergo 7 days curing since the researchers doesn't have enough

time for the concrete to undergo 21 to 28 days of curing. The strengths are tested using the

Universal Testing Machine.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

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 Admixture - artificial or natural materials added to the concrete besides cement,

water and aggregate to improve certain property of concrete during casting or setting or

service stage.

Aggregates - inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that,

along with water and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good

concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals

or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete.

Chemical Admixture - the ingredients in concrete other than Portland cement,

water, and aggregate that are added to the mix immediately before or during mixing.

Compressive Strength - a limit state of compressive stress that leads to failure in

a material in the manner of ductile failure (infinite theoretical yield) or brittle failure

(rupture as the result of crack propagation or sliding along a weak plane). Compressive

strength is measured on materials, components and structures. The ultimate compressive

strength of a material is that value of uniaxial compressive stress reached when the material

fails completely. Compressive strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the

original cross-sectional area of a specimen in a compression test.

Concrete - a substance used for building which is made by mixing together cement,

sand, small stones, and water.

Cornstarch - sometimes referred to as corn flour, is a carbohydrate extracted from

the endosperm of corn.Starch can be used in concrete as admixture. In this particular study

used corn starch. The workability of concrete is tested using slump test. The starch is added

for testing with different percentages of cement.

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 Eggshell - made almost entirely of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. It is a

semipermeable membrane, which means that air and moisture can pass through its pores.

The shell also has a thin outermost coating called the bloom or cuticle that helps keep out

bacteria and dust. Egg shell Powder is used as a partial replacement of cement and various

properties like workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural

strength were determined.

Universal Testing Machine (UTM) - an instrument so designed that it is capable

of exerting a tensile, compressive, or transverse stress on a specimen under test. Further, it

can be adapted for the determination of Brinell hardness, ductility, cold bend, and other

properties. The machine consists essentially of three systems: loading, weighing, and

indicating, the loading being applied either mechanically or hydraulically.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Use of eggshell powder in concrete

A study was conducted to determine how waste materials, like egg shell powder,

can affect the mechanical properties of Porcelanite aggregate concrete. It is found out that

Plastic Fiber combined with Egg shell powder gave a results so close to reference mix.

More than 5% ESP was not effective.

Waste materials like Glass powder and Egg shell powder were used to determine

the mechanical properties of Porcelanite aggregate concrete. The 5% Egg Shell Powder

gave a close compressive strength to that for reference mix, but with increasing of %ESP

more than 5% the compressive strength is decreasing. These results show that GP was more

effective than ESP. That may be due to rich silca content of GP.

The utilization of Plastic Fiber (PF) clearly improved the flexural strength of

lightweight Porcelanite concrete, but it was not so effective in improving compressive

strength. 1% PF gave the best results for both compressive and flexural strengths. Besides

the increasing in PF content there was a decrease in the density of concrete.

The use of different percentage of GP as partial replacement of cement with 1% PE

improved the lightweight concrete properties especially the compressive strength, and the

improvement in properties was clearer with increasing the percentage of GP to 20%.

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The use of ESP as partial replacement of cement is not effective as GP. Mix with 5% ESP

and 1% PE gave results so close to reference mix. More than 5% ESP was not effective.

2.1.1 Eggshell powder’s mechanical performance

Chicken eggshell waste used as a limestone filler in Portland cement mortar. In this

study, a larger than laboratory scale method was used to crush raw eggshells into fine

powders. Mechanical performance of white and brown eggshells were evaluated.

Moreover, it was proven that Eggshell based limestone mortars had lower properties

compared to natural limestone.

Bricks containing 10–20 wt.% eggshell powder increased in compression strength

by 12% and 7%, respectively as compared to the reference bricks without

eggshell. However, when 30 wt.% eggshell powder was added compression strength

decreased by only 2%. The results showed up to 30 wt.% eggshell waste powder can be

added to bricks made of soil and Portland cement.

According to the results of the experiment, the study concluded that: Properties

affecting the strength of mortars were observed to be particle size, limestone quality and

amount of limestone PC replacement. The natural conventional limestone mortars had

better accelerated hydration at 7 days as shown by the early strength gain as compared to

eggshell mortars.

