fiziks

Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
QUANTUM MECHANICS SOLUTIONS
NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
 1 
Q1. The wavefunction of a particle is given by    0  i1  where 0 and 1 are the
 2 
normalized eigenfunctions with energies E0 and E1 corresponding to the ground state

and first excited state, respectively. The expectation value of the Hamiltonian in the state
 is
E0 E0 E0  2 E1 E0  2 E1
(a)  E1 (b)  E1 (c) (d)
2 2 3 3
Ans. : (d)
1  H E 0  2 E1
Solution:   0  i1 and H  
2  3

Q2. The energy levels of the non-relativistic electron in a hydrogen atom (i.e. in a Coulomb
potential V r   1 / r ) are given by E nlm  1 / n 2 , where n is the principal quantum

number, and the corresponding wave functions are given by  nlm , where l is the orbital

angular momentum quantum number and m is the magnetic quantum number. The spin
of the electron is not considered. Which of the following is a correct statement?
(a) There are exactly  2l  1 different wave functions nlm , for each Enlm .

(b) There are l  l  1 different wave functions  nlm , for each Enlm .

(c) Enlm does not depend on l and m for the Coulomb potential.

(d) There is a unique wave function  nlm for each Enlm .

Ans. : (c)
  
Q3. The Hamiltonian of an electron in a constant magnetic field B is given by H    B .

where  is a positive constant and    1 ,  2 ,  3  denotes the Pauli matrices. Let

  B /  and I be the 2  2 unit matrix. Then the operator e i H t /  simplifies to

   
 t i  B  t i  B
(a) I cos  sin (b) I cos  t  sin  t
2 B 2 B
   
i  B i  B
(c) I sin  t  cos  t (d) I sin 2 t  cos 2 t
B B
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Ans. : (b)
  
Solution: H   B where    1 ,  2 ,  3  are pauli spin matrices and B are constant magnetic
 
 


 
field.    1iˆ,  2 ˆj ,  3 kˆ , B  Bx iˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ and Hamiltonion H    B in matrices

form is given by
 Bz Bx  iBy 
H   .
 Bx  iBy  Bz 

Eigenvalue of given matrices are given by   B and   B . H matrices are not diagonals

so e i H t /  is equivalent to
 iBt 
1  e 0 
S   i  Bt 
S
 0  
 e 
where S is unitary matrices
 1 1 
 2 2 
and S 1  S   .
 1

1 
 
2 2
 1 1  i Bt  1 1 
 iBt   2  
e 0 
 2   e  0 
 2 2 
S 1   i  Bt 
S  , where   B /  .
 0   1 1    i  Bt 
  1 1 
 e      0 e    
 2 2   2 2

 cos  t i sin  t 
eiHt /    , which is equivalent to I cos  t  i x sin  t can be written
 i sin  t cos  t 
  
i  B i  B
as I cos  t  sin  t , where  x 
B B
Q4. If the perturbation H   ax , where a is a constant, is added to the infinite square well
potential
0 for 0  x  
V  x  
 otherwise.
The correction to the ground state energy, to first order in a , is
a a a
(a) (b) a (c) (d)
2 4 2
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Ans. : (a)
 
a2 x a 2 x
Solution: E   H ' 0 dx 
1 *
0  x sin
2
dx   0  sin .
   
0
0 0
2

Q5. A particle in one dimension moves under the influence of a potential V  x   ax 6 , where
a is a real constant. For large n the quantized energy level En depends on n as:

(a) En ~ n3 (b) En ~ n 4 / 3 (c) En ~ n6 / 5 (d) En ~ n3 / 2

Ans. : (d)
p x2 p x2
 ax 6 and p x  2mE  ax 6  2 .  
1
Solution: V  x   ax , H  6
 ax , E 
6

2m 2m
According to W.K.B approximation pdx  nh

  2m  E  ax 
1/ 2
6
dx  n

We can find this integration without solving the integration

Px
1 2mE
1/ 6
E
2 2 6 1/ 6
p p x 6
E  ax 6   1  x    at p x  0 .
x x
 E / a  E / a 
2m 2mE E / a a x
Area of Ellipse =  (semi major axis  semiminor axis)
 2mE
1
E
3
6
  2mE     n  E  n 2 .
a
1   
Q6. (A) In a system consisting of two spin particles labeled 1 and 2, let S 1   1 and
2 2

S 2    2  denote the corresponding spin operators. Here    x ,  y ,  z  and
  
2
 x ,  y ,  z are the three Pauli matrices.

In the standard basis the matrices for the operators S x1S y2  and S y1S x2  are respectively,

 2 1 0   2   1 0  2  i 0  2   i 0 
(a)  ,   (b)  ,  
4  0  1 4  0 1  4 0  i 4  0 i 
0 1 0 0  0 i 0 0
0 0 0  i 2 0 0 0  i    
2  0 0 i 0 ,   0 0 i 0  2 1 0 0 0  2 i 0 0 0
(c)  0  4 0 0 0
(d) ,
4 0  i 0 i 4 0 0 0  i 4 0 0 0 1
i 0 0 0  i
 0 0 0  
0
  
 0 i 0  0
 0 1 0 

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Ans. : (c)
0 0 0 i 
 
2  0 1  0 i  2  0 0 i 0 
Solution: Sx1Sy2     
4 1 0 i 0  4 0 i 0 0 
 i 
0 
 0 0

0 0 0 i 
i   0  
2
0 1  02
0 i 0 
S y1 S x 2   i  
4 0  1 0 4 0 i 0 0 
 
i 0 0 0 
(B) These two operators satisfy the relation
 
(a) S x1S y2  , S y1S x2   S z1S z2   
(b) S x1S y2  , S y1S x2   0

(c) S  S   , S  S     iS  S  
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
z
1
z
2
(d) S  S   , S  S     0
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2

Ans. : (d)
Solution: We have matrix Sx1Sy2 and Sy1Sx2 from question 6(A) so commutation is given by

S   S   , S   S     0 .
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2

NET/JRF (DEC-2011)

Q7. The energy of the first excited quantum state of a particle in the two-dimensional

potential V  x, y  
1
2
 
m 2 x 2  4 y 2 is

3 5
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c)  (d) 
2 2
Ans. : (d)
 1  1
Solution: V  x, y   m 2 x 2  4 y 2   m 2 x 2  m 4 2 y 2 , E   n x     n y  2
1 1 1
2 2 2  2  2
 1 3
For ground state energy n x  0, n y  0  E   2 
2 2 2
3 5
First exited state energy n x  1, n y  0    
2 2

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Q8. Consider a particle in a one dimensional potential that satisfies V  x   V  x  . Let  0

and 1 denote the ground and the first excited states, respectively, and let

   0  0   1  1 be a normalized state with  0 and  1 being real constants. The

expectation value x of the position operator x in the state  is given by

(a)  02  0 x  0   12  1 x  1 (b)  0 1   0 x  1   1 x  0 
(c)  02   12 (d) 2 0 1
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Since V  x   V  x  so potential is symmetric.

