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    of 5

    Exercise 4G

    1 a Rewrite the addition formula to obtain


    P( A Ç B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A È B) = 0.4 + 0.5 - 0.6 = 0.3
    Use this result to complete a Venn diagram to help answer the remaining parts of the question.

    b P( A¢ ) = 0.2 + 0.4 = 0.6

    c P( A È B¢ ) = 0.4 + 0.4 = 0.8

    d P( A¢ È B) = 0.5 + 0.4 = 0.9

    2 a P(C È D) = P(C) + P( D) - P(C Ç D) = 0.55 + 0.65 - 0.4 = 0.8

    i The required region is the part ‘outside’ of C and D, which can be found since all of the
    probabilities must sum to 1.
    P(C ¢ Ç D¢ ) = 1- P(C È D) = 1- 0.8 = 0.2

    P(C Ç D) 0.4
    ii P(C | D ) = = = 0.615 (3 s.f.)
    P( D) 0.65

    P(C Ç D¢) 0.15 3


    iii P(C | D¢) = = = = 0.429 (3 s.f.)
    P( D¢) 0.35 7

    c From part b ii, it is known that P(C | D)  P(C ) so the two events are not independent.
    Alternatively, show that P(C) ´ P( D)  P(C Ç D) .

    © Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
    3 a P( E È F ) = P(E) + P( F ) - P(E Ç F ) = 0.7 + 0.8 - 0.6 = 0.9

    i The required region is within E as well as everything outside F. It includes three of the four
    regions in the Venn diagram.
    P(E È F ¢ ) = 0.1+ 0.6 + 0.1 = 0.8

    ii The required region is that part of F that does not intersect E.


    P(E Ç F ¢ ) = 0.2

    P( E Ç F ¢) 0.1 1
    iii P( E | F ¢) = = = = 0.5
    P( F ¢) 0.1 + 0.1 2

    4 a P(T È Q) = P(T ) + P(Q) - P(T Ç Q)


    0.75 = 3P(T Ç Q) + 3P(T Ç Q) - P(T Ç Q)
    5P(T Ç Q) = 0.75
    P(T Ç Q) = 0.15

    b As P(T) = P(Q), using P(T È Q) = P(T ) + P(Q) - P(T Ç Q) gives


    0.75 = 2P(T ) - 0.15
    Þ 2P(T ) = 0.9
    Þ P(T ) = 0.45

    c P(Q¢ ) = 1- P(Q) = 1- P(T ) = 1- 0.45 = 0.55

    d P(T ¢ Ç Q¢ ) = 1- P(T È Q) = 1- 0.75 = 0.25

    e P(T Ç Q¢ ) = P(T ) - P(T Ç Q) = 0.45 - 0.15 = 0.3

    5 Let F be the event that a household has a freezer and D be the event that the household has a
    dishwasher. The question requires finding P(F Ç D). Use the addition formula
    P(F Ç D) = P(F) + P(D) - P(F È D) = 0.7 + 0.2 - 0.8 = 0.1

    © Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
    6 a Use the multiplication formula for conditional probability to find P( AÇ B)
    P( A Ç B) = P( A | B) ´ P( B) = 0.4 ´ 0.5 = 0.2
    Now use the multiplication formula again to find P( B | A)
    P( B Ç A) 0.2 1
    P( B | A) = = = = 0.5
    P( A) 0.4 2

    b Use the addition formula to find P( AÈ B)


    P( A È B) = P( A) + P( B) - P( A Ç B) = 0.4 + 0.5 - 0.2 = 0.7
    Now P( A¢ Ç B¢ ) can be found as it is the region outside P( AÈ B)
    P( A¢ Ç B¢ ) = 1- P( AÈ B) = 1- 0.7 = 0.3

    c P( A¢ Ç B) = P(B) - P( AÈ B) = 0.5 - 0.2 = 0.3

    7 a First use the addition formula to find P( AÇ B)


    P( A Ç B) = P( A) + P( B) - P( A È B) = 14 + 12 - 35 = 3
    20
    Now use the multiplication formula to
    P( A Ç B ) 203 3
    P( A | B ) = = 1 = = 0.3
    P( B ) 2 10

    b P( A¢ Ç B) = P( B) - P( A Ç B) = 12 - 203 = 7
    20 = 0.35

    c P( A¢ Ç B¢) = 1 - P( A È B) = 1 - 35 = 52 = 0.4

    8 a P(C Ç D) = P(C | D ) ´ P( D) = 13 ´ 14 = 121 = 0.0833 (3 s.f.)

    b P(C Ç D¢) = P(C | D¢) ´ P( D¢) = 15 ´ 1 - 14  = 51 ´ 34 = 3


    20
    = 0.15

    3 9
    c P(C ) = P(C Ç D¢) + P(C Ç D ) = 20 + 121 = 60 + 605 = 14
    60 =
    7
    30 = 0.233 (3 s.f.)

