Job No.

OSM 466 Sheet 1 of 8 Rev B

Job Title ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject Design Example 10 – Axially loaded column in fire
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client Made by SMH Date Aug 2001
CALCULATION SHEET ECSC Checked by NRB Date Nov 2001
Revised by MEB Date April 2006

DESIGN EXAMPLE 10 - AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN IN FIRE

Design an unprotected rectangular hollow section subject to axial load and bending for
30 minutes fire resistance.

The column length is 2,7 m and is subject to axial load from the end reaction of a floor
beam at an eccentricity of 90 mm from the narrow face of the column.

Point of application b
of load z z

90 mm
y

Section A - A

A A

Floor beam

2,7 m
Column

Actions
This eccentricity is taken to be 90 mm + h/2, where h is the depth of the section. Thus the
beam introduces a bending moment about the column’s major axis.
The unfactored actions are: Permanent action: 6 kN
Variable action: 7 kN
The column will initially be checked at the ultimate limit state (LC1) and subsequently at
the fire limit state (LC2) for a fire duration of 30 minutes. The loadcases are as follows:

169
 Job No. OSM 466 Sheet 2 of 8 Rev B
Job Title ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject Design Example 10 – Axially loaded column in fire
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client Made by SMH Date Aug 2001
CALCULATION SHEET ECSC Checked by NRB Date Nov 2001
Revised by MEB Date April 2006

LC1 (ultimate limit state) ∑γ

j
G, j Gk, j + γ Q,1 Qk,1 Eqn. 2.3

γG, j = 1,35 (unfavourable effects) Section 2.3.2

γQ,1 = 1,5
LC2 (fire limit state) ∑γ j
GA, j Gk, j + ψ 1,1Qk,1

γ GA = 1,0
Values for ψ 1,1 are given in EN 1990 and NA for EN 1990, but for this example
conservatively assume ψ 1,1 = 1,0

Design at the Ultimate Limit State (LC1)

Loading on the corner column due to shear force at end of beam (LC1):
Axial force NEd = 1,35 × 6 +1,5 × 7 = 18,6 kN
Try 100 × 50 × 6 Rectangular Hollow Section
Major axis bending moment (due to eccentricity of shear force from centroid of column),
My,Ed = 18,6 × (0,09+0,10/2) = 2,60 kNm

Material properties
Use material grade 1.4401
0,2% proof stress = 220 N/mm2 and fu = 530 N/mm2 Table 3.1
Take fy as the 0,2% proof stress = 220 N/mm2 Section 3.2.4
E = 200 000 N/mm2 and G = 76 900 N/mm2 Section 3.2.4

Cross-section properties – 100 x 50 x 6 mm RHS

Wel,y = 32,58 × 103 mm3 iy = 32,9 mm
3 3
Wpl,y = 43,75 × 10 mm iz = 19,1 mm
Ag = 1500 mm2 t = 6 mm

Classification of the cross-section

ε = 1,01 Table 4.2
Assume conservatively that c = h − 2t = 100 − 12 = 88 mm for web
c 88
Webs subject to compression: = = 14,7
t 6
c Table 4.2
For Class 1, ≤ 25,7ε = 25,96 ∴ Web is Class 1
t

170
 Job No. OSM 466 Sheet 3 of 8 Rev B
Job Title ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject Design Example 10 – Axially loaded column in fire
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client Made by SMH Date Aug 2001
CALCULATION SHEET ECSC Checked by NRB Date Nov 2001
Revised by MEB Date April 2006

By inspection, if the web is Class 1 subject to compression, then the flange will also be
Class 1. ∴ Cross-section is Class 1

Partial safety factors

The following partial safety factors are used throughout the design example for LC1: Table 2.1
γM0 = 1,1
γM1 = 1,1

Buckling resistance to axial compression Section 5.3.3

Resistance to flexural buckling about the z-z axis:
χ z Ag f y Eq. 5.2a
Nb,z,Rd = For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
γ M1
1
χ = reduction factor to account for buckling = ≤ 1
[
ϕ + ϕ −λ 2
]
2 0,5
Eq. 5.3

ϕ ( (
= 0,5 1 + α λ − λ0 + λ 2 ) ) Eq. 5.4

Lcr 1 fy Eq. 5.5a

λz =
iz π E
Lcr = buckling length of column, taken conservatively as 1,0 × column length = 2,7 m
2700 1 220
λz = = 1,492
19,1 π 200000

For hollow sections subject to flexural buckling, α = 0,49 and λ 0 = 0,40 Table 5.1

ϕ (
= 0,5 1 + 0,49(1,492 − 0,4 ) + 1,492 2 ) = 1,881
1
χz = ≤1
[
1,881 + 1,8812 − 1,492 2 ] 0 ,5

χz = 0,3305
0,3305 × 1500 × 220
Nb,z,Rd = = 99,15 kN
1,1
(Resistance to torsional buckling will not be critical for a rectangular hollow section with Section 5.3.1
a h/b ratio of 2.)
NEd = 18,6 kN Buckling resistance of cross-section is OK