 0 x 0  0 ,  1 x 1  0

 x    0  0   1  1    0  0   1  1    01   0 x  1   1 x  0 

Q9. The perturbation H '  bx 4 , where b is a constant, is added to the one dimensional

harmonic oscillator potential V  x  

1
m 2 x 2 . Which of the following denotes the
2
correction to the ground state energy to first order in b ?
[Hint: The normalized ground state wave function of the one dimensional harmonic

 m 
1/ 4

is  0   e  m x
2
/ 2
oscillator potential  . You may use the following
  

 1
1
n
integral  x e 2n  ax 2
dx  a 2
 n   ].
  2

3b 2 3b 2 3b 2 15b 2

(a) (b) (c) (d)
4m 2  2 2m 2  2 2 m 2 2 4m 2  2
Ans. : (a)

Solution: H '  bx 4 , V  x  
1
m 2 x 2 .
2
m x 2
 m 
1/ 4

Correction in ground state is given by E   0 H ' 0 1
where 0    e 2
.
  
0

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1 1
mx 2 
 m  2

 m  2 2 2  mx
 
 2
E   bx  0 dx     b x e dx    b  x e
1 * 4 4 
dx
     
0 0
 


 n 1/ 2  1
 e dx    n  2 
2 n x 2
It is given in the equation x

m
Thus n  2 and  

1 1 1
 2 
 m  2 2 2  mx  m  2  m 
   1
2 2
 E 01    b  x e dx  b   2  
   
       2
1 5
 m  2  m  2 5 3 b 2
 E  b1

     
.
2 4 m 2 2
0

Q10. Let 0 and 1 denote the normalized eigenstates corresponding to the ground and first

excited states of a one dimensional harmonic oscillator. The uncertainty  p in the

state
1
0  1  , is
2

(a) p  m / 2 (b) p  m / 2

(c) p  m (d) p  2m

Ans. : (c)
m
Solution:  
1
2
 0  1  , p  i 2 a†  a  
a†  
1
2
 1 1  2 2  and a  
1
2
0  10 

p i
m
2

 a†  a   0 , p 2  
m † 2
2

a  a 2   2 N  1  
 m  †2 m  m  1 
p2  a  a2  2N  1   2N  1   2   1  m
2   2 2  2 

p  p2  p  m 
2

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Q11. The wave function of a particle at time t  0 is given by  0 
1
 u1  u 2  , where
2
u1 and u2 are the normalized eigenstates with eigenvalues E1 and E2

respectively, E 2  E1  . The shortest time after which  t  will become orthogonal to

 0 is

   2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2E 2  E1  E 2  E1 E 2  E1 E 2  E1
Ans. : (b)

1  
 iE1t  iE2t
Solution:   0  
1
 u1  u2    t    u1 e
2

 u2 e 

2 
 iE1t  iE2t
1 1
  t  is orthogonal to   0    0   t   0  e 
 e 
0
2 2
 iE1t  iE2t  iE1t  iE2t  E2  E1 
i
e  e  0e   e  e 
 1

 cos
 E2  E1  t  cos   t  
 E2  E1
Q12. A constant perturbation as shown in the figure below acts on a particle of mass m
confined in an infinite potential well between 0 and L .

V0 V0
2
0 L/2 L

The first-order correction to the ground state energy of the particle is

V0 3V0 V0 3V0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 4 2
Ans. : (b)

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L

V0 2 2 x x
2 L
2
Solution: E   1 V p  1
1
1  sin dx   V0 sin 2 dx
0
2 L L L L L
2

V 1 2x  2V 1  2x 
2 L

E  0  1  cos
1
 dx  0  1  cos  dx
L 0 2 L  L L 2 L 
1

V0  L  2V0  L  V0 2V0 3V0

 E11    L    
2L  2  2L  2 4 4 4

NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q13. The component along an arbitrary direction n̂ , with direction cosines n x , n y , n z  , of the
1
spin of a spin  particle is measured. The result is
2
(c)  n x  n y  n z 
  
(a) 0 (b)  n z (d) 
2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
 0 1  0 i   1 0 
Solution: S x    , S y    , S z   
2 1 0 2 i 0  2 0 1

n  n x ˆi  n y ˆj  n z kˆ and n x2  n y2  n z2  1 , S  S x iˆ  S y ˆj  S z kˆ

   i   
0  0    0 
  2 +n  2 
n  S  nx  2  n 
  y
 i  z  
   0  0 
2  2   2 

 
n
   z2

n x  in y 
nS  2 
 
 n x  in y 

 nz 
2 2 
 
Let  is eigen value of n  S

nz



n x  in y 
2 2
0

n x  in y  
n z  
2 2

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 n 2 2  2 2
n   n   
n x  n y2   0 .
2
   z     z      n 2x  n 2y   0   z  2  
 2  2  4  4  4


2 2
4
  
n x  n y2  n z2  2  0     .
2
Q14. A particle of mass m is in a cubic box of size a . The potential inside the box
0  x  a,0  y  a,0  z  a  is zero and infinite outside. If the particle is in an

14 2  2
eigenstate of energy E  , its wavefunction is
2ma 2

3 x 5 y 6 z 7 x 4 y 3 z
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2
(a)     sin sin sin (b)     sin sin sin
a a a a a a a a

4 x 8 y 2 z x 2 y 3 z
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2
(c)     sin sin sin (d)     sin sin sin
a a a a a a a a
Ans. : (d)

   2 14 2  2
2
Solution: E nx ,n y ,nz  n x2  n y2  n z2 
2ma 2 2ma 2
 n x2  n y2  n z2  14  n x  1, n y  2, n z  3 .

Q15. Let  nlml denote the eigenfunctions of a Hamiltonian for a spherically symmetric

potential V r  . The wavefunction  

1
4
 
 210  5 211  10 211 is an eigenfunction

only of
(a) H , L2 and Lz (b) H and Lz (c) H and L2 (d) L2 and Lz
Ans. : (c)
Solution: H  En

L2  l l  1 2 and Lz  m .