The CaCO3 percentage contained in white and brown eggs were for the most part

identical and slightly higher than conventional limestone. However, the chloride, sulfate

and sulfur contents in eggshells were greater than the natural limestone. Moreover, the

addition of white and brown eggshell limestone powder in mortar reduced the compression

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and flexural strengths at all levels of limestone PC replacement. Although eggshell based

limestone PC replacements led to inferior mechanical properties, mortar projects where

strength may not be the principle requirement, could potentially be used provided further

testing is conducted on their plastic and hardened properties.(P. Pilya, October 1 2015)

2.1.2 Setting time of cement

A research paper reported on the feasibility and viability of eggshells ash and its

effects on the water content and setting time of cement. An experiment was carried out to

determine the quantity of water required in order to follow standard cement paste of normal

consistency in accordance with MS EN 196-3:2007. The eggshells ash passing the 90µm

sieve was used in the investigation. Eggshells ash with percentage of 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%,

1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were constituted to replace the cement. Chemical properties of both

eggshells ash and cement are compared. From the results obtained, both eggshells ash and

cement have the same chemical composition and primary composition which is the calcium

compounds. Results from the setting time show that by adding the eggshells ash to the

cement, the setting time of the cement decreases. In short, the higher amount of eggshells

ash, the faster the rate of setting and apply to all percentage of eggshells ash that were used

in this investigation. Both initial and final setting times fulfill the setting time requirements

by Malaysian Standard. Hence, it is suggested that eggshells ash can be used as an

admixture in concrete mix. (Ujin, 2016)

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2.2 Corn starch as concrete admixture

Starch can be used in concrete as admixture. In this particular study, corn starch

was used. The workability of concrete is tested using slump test. The starch is added for

testing with different percentages of cement. The workability of concrete/ cement increases

with the addition of starch admixtures. Density of concrete increases in the addition of 1%

of corn starch further increase in the addition of starch admixtures reduces the density.

Compressive strength of concrete increases in the addition of 1% of corn starch further

increase in the addition of starch admixtures reduces the compressive strength. The starch

admixtures such as corn starch can replace the use of chemical admixtures. It also reduces

the additional cost of using chemical admixtures. (Abd, 2018)

2.2.1 Starch-based admixture in concrete

Concrete’s temperature will keep rising until the heat of hydration heat release

equal to the rate of heat dissipation as the cement hydration is beginning. In this paper, a

new starch-based chemical admixture (SA) was used and its effect on cement hydration to

prevent the risk of thermal cracking at different dosage was investigated.(Hao Zhang, June

10 2018)

These results show that the presence of this chemical admixture in large amount

dose mitigate the early compressive strength reduction, but the final compressive strength

can reach the same level of concrete without admixture. With the addition of starch

admixture, the setting time is delayed. Moreover, the starch mixture provides a promising

approach to decrease the maximum temperature which is from the cement hydration, which

in turn will reduce the risk of cracking. The mechanism of influence of SA on cement

15
hydration may be attributed to that the presence of these long-

chain polymer will retarder the hydration products forming mainly C–S–H.

2.2.2 Corn starch-based building material

A paper introduces the application of corn starch in the production of a construction

material named CoRncrete. It is formed by mixing corn starch as a binder with sand and

water as a filler. The mixture is poured in a mould and then heated in a microwave or an

oven. This heating causes a gelatinisation process which results in a hardened material

having compressive strength up to 26 MPa. The factors affecting the strength of hardened

CoRncrete such as water content, sand aggregate size and heating procedure have been

studied. It is biodegradable and light-weight compared to traditional concrete and brick.

The degradation and sustainability aspects of CoRncrete are elucidated and limitations in

the potential application of this material are discussed. (Kulshreshtha, 2017)

2.2.3 Flexural behavior using starches as an admixture

In a study, starches used are Cassava (CA) and Corn (CO). Different sample of

starches measured in percentile (0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8) by mass of cement were separately mixed

to the existing concrete to prepare the required material and the curing was done for 7 and

28 days. With the addition of the starches the workability and setting time of concrete get

increased. The starches such as corn and cassava can be replaced by the use of chemical

admixtures. It reduces the extra cost of the use of synthetic admixtures. The result shows

0.6 % CO and 1.2% CA increases in split tensile strength. For checking durability Rapid

Chloride Permeability Test has been conducted. In this study flexural behavior of R.C

beams (conventional vs optimize percentages of starches) is compared. (NACHIAR, 2018)

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Overview

This chapter discusses the methods, strategies, and materials that the researchers

used to be able to gather results and data which will answer the research questions

presented prior to conducting the experiment.