171
 Job No. OSM 466 Sheet 4 of 8 Rev B
Job Title ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject Design Example 10 – Axially loaded column in fire
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client Made by SMH Date Aug 2001
CALCULATION SHEET ECSC Checked by NRB Date Nov 2001
Revised by MEB Date April 2006

Axial compression and bending resistance

Cross sectional resistance interaction check Section 4.7.6
N Ed M y,Ed + N Ed e Ny M z,Ed + N Ed e Nz prEN 1993-
+ + ≤ 1 1-3, Clause
N c,Rd M c,y,Rd M c,z,Rd
6.1.9
Ag f y 1500 × 220 Eq. 4.25
Nc,Rd = = = 300 kN
γ M0 1,1
eNy = eNZ = 0
Mz,Ed = 0
W pl , y f y 43,75 × 10 3 × 220 Eq. 4.27
Mc,y,Rd = = = 8,75 kNm
γ M0 1,1
N Ed M y,Ed 18,6 2,60
+ = + = 0,062 + 0,297 = 0,359 < 1,00
N c,Rd M c,y,Rd 300 8,75
∴ Resistance of cross-section is OK

Buckling resistance interaction check Section 5.5.2

N Ed  M y,Ed + N Ed eNy 
+ ky   ≤ 1 Eq. 5.40
( N b,Rd ) min  β W,y Wpl,y f y / γ M1 
 
βW,y = 1,0 for Class 1 cross-sections
 N Ed 
(
k y = 1,0 + 2 λy − 0.5 ) NN Ed
but 1.2 ≤ k y ≤ 1,2 + 2
 N b,Rd,y


b, Rd, y  
Determine Nb,Rd,y using the same method used to calculate Nb,Rd,z given on sheet 3.
For hollow sections subject to flexural buckling, α = 0,49 and λ 0 = 0,40 Table 5.1

Lcr 1 fy 2700 1 220

λy = = = 0,866
iy π E 32,9 π 200000

ϕ (
= 0,5 1 + 0,49(0,866 − 0,4 ) + 0,866 2 ) = 0,989
1
χy = ≤ 1
[
0,989 + 0,989 2 − 0,866 2 ] 0,5

χy = 0,682 < 1,0

0,682 × 1500 × 220
Nb,Rd,y = = 204,6 kN
1,1

172
 Job No. OSM 466 Sheet 5 of 8 Rev B
Job Title ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject Design Example 10 – Axially loaded column in fire
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client Made by SMH Date Aug 2001
CALCULATION SHEET ECSC Checked by NRB Date Nov 2001
Revised by MEB Date April 2006

(
k y = 1,0 + 2 λy − 0.5 ) NN Ed

b, Rd, y

18,6
k y = 1,0 + 2(0,866 − 0.5) = 1,07 < 1,2
204,6
Therefore, ky = 1,2

N Ed  M y,Ed + N Ed e Ny 
+ ky  
( N b,Rd ) min  β W,y Wpl,y f y / γ M1 
 

18,6  2,60 × 106 + 0 

+ 1,2 3
 = 0,188 + 0,297 = 0,485 < 1,0

99,15  1,0 × 43,75 ×10 × 220 / 1,1 
Thus member is OK for combined axial loading and uniaxial moment under LC1.

Design at the Fire Limit State (LC2)

For LC2, the column is designed for the following axial loads and moments.
Axial compressive force, Nfi,Ed = 1,0 × 6 + 1,0 × 7 = 13,0 kN
Maximum bending moment My,fi,Ed = 13,0 × (0,09+0,05) = 1,82 kNm

Determine temperature in steel after 30 minutes fire duration Section 7.4.7

Assume that the section is unprotected and that there is a uniform temperature distribution
within the steel section. Increase in temperature during time interval ∆t is found from:
Am V &
∆θa,t = hnet, d ∆t Eq. 7.34
ca ρ a
h&net,d = h&net,c + h&net,r Eq. 7.35

(
h&net, c = α c θ g − θ a ) Eq. 7.36

Where:
θg = gas temperature of the environment of the member in fire exposure, given by the
nominal temperature time curve:
θg = 20 + 345log10(8t + 1) Eq. 7.38
θa = surface temperature of the member
[( )
h&net, r = ϕε res 5,67 × 10 − 8 θ g + 273 4 − (θ a + 273)4 ] Eq. 7.37

Initial input values for determination of final steel temperature are as follows:
Am/V = 200 m-1
αc = 25 W/m2K

173
 Job No. OSM 466 Sheet 6 of 8 Rev B
Job Title ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject Design Example 10 – Axially loaded column in fire
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client Made by SMH Date Aug 2001
CALCULATION SHEET ECSC Checked by NRB Date Nov 2001
Revised by MEB Date April 2006

Initial steel temperature, θa = 20°C

Resultant emissivity, εres = 0,2
Unit mass of stainless steel, ρa = 7850 kg/m3
Configuration factor, ϕ = 1,0