Q16. The commutator x 2 , p 2 is 

(a) 2ixp (b) 2i ( xp  px ) (c) 2ipx (d) 2i ( xp  px )
Ans. : (b)
Solution:  x 2 , p 2   x  x, p 2    x, p 2  x  xp  x, p   x  x, p  p  p  x, p  x   x, p  px

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 
x , p  xpi   xi  p  pi x  i  px  2ixp  px  .
2 2

Q17. A free particle described by a plane wave and moving in the positive z -direction
undergoes scattering by a potential
V , if r  R
V r    0
0 , if r  R

If V0 is changed to 2V0 , keeping R fixed, then the differential scattering cross-section, in

the Born approximation.
(a) increases to four times the original value
(b) increases to twice the original value
(c) decreases to half the original value
(d) decreases to one fourth the original value
Ans. : (a)
V0 , rR
Solution: V  r   
0, rR

Low energy scattering amplitude f  ,    

m 4
V R 3
2 0
2 3
2
d  2mV0 R 3 
And differential scattering is given by 1  f 
2

d  3 
2

d 2  2m  2V0  R 
2 2
3
 2mV0 R 3  d 1
Now V r   2V0 for r  R      4   4
d  3 2
  3
2
 d
Q18. A variational calculation is done with the normalized trial wavefunction

 x   5 / 2 a 2  x 2  for the one-dimensional potential well

15
4a
0 if x  a
V x   
 if x  a
The ground state energy is estimated to be
5 2 3 2 3 2 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3ma 2 2ma 2 5ma 2 4ma 2
Ans. : (d)

Solution:   x  
15
5
a 2
 x2 , V x   0 , x  a and V  x    , x  a
4a 2

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  
a 2 2
E  Hdx where H 
a
2m x 2

 15 2
a
    2 d 2  15 2   15   2
a

 a  4a5/ 2
E  a   x 2

 2  5/ 2 
a  x 2   dx    a 2  x 2  2dx
  2m dx  4a  
5
 16a 2m  a
a
15 2 2 15  2 4a 3 5 2
 E 
16a 5 2m a
 a 2
 x 2
 dx 
16a 5 m 3

4ma 2

Q19. A particle in one-dimension is in the potential

 , if x  0

V  x   V0 , if 0  x  l
0 , if x  l

If there is at least one bound state, the minimum depth of potential is
 2 2  2 2 2 2 2  2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8ml 2 2ml 2 ml 2 ml 2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: For bound state,  V0  E  0
Wave function in region I, I  0 ,  II  A sin kx  B cos kx , III  ce  x
  
2mV0  E  2m   E   V0 o
where k  ,  . l
2 2
Use Boundary condition at x  0 and x  l
(wave function is continuous and differential at x  0 and x  l ), one will get
k cot kl    kl cot kl  l     cot  where  l   , kl   .

2mV0l 2 
2  2 
2
1/ 2 o  3
 2mV0l 2   2 2
For one bound state     V0  . 2
 2
   8ml 2
2
2
Q20. Which of the following is a self-adjoint operator in the spherical polar coordinate
system r ,  ,   ?
i   i  
(a)  (b)  i (c)  (d)  i sin 
sin 2    sin   
Ans. : (c)
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i 
Solution: is Hermitian.
sin  
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q21. Let v, p and E denote the speed, the magnitude of the momentum, and the energy of a
free particle of rest mass m. Then

(a) dE  constant (b) p = mv

dp

(c) v  cp (d) E = mc2

p m c
2 2 2

Ans. : (c)
mv m2v 2 p2v2
Solution: p  mv  p   m v  p  2 , m  rest mass energy
2 2 2 2

v2 v2 c
1 2 1 2
c c

 p2  p2 pc
 v 2  m2  2   p 2  v 2  2 2 v
 c  m c  p2 p  m2c 2
2

c2
Q22. The wave function of a state of the Hydrogen atom is given by,
   200  2 211  3 210  2 211
where  nlm is the normalized eigen function of the state with quantum numbers n, l , m in

the usual notation. The expectation value of Lz in the state  is

15 11 3 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 8 8
Ans. : (d)
1 2 3 2
Solution: Firstly normalize ,    200   211   210   211
16 16 16 16

P0  
1 9 10
  .
16 16 16
4 2
Probability of getting 1  i.e. P     and P      .
16 16
 Lz  
 0   1    1  
10 4 2 4 2 2
Now, Lz       
 16 16 16 16 16 16 8

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The energy eigenvalues of a particle in the potential V  x   m 2 x 2  ax are
1
Q23.
2
 1 a2  1 a2
(a) En   n    (b) En   n   
 2 2m 2  2 2m 2

 1 a2  1
(c) En   n    (d) En   n  
 2 m 2  2
Ans. : (a)
p x2 1
Solution: Hamiltonian  H  of Harmonic oscillator, H   m 2 x 2
2m 2
 1
Eigenvalue of this, E n   n  
 2
p 2
1 p2 1  2ax a2  a2
But here, H  x  m 2 x 2  ax  H  x  m 2  x 2    
2m 2 2m 2  m 2 m 2 4  2m 2
2
p x2 1 2 a  a2
H  m  x  
2m 2  m 2  2m 2
 1 a2
Energy eigenvalue, E n   n   
 2 2m 2
Q24. If a particle is represented by the normalized wave function


 15 a 2  x 2


, for  a  x  a
  x   4a 5 / 2
0
 , otherwise

the uncertainty p in its momentum is

(a) 2 / 5a (b) 5 / 2a (c) 10 / a (d) 5 / 2a

Ans. : (d)

  i 
Solution: p  p2  p
2
and p  x

a

15 a 2  x 2   i 
 p   4a5/ 2 4a
15  2
5 / 2 xa  x 2 dx 
a
a
 i  a 2  x 2  2 x dx  ih 2 155
   a 
a
15
 2
x  x3 dx  0 , ( odd function)
16  a
5
 a 16a a

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a 2  x 2   2 a 2  x 2 dx
a 2
15
5 
p 2   2 
16a  a x
a
 2 x3 
 
a
  2 15
  2   a 2
 x 2
dx   2

15
 2  a  x  
16a 5 a 16a 5  3  a

15  3 2a 3  2 15 2 3 1  15 2 2 5 2
 2   2  2 a        2 a 1 
 3   4a 2  3  2a 2
16a 5  3  16 a5

5 2 5
Now, p  p2  p  0 
2

2a 2 2a
Q25. Given the usual canonical commutation relations, the commutator A, B  of
A  i xp y  yp x  and B   yp z  zp y  is

(a)  xp z  p x z  (b)   xp z  p x z  (c)  xp z  p x z  (d)   xp z  p x z 

Ans. : (c)