3.2 Conceptual Framework

Hypothesis Experimentation Conclusion

Figure 3.2 Conceptual Framework

Figure 3.2 shows the conceptual framework of the research. It summarizes the idea of

hypothesizing the effects of eggshells and cornstarch to the compressibility of the concrete. We

hypothesize that as we increase the amount of cornstarch in a concrete mix with eggshells, it would

also increase it compressive strength. Compressibility test under the Universal Testing Machine is

done which will identify the compressive strength of the samples.

3.3 Research Design

Obtaining Preparation Concrete Gathering of

Curing Testing
Materials of Materials Mixing Results

Figure 3.3 Research Design

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Figure 3.3 summarizes the processes done in order to obtain a clear data which will support

the research.

3.4 Materials

3.4.1 Eggshells

Figure 3.4.1 Collecting Eggshells

Eggshells are collected from a local bakery and restaurant located in Barangay

Olympia Makati City.

The researchers decided to use eggshells as part of the experiment because

Eggshells can further improve the compressibility strength of bricks, as used in other

experiments. In an experiment with Palm Oil Fuel Ash-Egg Shell concrete, the

compressive strength and workability of these were within the ranges typically encountered

in regular concrete mixtures indicating the viability of this replacement procedure for

structural and non-structural applications. (Ezdiani, 2018)

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 3.4.2 Cement, Sand, Gravel, PVC Pipe

Figure 3.4.2 Hardware Store, PVC Pipe, Cement, Sand, Gravel

The Cement, Sand and Gravel and PVC Pipe were bought from JP Carlos Hardware

in Brgy. Tuktukan Taguig City. The Cement is from the brand, Republic Cement. The Fine

aggregate used was White Sand. The Coarse aggregates or the Gravel used ranges from ¾

inch to 1 inch size. The 4 inch diameter PVC pipe was cut to 9 pieces, with each cut having

a length of 8.5 inches.

3.4.3 Cornstarch

Figure 3.4.3 MAYA Cornstarch

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 The starch admixtures such as corn starch can replace the use of chemical

admixtures. It also reduces the additional cost of using chemical admixtures.

Further increase in the addition of starch admixtures reduces the compressive

strength. (Abd, 2018) In this experiment, the researchers brought Three kilograms of

MAYA cornstarch and divided it into three for the samples.

3.5 Preparation of Materials (Concrete Mixing)

Figure 3.5.1 Concrete mixing

The researchers prepared a 1:2:3 ratio of concrete mix. This included Fifteen

kilograms of Portland Cement, Thirty Kilograms of Sand and Forty-Five kilograms of

gravel and One Kilogram of Eggshells. The materials were mixed together with Twelve

liters of Water.

When all the materials are incorporated together, it was divided into three more

samples (Samples A, B and C). Each sample has 3 sub samples. The Sample A contained

500 grams of cornstarch. The sample B contained 1000 grams of cornstarch. The sample

C contained 1500 grams of cornstarch.

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 After mixing the cornstarch, it was placed in the 4 inch diameter PVC Pipe with 8

inch of height. It was left in the improvised PVC molder for three days and was cured in a

water bath for 7 days.

Figure 3.5.2 Sample A, B and C in Water Bath

Figure 3.5.3 Testing the materials

After the water bath, the researchers tested the samples in the Universal Testing

Machine at Mapua University. The results obtained from the compressive test were

carefully recorded and analyzed to provide comprehensible and intelligible interpretations.

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 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 SAMPLES RESULTS

4.1.1 SAMPLE A: USES 0.5 KG OF STARCH AS ADMIXTURE

Table 4.1.1 Compressive strength of concrete with 0.5 kg of starch

Volume of Water (L) 12 L

Weight of Cement (kg) 15 kg

Weight of Egg Shell (kg) 1.0 kg

Weight of Coarse Aggregate (kg) 45 kg

Weight of Graded Sand (kg) 30 kg

Age of Specimen (days) 8

Admixture (starch) 0.5 kg

Sample Number 1 2 3

Load (Pounds) 3561.821 8272.256 7787.501

Area (𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2 ) 12.57 12.57 12.57

Compressive Strength (PSI) 283.36 658.10 619.53

Average Compressive Strength 520.33

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TABLE 4.1.1: The table shows that the concrete is composed of 12 liters of water, 15

kilograms of cement, 30 kilograms of sand, 1 kilogram of egg shell, and 45 kilograms of

coarse aggregate. For this sample the assigned quantity of starch was 1.5 kilogram. After

combining all elements, the wet concrete was divided into three (3) samples.