The specific heat is temperature-dependent and is given by the following expression:

ca = 450 + 0,28θa – 2,91 × 10-4θa2 + 1,34 × 10-7θa3 J/kgK Eq. 7.4
∆t = 2 seconds
The above formulae and initial input information were coded in an Excel spreadsheet and
the following steel temperature, after a fire duration of 30 minutes, was obtained.
θa = 811°C

Reduction of mechanical properties at elevated temperature

The following reduction factors are required for calculation of resistance at elevated
temperatures.
Young’s modulus retention factor kE, θ = Eθ/E
0,2% proof strength retention factor k0,2proof,θ = f0,2proof,θ/fy
Ultimate tensile strength retention factor ku,θ = fu,θ/fu
The value of the 2% yield strength at elevated temperature is also required for resistance
calculations. This is given by the following expression:
f2,θ = (
f 0,2proof,θ + g 2, θ f u, θ − f 0,2proof,θ ) Eq. 7.1

The values for the retention factors at 811°C are obtained by linear interpolation. Table 7.1
k0,2proof,θ = 0,377
ku,θ = 0,322
kE, θ = 0,610
g2θ = 0,353
Thus
f2,θ = 0,377 × 220 + 0,353 × (0,322 × 530 – 0,377 × 220)
= 113,9 N/mm2
k2,θ = 113,9/220 = 0,518

Partial safety factor

γM,fi = 1,0 Section 7.1

Buckling resistance Section 7.4.3

Nb,fi,t,Rd = χz,fi Ag k0,2proof,θ fy / γM,fi Eq. 7.8

174
 Job No. OSM 466 Sheet 7 of 8 Rev B
Job Title ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject Design Example 10 – Axially loaded column in fire
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client Made by SMH Date Aug 2001
CALCULATION SHEET ECSC Checked by NRB Date Nov 2001
Revised by MEB Date April 2006

1 Eq. 7.10
χfi = but ≤ 1,0
ϕθ + ϕθ2 − λ θ2
ϕθ ( (
= 0,5 1 + α λ θ − λ 0 + λ θ ) 2
) Eq. 7.11

λ z,θ [
= λ z k 0,2proof,θ k E,θ ]0,5
= 1,492 × (0,377/0,610)0,5 = 1,173 Eq. 7.12

For flexural buckling of a hollow section, α = 0,49 and λ 0 = 0,4 Table 5.1

ϕz,θ (
= 0,5 1 + 0.49(1.173 − 0.4 ) + 1.1732 ) = 1,377
1
χz,fi = = 0,477
1,377 + 1,377 2 − 1,1732
Nb,fi,t,Rd = 0,477 × 1500 × 0,377 × 220/1,0 = 59,3 kN
Nfi,Ed = 13,0 kN , buckling resistance of member is OK

Axial compression and bending moment

The following expression for a class 1 cross section must be satisfied
N fi,Ed k y M y,fi,Ed k M Eq. 7.24
+ + z z,fi,Ed ≤ 1
 f  M y,fi,θ,Rd M z,fi,θ,Rd
χ min,fi  A g k 0,2proof,θ y 
 γ M,fi 
In which
µ y N fi,Ed Eq. 7.28
ky = 1− ≤ 3
fy
χ y,fi Ag k0,2,proof,θ
γ M,fi
µy = (1,2β M, y − 3)λ y,θ + 0,44β M, y − 0,29 ≤ 0,8 Eq. 7.29

λy = 0,866 Sheet 4

λ y, θ = λ y [k 0,2proof,θ k E,θ ]0,5 = 0,866 × (0,377/0,610)0,5 = 0,681 Eq. 7.12

Assume the column is fixed at the base, a triangular bending moment distribution occurs Table 7.3
and βM = 1,8
µy = (1,2 × 1,8 − 3) × 0,681 + 0,44 × 1,8 − 0,29
= −0,070
ϕy,θ (
= 0,5 1 + 0,49(0,681 − 0,4 ) + 0,6812 = ) 0,801
1
χy,fi = = 0,818
0,801 + 0,8012 − 0,6812

175
 Job No. OSM 466 Sheet 8 of 8 Rev B
Job Title ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject Design Example 10 – Axially loaded column in fire
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client Made by SMH Date Aug 2001
CALCULATION SHEET ECSC Checked by NRB Date Nov 2001
Revised by MEB Date April 2006

(−0,07) × 13,0 × 103

ky = 1− = 1,009 < 3,0
220
0,818 × 1500 × 0,377 ×
1,00
Interaction expression:
N fi,Ed k y M y,fi,Ed
+
 fy  M y,fi,θ,Rd
χ min,fi  Ag k0,2proof,θ 
 γ M,fi 

γ  Eq. 7.13
 1,1 
M y,fi,θ, Rd = k2,θ  M0  M Rd = 0,518 ×   × 8,75 = 4,99 kNm
γ   1,0 
 M, fi 
13,0 × 103 1,009 × 1,82
+ = 0,219 + 0,368 = 0,587
220 4.99
0,477 × 1500 × 0,377 ×
1,0
0,587 < 1,00
Thus section is OK in fire conditions for combined axial load and bending

176