Solution: A, B   ixp y  iyp x ,  yp z  zp y  
A, B  ixp y , yp z   i yp x , yp z   ixp y , zp y   iyp x , zp y 
A, B  ixp y , yp z   0  0  iyp x , zp y   ixp y , yp z   iyp x , zp y 
A, B  ix p y , yp z   ix, yp z  p y  iy p x , zp y   iy, zp y p x
A, B  ix p y , yp z   0  0  iy, zp y p x   
 ix p y , yp z  i y, zp y p x 
 A, B   ix   i  pz  izi  px    xpz  zpx 
A, B  xp z  p x z 
1
Q26. The energies in the ground state and first excited state of a particle of mass m  in a
2
potential V  x  are 4 and 1 , respectively, (in units in which   1 ). If the

corresponding wavefunctions are related by  1  x    0  x sinh x, then the ground state

eigenfunction is
(a)  0  x   sec hx (b)  0  x   sec hx

(c)  0  x   sec h 2 x (d)  0  x   sec h 3 x

Ans. : (c)

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Solution: Given that ground state energy E0  4 , first excited state energy E1  1 and  0 ,  1
are corresponding wave functions.
1
Solving Schrödinger equation (use m  and   1 )
2
  2  2 0  2 0
 V 0  E0 0   V 0  4 0 ……(1)
2m x 2 x 2
 2  2 1  2 1
 V 1  E1 1   V 1  1 1 ……..(2)
2m x 2 x 2
Put  1   0 sinh x in equation (2) one will get

  2 0  
  2 .sinh x  2 0 cosh x  0 sinh x   V 0 sinh x   0 sinh x
 x x 

  2  
  20  2 0 coth x  0   V 0   0
 x x 
  2 0   0  2 0
   V  0  2 coth x     using relation   V 0  4 0
 x x x 2
2 0 0

 0 d 0
4 0  2 coth x  0   0   2 tanh xdx   0  sec h 2 x .
x 0

NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q27. In a basis in which the z - component S z of the spin is diagonal, an electron is in a spin

 1  i  / 6 
state    . The probabilities that a measurement of S z will yield the values
 
 2 / 3 
 / 2 and   / 2 are, respectively,
(a) 1/ 2 and 1/ 2 (b) 2 / 3 and 1/ 3 (c) 1/ 4 and 3 / 4 (d) 1/ 3 and 2 / 3
Ans. : (d)
1 0  
Solution: Eigen state of S z is 1    and 2    corresponds to Eigen value and 
0 1 2 2
respectively.
2 2
  1  1 i
2
2 1   2  2
P      , P   
 2   6 6 3  2   3

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Q28. Consider the normalized state  of a particle in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator:

  b1 0  b2 1

where 0 and 1 denote the ground and first excited states respectively, and b1 and b2

are real constants. The expectation value of the displacement x in the state  will be a
minimum when
1 1
(a) b2  0, b1  1 (b) b2  b1 (c) b2  b1 (d) b2  b1
2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: x  b12 0 x 0  b22 1 x 1  2b1b2 0 x 1

Since 0 x 0  0 and 1 x 1  0  x  2b1b2 0 x 1 .

Min of x means min 2b1b2 . We know that b12  b22  1.

x min  
2

2
  2

  b1  b2   b12  b22  0 x 1  b1  b2   1 0 x 1  1  b1  b2  0 x 1 will 
be minimum and minimum value of 1   b1  b2   , there must be maximum of  b1  b2  ,
2 2

 
so  b1  b2
Q29. The un-normalized wavefunction of a particle in a spherically symmetric potential is
given by

  r   zf  r 

where f r  is a function of the radial variable r . The eigenvalue of the operator


L2 (namely the square of the orbital angular momentum) is
(a)  2 / 4 (b)  2 / 2 (c)  2 (d) 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution:  r   zf r   r cos f r 

  r  Y10  ,    , L2  r   L2Y10  ,   , where l  1

L2  l l  1 2  11  1 2  2 2

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Q30. If  nlm denotes the eigenfunciton of the Hamiltonian with a potential V  V r  then the

expectation value of the operator L2x  L2y in the state

1
  3 211  210  15 211 
5
is
(a) 39 2 / 25 (b) 13 2 / 25 (c) 2 2 (d) 26 2 / 25
Ans. : (d)
Solution: L2x  L2y  L2  L2z  L2x  L2y  L2  L2z  L2  L2z

 9 1 15 
L2  L2z = 2 2    1 2   0 2  1 2 
 25 25 25 
24 2 50  24 2 26 2
L2  L2z  2 2      
25 25 25
Q31. Consider a two-dimensional infinite square well
0, 0  x  a, 0 ya
V  x, y   
 , otherwise

2  nx  x   n y  y 
Its normalized Eigenfunctions are nx ,ny  x, y   sin   sin  ,
a  a   a 
where nx , n y  1, 2, 3, ..

 a a
V 0 x , 0 y
If a perturbation H '   0 2 2 is applied, then the correction to the
 0 otherwise

energy of the first excited state to order V0 is

V0 V0  64 
(a)
4
(b)
4 1  9 2 

V0  16  V0  32 
(c)
4 1  9 2  (d)
4 1  9 2 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For first excited state, which is doubly degenerate
2 x 2 y 2  2 x    y 
1  sin sin , 2  sin   sin  
a a a a  a   a 

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2 a/2   x  2 a / 2 2  2 y  1 1 V
H11  1 H 1  V0  sin 2   dx  sin   dy  V0    0
a 0  a  a 0  a  2 2 4
2 a/2  x 2 x 2 a / 2 2 y y
H12  1 H 2 
a 0
 V0
sin
a
sin
a
dx  sin
a 0 a
sin
a
dy

 4  4  16 16 V
H 12  V0     V0 , H 21  2 H  1  V0 2 and H 22  2 H  2  0 .
 3  3  9 9
2
4

 V0 16V0 
   2 2

Thus  4 9 2   0   V0      16V0   0
 16V0 V0
    4   9 
2

 9 2 4 
V  16V0 V  64 
  0      0 1  2 
 4  9 2
4  9 
Q32. The bound on the ground state energy of the Hamiltonian with an attractive delta-
function potential, namely
2 d 2
H   a  x 
2m dx 2
using the variational principle with the trial wavefunction   x   A exp  bx 2 is 
 

 Note :  e t dt  a  1
t a

 0 

(a)  ma 2 / 4  2 (b)  ma 2 / 2  2 (c)  ma 2 /   2 (d)  ma 2 / 5  2

Ans. : (c)
 2b 2b  2b 2b
Solution: For given wavefunction T  and V  a  E  a
2m  2m 
d E d E 2 2 1  12 2m 2 a 2
For variation of parameter 0  a  b 0 b .
db db 2m  2  4
ma 2
 E  .
min
 2
Q33. If the operators A and B satisfy the commutation relation  A, B  I , where I is the
identity operator, then
 
(a) e A , B  e A   
(b) e A , B  e B , A
(c) e , B  e
A B

,A (d) e , B  I
A

Ans. : (a)

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 A A 2

Solution: A, B  I and e A  1    .......
 1 2 
 A2 , B   A3 , B 
  A A2
e , B  1  
A 
 ......., B  = 1, B    A, B    ....
 1 2  2 3

A  A, B    A, B  A A  A2 , B    A2 , B  A
e , B  0  I 
A

2!