    1
    P( D Ç C ) 12 30 5
    d P( D | C ) = = 7
    = = = 0.357 (3 s.f.)
    P(C ) 30 84 14

    e P( D¢|C ) = 1 - P( D | C ) = 1 - 145 = 149 = 0.643 (3 s.f.)

    P(C ¢ Ç D¢) 1 - P(C È D )


    f P( D¢ | C ¢) = =
    P (C ¢) P(C ¢)
    However, P(C ¢) = 1 - P(C ) = 1 - 307 = 30
    23

    And P(C È D ) = P(C ) + P( D ) - P(C Ç D) = 307 + 41 - 121 = 60


    24
    = 52
    P(C ¢ Ç D¢) 1 - P(C È D) 1 - 25 3 30 18
    So P( D¢ | C ¢) = = = 23 = ´ = = 0.783 (3 s.f.)
    P(C ¢) P(C ¢) 30 5 23 23

    9 a P( AÈ B) = P( A) + P( B) - P( AÇ B) = 0.42 + 0.37 - 0.12 = 0.67

    P( A Ç B¢) P( A) - P( A Ç B ) 0.42 - 0.12 0.3


    b P( A | B¢) = = = = = 0.476 (3 s.f.)
    P( B ¢) 1 - P( B ) 1 - 0.37 0.63

    © Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
    9 c Since the events A and C are independent, P( A Ç C) = P( A) ´ P(C) = 0.42 ´ 0.3 = 0.126

    d Since B and C are mutually exclusive, there is no need to have an intersection between B and C on
    the diagram. Work out the probabilities associated with each region as follows:
    P(C Ç A¢ ) = P(C) - P( A Ç C) = 0.3- 0.126 = 0.174
    P( B Ç A¢ ) = P( B) - P( A Ç B) = 0.37 - 0.12 = 0.25
    P( A Ç B¢ Ç C ¢ ) = P( A) - P( A Ç B) - P( A Ç C) = 0.42 - 0.12 - 0.126 = 0.174
    P( A È B È C) = 0.174 + 0.126 + 0.174 + 0.12 + 0.25 = 0.844
    P( A¢ Ç B¢ Ç C ¢ ) = 1- P( A È B È C) = 1- 0.844 = 0.156

    e P(( A¢ È C )¢) = 1- P( A¢ È C)
    Use the Venn diagram to find P( A¢ È C) = 0.174 + 0.126 + 0.25 + 0.156 = 0.706
    So P(( A¢ È C )¢) = 1- 0.706 = 0.294

    10 a B and C are independent: P( B Ç C) = P( B) ´ P(C) = 0.7 ´ 0.4 = 0.28

    P( B Ç C ) 0.28 7
    b Using part a, P( B | C ) = = = = 0.7
    P(C ) 0.4 10

    P( A Ç B¢) P( A) - P( A Ç B ) 0.4 - 0.3 0.1


    c P( A | B¢) = = = = = 0.333 (3 s.f.)
    P( B ¢) 1 - P( B ) 1 - 0.7 0.3

    P(( B Ç C ) Ç A¢) P( B Ç C ) - P ( A Ç B Ç C )
    d P(( B Ç C ) | A¢) = =
    P( A¢) 1 - P( A)
    As A and C are mutually exclusive, P( A Ç B Ç C) = 0
    P( B Ç C ) 0.28 0.28
    So P(( B Ç C ) | A¢) = = = = 0.467 (3 s.f.)
    1 - P( A) 1 - 0.4 0.6

    11 a This requires finding P( A Ç B)


    First find P( A È B)
    P( A È B) = 0.9 as P( AÈ B) + P( A¢ Ç B¢ ) = 1
    Using the addition rule gives
    P( A Ç B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A È B) = 0.3+ 0.7 - 0.9 = 0.1

    b This requires finding P( A | B )


    P( A Ç B ) 0.1
    P( A | B ) = = = 0.143 (3 s.f.)
    P( B ) 0.7

    © Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
    11 c Test whether the events are independent
    P( A) ´ P( B) = 0.3´ 0.7 = 0.21, P( A Ç B) = 0.1
    So the events are not independent. If Fatima is late, Gayana is less likely to be late and vice versa.

    12 a The probability that both José and Cristiana win their matches is P( J Ç C )
    P( J Ç C ) = P( J ) + P(C ) - P( J È C ) = 0.6 + 0.7 - 0.8 = 0.5

    P( J Ç C ¢) P( J ) - P( J Ç C ) 0.6 - 0.5 0.1


    b P( J | C ¢) = = = = = 0.333 (3 s.f.)
    P(C ¢) 1 - P(C ) 1 - 0.7 0.3

    P( J Ç C ) 0.5
    c P(C | J ) = = = 0.833 (3 s.f.)
    P( J ) 0.6

    d P(C | J ) = 0.833 (3 s.f.), P(C ) = 0.7, so P(C | J )  P (C ) . So J and C are not independent.

    © Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5

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