All cylinder sample has a diameter of 4 inches and height of 8 inches that gives an area of

12.57 inch2. The first sample carried a load of 3561.821 pounds that gives a compressive

strength of 283.36 pounds per square inch (PSI). The second sample carried a load of

8272.256 pounds that gave a compressive strength of 658.10 pounds per square inch

(PSI). Lastly, the third sample produced a load of 7787.501 pounds which gives a

compressive strength of 619.53 pounds per square inch (PSI). Calculating the average

compressive strength would give a value of 520.33 pounds per square inch. Based on the

results of the compressive strength, it can be observed that sample 1 has the lowest

compressive strength. Sample 3 has a higher compressive strength than sample 1 but

sample 2 has the highest compressive strength among the three.

4.1.2 SAMPLE B: USES 1 KG OF STARCH AS ADMIXTURE

Table 4.1.2 Compressive strength of concrete with 1.0 kg of starch

Volume of Water (L) 12 L

Weight of Cement (kg) 15 kg

Weight of Egg Shell (kg) 1.0 kg

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 Weight of Coarse Aggregate (kg) 45 kg

Weight of Graded Sand (kg) 30 kg

Age of Specimen (days) 8

Admixture (starch) 1.0 kg

Sample Number 1 2 3

Load (Pounds) 8806.176 10776.76 13031.88

Area (𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2 ) 12.57 12.57 12.57

Compressive Strength (PSI) 700.57 857.34 1036.74

Average Compressive Strength 864.88

Table 4.1.2: Same as the sample A, the table shows that the concrete is composed of 12

liters of water, 15 kilograms of cement, 30 kilograms of sand, 1 kilogram of egg shell,

and 45 kilograms of coarse aggregate. For this sample the assigned quantity of starch was

1 kilogram. After combining all elements, the wet concrete was divided to three (3)

samples.

Same as the samples of sample A, all cylinder sample has a diameter of 4 inches, a height

of 8 inches, and an area of 12.57 inch2. The first sample carried a load of 8806.176

pounds that resulted to a compressive strength of 700.57 pounds per square inch (PSI).

The second sample carried a load of 10776.76 pounds that gave a compressive strength of

24
857.34 pounds per square inch (PSI). Lastly, the third sample produced a load of

13031.88 pounds that gives a compressive strength of 1036.74 pounds per square inch

(PSI). Calculating the average compressive strength would give a value of 864.88 pounds

per square inch. It can be observed that sample 1 has the lowest compressive strength

among the three samples. The compressive strength of sample 2 is higher than the first

sample but sample 3 has the highest compressive strength.

4.1.3 SAMPLE C: USES 1.5 KG OF STARCH AS ADMIXTURE

Table 4.1.3 Compressive strength of concrete with 1.50 kg of starch

Volume of Water (L) 12 L

Weight of Cement (kg) 15 kg

Weight of Egg Shell (kg) 1 kg

Weight of Coarse Aggregate (kg) 45 kg

Weight of Graded Sand (kg) 30 kg

Age of Specimen (days) 8

Admixture (starch) 1.5 kg

Sample Number 1 2 3

Load (pounds) 7766.436 15223.76 16323.21

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 Area (𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2 ) 12.57 12.57 12.57

Compressive Strength (PSI) 617.85 1211.12 1298.58

Average Compressive Strength 1042.52

Table 4.1.3: Same as the previous samples, the table shows that the concrete is made up

of 12 liters of water, 15 kilograms of cement, 30 kilograms of sand, 1 kilogram of egg

shell, and 45 kilograms of coarse aggregate. This sample contains 0.5 kilograms of starch

as an admixture. After combining all elements, the wet concrete was divided to three (3)

samples.

Same as the previous samples, all cylinder sample has a diameter of 4 inches, a height of

8 inches, and an area of 12.57 inch2. The first sample carried a load of 7766.436 pounds

that resulted to a compressive strength of 617.85 pounds per square inch (PSI). The

second sample carried a load of 15223.76 pounds that gave a compressive strength of

1211.12 pounds per square inch (PSI). Lastly, the third sample produced a load of

16323.21 pounds which resulted to a compressive strength of 1298.58 pounds per square

inch (PSI). Calculating the average compressive strength would give a value of 1042.52

pounds per square inch. Same as the table for the 1 kg starch added, this table also shows

that sample 1 has the lowest compressive strength among the three samples. The

compressive strength of sample 2 is higher than the first sample but sample 3 has the

highest compressive strength.