3!
 ....

e A , B   1  A 
A2
2!
 
 ....  e A where A, B  I , A 2 , B  2 A and A3 , B  3 A 2 .  
Q34. Two identical bosons of mass m are placed in a one-dimensional potential

V x  
1
m 2 x 2 . The bosons interact via a weak potential,
2

V12  V0 exp  m x1  x 2  / 4
2

where x1 and x 2 denote coordinates of the particles. Given that the ground state
1
m x 2
 m  4 
wavefunction of the harmonic oscillator is  0  x     e
2
. The ground state
  
energy of the two-boson system, to the first order in V0 , is

V0 
(a)   2V0 (b)  

1

   2  
(c)   V0 1   (d)   V0 1  
 2   
Ans. : (c)
Solution: There are two bosons trapped in harmonic oscillator.

So, energy for ground state without perturbation is, 2    .
2
If perturbation is introduced, we have to calculate V1,2 

where V1,2  V0 exp  m  x1  x2  / 4  .

2

 

 1
m x12 m x22 
  m  2  
 is very tedious task.
But calculating V1,2  on state  0  x    2
e 2
    
e

 

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So lets use a trick i.e perturbation is nothing but approximation used in Taylor series. So

just expand V1,2  V0 exp   m  x1  x2  / 4  and take average value of first term
2

 
 m  x1  x2 2 
V1,2  V0 exp m  x1  x2  / 4  V0  1 
   ... 
2

   4 
 

 V0  1 

 m x12  x22  2 x1.x2 
 ... 

 4 
 

    

 m  x12    x22   2 x1 . x2     m    0 
V1,2   V0 1   ...   Vo  1   2m 2m   ...
 4   4 
   
 
1 1
   2   2
 V12   Vo (1  )  V0 1   , so E    V0 1   .
4  2   2 

NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
1 1 1  i 
Q35. A spin - particle is in the state     in the eigenbasis of S 2 and S z . If we
2 11  3 
h h
measure S z , the probabilities of getting  and  , respectively are
2 2
1 1 2 9 1 3
(a) and (b) and (c) 0 and 1 (d) and
2 2 11 11 11 11
Ans. : (b)
2
  1 1  i 1 2
Solution: P    10     2     1
 2 11  3  11 11
2
  1 1  i 9
P  
 2
 01   
11  3  11

   
i.e. probability of S z getting   and   
 2  2

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Q36. The motion of a particle of mass m in one dimension is described by the
p2 1
Hamiltonian H   m 2 x 2  x . What is the difference between the (quantized)
2m 2
energies of the first two levels? (In the following, x is the expectation value of x in the
ground state)
2
(a)    x (b)    x (c)   (d) 
2m 2
Ans. : (d)
p2 1 1
Solution: H   m 2 x 2   x  V  x   m 2 x 2   x
2m 2 2
1  2  1 2 2  2 2 
V  x  m 2  x 2   x  m   x  2  x    
2  m 2  2  m 2 m 2 4 m 2 4 
  2
2

V  x   m 2  x 
1
 
2  m 2  2m 2
 1 2 3 1
 En   n       E1  E0      
 2 2m 2
2 2
Q37. Let  nlm denote the eigenfunctions of a Hamiltonian for a spherically symmetric

potential V r  . The expectation value of L z in the state

 
1
6
 200  5 210  10 211  20 211 is 
5 5 5
(a)   (b)  (c)  (d) 
18 6 18
Ans. : (d)
1 5 10 20 10 5
Solution: Lz   L z  =  0   0   (1)  (1)      1
36 36 36 36 36 18
Q38. If   x   A exp x 4  is the eigenfunction of a one dimensional Hamiltonian with eigen
value E  0 , the potential V  x  (in units where   2m  1 ) is

(a) 12x 2 (b) 16x 6 (c) 16 x 6  12 x 2 (d) 16 x 6  12 x 2

Ans. : (d)
Solution: Schrodinger equation
  2  V  0 (where   2m  1 and E  0 )

2
x
  4 
 2 Ae  x  VAe  x  0   e  x  4 x 3   Ve x  0
4

x 
4


4

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 4

4 3x 2 e  x  x 3  4 x 3 e  x
4
 Ve  x4
 0  12 x 2 e  x  16 x 6 e  x  Ve  x  0
4 4 4

 V  16 x 6  12 x 2
Q39. A particle is in the ground state of an infinite square well potential is given by,
0 for  a  x  a
V x   
 otherwise
a a
The probability to find the particle in the interval between  and is
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c)  (d)
2 2  2  
Ans. : (b)
a a
Solution: The probability to find the particle in the interval between  and is
2 2

x x x 1 1  2x  
a/2 a/2 a/2
2 2 1
   cos  cos dx   cos 2 dx     1  cos dx 
a / 2
2a 2a 2a 2a a / 2
a 2a a 2 a / 2  2a  

x 
a/2
1  1 a a a  1  2a   1 1 
  1  1 
a
  x  sin     a    
2a   a   a / 2 2a  2 2   2a    2  
Q40. The expectation value of the x - component of the orbital angular momentum L x in the

state  
1
5

3 2,1, 1  5 2,1,0  11 2,1, 1 
(where  nlm are the eigenfunctions in usual notation), is

(a) 
 10
25
 11  3 (b) 0 (c)
 10
25
 11  3 (d)  2

Ans. : (a)

Solution: L l , m  l  l  1  m  m  1 l , m  1 and L l , m  l  l  1  m  m  1 l , m  1

L  L L  L
Lx   Lx  
2 2
1
L  3 2 210  5 2 211 
5
1 1 1
 L   .3 10  110  10(3  11)
25 25 25

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1
L   2 5 211  2 11 210 
5
1 1
 L   .3 10  10 11
25 25
L  L 1
Lx  = 10(3  11)
2 25

 Lx  
1
25
.3 10 
1
25
10 11 = 
 10
25
 11  3
Q41. A particle is prepared in a simultaneous eigenstate of L2 and Lz . If l  l  1  2 and m

are respectively the eigenvalues of L2 and Lz , then the expectation value L2x of the

particle in this state satisfies

(a) L2x  0 (b) 0  L2x   2  2
    1  2  2     1  2
(c) 0  L2x  (d)  L2x 
2 2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: L2x 
1
2

l  l  1  2  m 2  2 
For max value m  0 and for min m  l
l 2 l l  1 2
 L2x 
2 2
A, B, C are Non zero Hermitian operator.
A, B  C  AB  BA  AB  Ab  0  C
but C0
if AB  BA i.e. A, B   C false (2)

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NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q42. Consider a system of two non-interacting identical fermions, each of mass m in an
infinite square well potential of width a . (Take the potential inside the well to be zero
and ignore spin). The composite wavefunction for the system with total energy
5 2  2
E is
2ma 2
2   x1   2x 2   2x1   x 2 
(a) sin  sin   sin  sin 
a  a   a   a   a 

2   x1   2x 2   2x1   x 2 

(b) sin  sin   sin  sin 
a  a   a   a   a 

2   x1   3x 2   3x1   x 2 

(c) sin  sin   sin  sin 
a   a   2a   2a   a  

2   x1   x 2   x   x 
(d) sin  cos   sin 2  cos 2 
a  a   a   a   a 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Fermions have antisymmetric wave function
2    x1   2 x2   2 x1    x2  
  x1 x2    sin   sin    sin    sin  
a  a   a   a   a 

5 2  2
 En   nx1  1, nx2  2
2ma 2

Q43. A particle of mass m in the potential V  x, y  

1
2
 
m 2 4 x 2  y 2 , is in an eigenstate of

5
energy E   . The corresponding un-normalized eigen function is
2
 m  m
(a) y exp  2 x 2  y 2 

(b) x exp  2 x 2  y 2 

 2   2 
 m 2  m 2
(c) y exp  x  y 2 

(d) xy exp  x  y 2 

 2   2 
Ans. : (a)

Solution: V  x, y  
1
2
  5
m 2 4 x 2  y 2 , E   
2
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1 1
 V  x, y   m  2  x 2  m 2 y 2
2

2 2
 1  1  1  1
Now, E n   n x   x   n y   y   n x  2   n y  
 2  2  2  2

 3
 En   2 n x  n y   
 2
5
 En   when n x  0 and n y  1 .
2
Q44. A particle of mass m in three dimensions is in the potential
0, ra
V r   
 , ra
Its ground state energy is
 2 2  2 2 3 2  2 9 2  2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2ma 2 ma 2 2ma 2 2ma 2

Ans. : (a)
  2  d u  r  l  l  1
2

Solution:    2
  V  r  u  r   Eu  r 
 2m  dr 2mr 2

d 2u  r  2mE
  K 2u  r  K  , l  0, V  r   0
dr 2
2
u  r   A sin Kr  B cos Kr

Using boundary condition, B  0,

 22
u  r   A sin Kr , r  a, u  r   0  sin Ka  0  Ka  n  E  n 1
2ma 2
  1
Q45. Given that pˆ r  i   , the uncertainty p r in the ground state
 r r 
1
 0 r   e  r / a0 of the hydrogen atom is
a 3
0

 2  2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a0 a0 2a 0 a0

Ans. : (a)

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  1 1
Solution: pˆ r  i    ,  0  r   e  r / a0 , Pr  Pr2  Pr
2

 r r   a3 0


1  r / a
  1  e 0 
Now Pr   e  r / a 0    i     4 r dr
2

0 a 03   r r  a 03 

4 i    r / a0   r / a0  1  1  r / a0  2 


a 03  0
  e     e  r dr 
e 
  a0  r  

4 i   1 
 
 3 
 e r dr   re  2 r / a0 dr 
 2 r / a0 2

a 0  a 0 0 0 

4 i   1  2!   1!  
    
 a03  a0   2 / a0 3    2 / a0 2  
 

4 i   a02 a02 
   0
 a03  4 4 

1

 2   2 2    r / a0 
a 03 0
4 r dr
 r / a0
Pr2     2  e 2
e
  r r r  

4  2  r / a  r / a  1  2  1  r / a   2
   e 0  e 0  2       e 0   r dr
 a03  0   a0  r  a0   

4 2  1 2 2 r / a0

2

 4 2 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 
a03 0 a02 a0 0
2 r / a0
  r e dr  re dr     2  
 a0  2 / a0  a0  2 / a0  
3 2
 a03

4 2  2 ! a03 2 a02  4 2  a0 a0  4 2  a0   2
 3  2       3      3    2
a0  a0 8 a0 4 a0  4 2 a0  4  a0

2 
 P  Pr2  Pr  0 
2
2
a0 a0

Q46. The ground state eigenfunction for the potential V  x     x  where   x  is the delta

function, is given by   x   Ae
 x
, where A and   0 are constants. If a perturbation

H   bx 2 is applied, the first order correction to the energy of the ground state will be
b b 2b b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2
 2
 2
2 2
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Ans. : (d)

Solution: V  x     x  ,  x   Ae
 x

   1    x    e  x

E  1 H  1    e  x bx 2  e  x dx
1
1


 
 0 2 2 x 
   2  2x 
 e bx dx  b   e x dx  b   x e dx   x e dx   b 2   x e dx 
 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 2 x

    0   0 

 2!  2! b

 2 x
 e bx 2
dx  2b    2  b 
 2   8 2 2
3 3

Q47. An electron is in the ground state of a hydrogen atom. The probability that it is within the
Bohr radius is approximately equal to
(a) 0.60 (b) 0.90 (c) 0.16 (d) 0.32
Ans. : (d)
2
4
a0 a0
1
 4 r dr  3 r e
 r / a0 2 2 2 r / a0
Solution: Probability: e dr
0 a 3
0
 a0 0

4   
a0 a0 a0
 a   2 r / a0  a0  a0    2 r / a0  a0  a0  a0  
 3   r 2 e 2 r / a0   0
a0    2
    2r e
0 
 

  2   2     2e
0 
  2   2   2  
   0

 

4  2  2aa0  a0   a02  2 a0 / a0 a03 2 a0 / a0 0  a0

3

 3  a0 e 0  2   2 a0   e  e  2 e  
a0     4  4  8  

4  a03 1 a03 1 a03 a03   5 1  1 

        4   2     5  2  1
a03  4e 4  
2 2 2
 2 e 2 e 4e 4 e

  5  0.137  1   0.685  1  0.32

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Q48. A particle in the infinite square well potential
0 , 0 xa
V  x  
 , otherwise
is prepared in a state with the wavefunction
 3x 
 A sin 
  x   , 0  x  a
 a 
0
 , otherwise
The expectation value of the energy of the particle is
5 2 2 9 2  2 9 2  2  2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2ma 2 2ma 2 10ma 2 2ma 2