26
All the samples have the same volume of water, weight of fine and coarse aggregates,

and the weight of added egg shells. It only varies in the weight of starch in every sample.

All samples also have the same number of curing days. All samples are 8 days old when

it was tested in the Universal Testing Machine.

4.2 RELATIONSHIP OF STARCH AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

700.57
Maximum Load (psi)

617.85

283.36

0.5 KG 1 KG 1.5 KG
Starch added (kg)

Trial 1

Figure 4.2.1. The graph of trial no. 1

The graph shows the relationship between the maximum compressive strength in

psi and the different amount of starch that was used in the first trial of each sample.

Based on the graph, when 0.5 kg of starch was added, it resulted to 283.36 psi

compressive strength. When 1 kg of starch was added, the compressive strength is

700.57 psi. It can be observed that there is an increase in compressive strength when

there is an increase in starch added. When 1.5 kg of starch was added, the compressive

strength is 617.85 psi. As compared to the concrete with 1 kg of starch added, there is

a slight decrease in compressive strength.

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 Compressive Strength (psi)
1211.12

857.34
658.10

0.5 KG 1 KG 1.5 KG
Starch added (kg)

Trial 2

Figure 4.2.2. The graph of trial no. 2

The graph shows the relationship between the maximum compressive strength in

psi and the different amount of starch that was used in the second trial of each sample.

Based on the graph, when 0.5 kg of starch was added, it resulted to 658.10 psi

compressive strength. When 1 kg of starch was added, the compressive strength is

857.34 psi. When 1.5 kg of starch was added, the compressive strength is 1211.12 psi.

It can be observed in the ascending graph that there is an increase in compressive

strength when there is an increase in starch added.

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 1298.58

Compressive strength (psi)

1036.74

619.53

0.5 KG 1 KG 1.5 KG
Starch added (kg)

Trial 3

Figure 4.2.3. The graph of trial 3

The graph shows the relationship between the maximum compressive

strength in psi and the different amount of starch that was used in the third trial of each

sample. Based on the graph, when 0.5 kg of starch was added, it resulted to 619.53 psi

compressive strength. When 1 kg of starch was added, the compressive strength is

1036.74 psi. When 1.5 kg of starch was added, the compressive strength is 1298.58 psi.

It can be observed that just like in the graph of the second trial, the graph is ascending

which shows that there is an increase in compressive strength when there is an increase

in starch added.

29
 1298.58

Compressive strength (psi)

1211.12
1036.74
857.34
658.1 700.57
619.53 617.85

283.36

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

0.5 KG 1 KG 1.5 KG
Starch added (kg)

Figure 4.2.4. The graph comparison of the trials made

The graph displays the flow of the trials made in every starch added. It represents

the relationship between the starch added and the maximum compressive strength

attained in every trial. As shown in Fig. 5, the trial 3 of the 1.5 kg starch added attained

the maximum load of 1298.58 psi and the trial 1 of 0.5 kg starch added attained the

minimum load of only 283.36 psi. It can be observed that the graph of trial 2 and 3 is

ascending while in trial 1 there is an inconsistency in the flow of the graph.

Furthermore, in trial 1, it can be observed that the compressive strength obtained ranges

from 283 psi up to 618 psi only, while the other two trials ranges from 620 psi up to

1299 psi. It can also be seen in the graph that in every trial made, there was an increase

in compressive strength between the starches added. Moreover, the results were

inconsistent since the obtained values were quite far from each other. Therefore, there

are some discrepancies when it comes to the results.

30
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

31
 REFERENCES

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Kepniak M., W. P. (2016). The Statistical Analysis of Relation between Compressive and

Tensile/ Flexural Strength of High Performance Concrete. Archives of Civil

Engineering, Pages 95-108.

P. Pilya, D. C. (October 1 2015). Limestone derived eggshell powder as a replacement in

Portland cement mortar. Construction and Building Materials, Volume 95,

Pages1-9.

Ezdiani, A. A. (2018). Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Eggshell Powder (ESP) as Partial

Replacement for Cement in Concrete.

Ujin, A. H. (2016). Viability of eggshells ash affecting the setting time of cement.

Abd, Y. H. (2018). Effect of using corn starch as concrete admixture.

Kulshreshtha, S. J. (2017). CoRncrete: A corn starch based building material.

Nachiar, S. D. (2018). Study on flexural behavior.

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