Ans. : (c)
 3x 
0, 0 xa  A sin   , 0 xa 
Solution: V  x      x    a  
 , otherwise 0 
 , otherwise 
x  x 3 x
  x   A sin 3 
 a 
3
  A sin
4 a
1
 A sin
4 a
sin 3 A  3sin A  4 sin A
3

A a 2 x a 2 3 x  A a a 
   3sin  sin     x   3 1  x   3  x  
4 2 a a 2 a a  4 2 2 

a 2 a 2 10a 2 32
  1 9 A  A 1  A 1  A 
32 32 32 10a

1 a 32 a 32  3 1
  x    3. 1  x   3  x    1  x   3  x 
4 2 10a 2 10a  10 10

 22 9 2  2
Now, E1  2
, E3   E  an P  an 
2ma 2ma 2
2 2
1  9 2  1
Probability P  E1    , P  E3   
 10  10

9  2  2 1 9 2  2 9 2  2
E      E 
10 2ma 2 10 2ma 2 10ma 2

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NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q49. Suppose Hamiltonian of a conservative system in classical mechanics is H  xp , where
 is a constant and x and p are the position and momentum respectively. The
corresponding Hamiltonian in quantum mechanics, in the coordinate representation, is
  1   1
(a)  i  x   (b)  i  x  
 x 2   x 2 
 i 
(c)  ix (d)  x
x 2 x
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Classically H   xp , quantum mechanically H must be Hermitian,
 
So, H   xp  px  and  xp  px 
H 
2 2
  i  x       
 H   x  i      i    x x  
2 x x  2  x x 
i      1
 H   2x    i  x  
2  x   x 2 
Q50. Let  1 and  2 denote the normalized eigenstates of a particle with energy eigenvalues
E1 and E2 respectively, with E 2  E1 . At time t  0 the particle is prepared in a state

 t  0 
 1   2 
1
2
The shortest time T at which  t  T  will be orthogonal to  t  0  is
2   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
E 2  E1  E 2  E1  2E 2  E1  4E 2  E1 
Ans. : (b)
1  iE1T 1  iE2T
 1   2 
1
Solution:   t  0  and   t  T   e 1  e 2
2 2 2
1  iE1 T 1  iE2 T iE
 1T
iE
 2T i  E2  E1 
T

  0  T  dx  0  e  e  0  e   e   e   1
*

2 2
T   
Equate real part  cos   E2  E1   1  T  cos 1  1 
   E2  E1   E2  E1 

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Q51. Consider the normalized wavefunction
  a1 11  a 2 10  a3 11
where  lm is a simultaneous normalized eigenfunction of the angular momentum

operators L2 and Lz , with eigenvalues l l  1 2 and m respectively. If  is an

eigenfunction of the operator L x with eigenvalue  , then

1 1 1 1
(a) a1  a3  , a2  (b) a1  a3  , a2 
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
(c) a1  a3  , a 2   (d) a1  a 2  a3 
2 2 3
Ans. : (b)
L  L
Solution: Lx        
2
For L , L  a1 11  a2 10  a3 11   a1 0 12  a2 2 11  a3 2 10

 a2 2 11  a3 2 10

For L , L  a1 11  a2 10  a3 11   a1 2 10  a2 2 11

L  L
Given   
2
L  L 1
    a2 2 11   a1  a3  2 10  a2 2 11 
2 2
L  L
     a1 11  a2 10  a3 11  (Given)
2
a2
Thus  a1  a2  2a1
2
a1  a3 a1  a3 a22
 a2   2a1  a1  a3  a12  a22  1
2 2 2
1 1
a1  a3  , a2 
2 2

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Q52. Let x and p denote, respectively, the coordinate and momentum operators satisfying the
canonical commutation relation x, p   i in natural units   1 . Then the commutator

x, pe  is
p

(a) i 1  p  e p  
(b) i 1  p 2 e p (c) i 1  e  p  (d) ipe  p
Ans. : (a)
Solution:   x, p   i
 p 2 p3 
 x, pe  p    x, p  e  p  p  x, e  p   ie  p  p  x,1  p   ....
 2 3 
  p2    2ip 3ip 2 
 ie p  p  x,1   x, p    x,  ....  ie  p  p 0  i   ......
  2   2 3 
 p3 
  x, pe p   ie  p  i  p  p 2  .....  ie  p  ipe  p  i 1  p  e  p
 2 
  
Q53. Let    1 ,  2 ,  3  , where  1 ,  2 ,  3 are the Pauli matrices. If a and b are two
   

arbitrary constant vectors in three dimensions, the commutator a   , b   is equal to (in 
the following I is the identity matrix)
  
 
 
(a) a  b  1   2   3  
(b) 2i a  b  
 
 
(c) a  b I
 
(d) a b I

Ans. : (b)
 
Solution: a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ , b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ ,    x iˆ   y ˆj   z kˆ
   
 a   , b      a1 x  a2 y  a3 z , b1 x  b2 y  b3 z 
   
   
 a   , b     a1b1  x ,  x   a1b2  x ,  y   a1b3  x ,  z   a2b1  y ,  x   a2b2  y ,  y 
       

 a2b3  y ,  z   a3b1  z ,  x   a3b2  z ,  y   a3b3  z ,  z 

 a1b1  0  a1b2  2i z  2ia1b3 y  a2b1  2i z  0  a2b3  2i x  a3b1  2i y  a3b2  2i x  0
      

  a   , b      2i a  b  

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Q54. The ground state energy of the attractive delta function potential
V  x   b  x  ,
where b  0 , is calculated with the variational trial function
 x 
 A cos , for  a  x  a, 
 x    2a  is
 0, otherwise, 

mb 2 2mb 2 mb 2 mb 2
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
 2 2  2 2 2 2  2 4 2  2
Ans. : (b)
 x
Solution: V  x   b  x  ; b  0 and   x    A cos ; a  x  a
 2a

2 x
Normalized   cos
2a 2a
a  2   2  2 2
T   *  2  dx 
a
 2m  x 8ma 2

2 b
V    *  b  x  dx   b   
a

a 2a a
 2 2 b  E 2 2  2 b  2  2  2 2
E       0   b  0  a 
8ma 2 a a 8ma 3 a2 4ma 4mb

b    4mb  b  4mb 
2
 22
2 2
2mb 2
Put the value of a in equation: E     2 2  2 2
8ma 2 a 8m  2  2
2
      
Q55. Let   c0 0  c1 1 (where c 0 and c1 are constants with c 02  c12  1 ) be a linear

combination of the wavefunctions of the ground and first excited states of the one-
dimensional harmonic oscillator. For what value of c 0 is the expectation value x a

maximum?

 1  1
(a) x  , c0  (b) x  , c0 
m 2 2 m 2

 1  1
(c) x  , c0  (d) x  , c0 
2m 2 m 2
Ans. : (c)
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Solution:   c0 0  c1 1

X   X

   
 X  2c0 c1 0 X 1   c02  c12   c0  c1   0 X 1  1   c0  c1   0 X 1
2

2

1
For max X  c0  c1  c02  c12  1  c0 
2
1 1
 X 2 0 X 1  0 X 1
2 2

 
2m
 0 aa 1

X 
2m
Q56. Consider a particle of mass m in the potential V  x   a x , a  0 . The energy eigen-

values E n n  0, 1, 2, .... , in the WKB approximation, are

1/ 3 2/3
 3a  1   3a  1 
(a)   n   (b)   n  
 4 2m  2   4 2m  2 
4/3
3a  1  3a  1 
(c) n   (d)   n  
4 2m  2  4 2m  2 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: V  x   a x , a0

2  1
According to W.K.B., 
1
pdq   n    where a1 and a2 are positive mid point
 2

P2
E  a x  P  2m  E  a x 
2m E /  E /

 1
2m  E  a x dx   n   
E/ a
 E/ a
 2

 1
2m  E  ax dx   2m  E  ax dx   n   
0 E/a
E / a 0
 2

 1
2m  E  ax dx   n   
E/a
2
0
 2

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2m  E  ax   t , At x  0, t  2mE; x  E / a, t  0

 2madx  dt
2 mE
2 mE  1 2  1
 2ma  t dt   n     2ma t 3/ 2
1/ 2
 n  
0
 2 3 0  2

4  1 4  1
  n     ma  2mE    n   
2 mE 3/ 2
 ma t 3/2
3 0
 2 3  2
2/3
4  1  3a  1 
  23/ 2 am5 / 2 E 3/ 2   n     E    n  
3  2  4 2m  2 

Q57. The Hamiltonian H 0 for a three-state quantum system is given by the matrix

1 0 0  0 1 0
   
H 0   0 2 0  . When perturbed by H    1 0 1  where  1 , the resulting shift
0 0 2  0 1 0
   
in the energy eigenvalue E 0  2 is

(a) ,  2  (b)  , 2  (c)   (d)  2 

Ans. : None of the answer is correct.
 1 0 0  0 1 0
Solution: H 0   0 2 0 , H  0  1 0 1
   
 0 0 2  0 1 0

 2 0  0 1
 0 2 in H 0 is not 0  1 0 in H  because H  is not in block diagonal form. So we

must diagonalised whole H  . The Eigen value at H   0,  2 0 ,  2 0 .

0 0 0 
 
After diagonalisation H  0  0 2 0  ,   0 is correction for Eigenvalue at H 0 .
 0 0  2 

So  2 0 is the correction for eigenvalue of H 0  2

Hence none of the options given is correct.

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NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q58. The ratio of the energy of the first excited state E1 , to that of the ground state E0 , to that

L
of a particle in a three-dimensional rectangular box of side L, L and , is
2
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 :1 (c) 4 :1 (d) 4 : 3
Ans. (a)
 22 6 2  2
Solution: E   n 2
 n 2
 4 n 2
 , for ground state n  1, n  1, n  1  E 
2mL2 
x y z  x y z 0
2mL2
 2 2 9 2  2
2 
For first excited state nx  1, n y  2, nz  1  E  E1  1  4  4 
2mL 2mL2
E1 9 3
  
E0 6 2

Q59. If Li are the components of the angular momentum operator L , then the operator

 i 1,2,3  L, Li  equals
   
(a) L (b) 2L (c) 3L (d)  L
Ans. (b)

Solution: Let L  Lx iˆ  Ly ˆj  Lz kˆ

x  1, y  2, z  3

 L, Lx    Ly , Lx  j   Lz , Lx  kˆ  iLz ˆj  Ly kˆ i
 

  L, Lx  , Lx   i    Lz , Lx  ˆj   Ly , Lx  i   i .i Ly ˆj   i   Lz  i   Lz  i   .kˆ   2  Ly ˆj  Lz kˆ 
      

similarly,   L, Ly  Ly    2  Lx iˆ  Lz kˆ 
   

  L, Lz  Lz    2  Lx iˆ  Ly ˆj 
    

  L, Li  Li   2 2  Lx iˆ  Ly ˆj  Lz kˆ   2 L put   1
i 1,2,3
 

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Q60. The wavefunction of a particle in one-dimension is denoted by   x  in the coordinate
 ipx
representation and by   p     x  e 
dx in the momentum representation. If the

action of an operator T̂ on   x  is given by Tˆ  x     x  a  , where a is a constant

then Tˆ  p  is given by

 iap  iap
i  i 
(a)  ap  p  (b) e 
  p (c) e 
  p (d) 1  ap    p 
   
Ans. (c)
 ipx
Solution:   p     x e 
dx

T  x     x  a 
 ipx  ipx ipa  ip  x  a 

T   p    T  x  e 
dx    x  a  e 
dx  e 
  x  a e 
dx
ipa
 T  p   e    p 

Q61. The differential cross-section for scattering by a target is given by

d
 ,    a 2  b2 cos 2 
d
If N is the flux of the incoming particles, the number of particles scattered per unit time
is
4  1 
(a)
3

N a2  b2  (b) 4 N  a 2  b 2 
 6 

1 1   1 
(c) 4 N  a 2  b 2  (d) 4 N  a 2  b 2 
2 3   3 
Ans. (d)
d
Solution:  a 2  b 2 cos 2 
d
 2  2
2  b2 
 a   sin  d d  b  cos  sin  d  d  a .4  b .2   4  a 2  
2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0
3  3

 b2 
Number of particle scattered per unit time,  .N  4 N  a 2  
 3

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1
Q62. A particle of mass m is in a potential V  m 2 x 2 , where  is a constant. Let
2
m  ipˆ  daˆ
aˆ   xˆ   . In the Heisenberg picture is given by
2  m  dt

(a)  â (b) i aˆ (c)  â † (d) i aˆ †

Ans. : (b)
1
Solution: V  m 2 x 2
2
m  ipˆ 
aˆ   xˆ  
2  m 
daˆ 1 a a
  a, H   , 0
dt i t t

daˆ 1 m   p 2  im 2  1 m  2 p i 
   x,   pˆ , x 2   
  i   2 x  i  
dt i 2   2m  2m  i  2  2m 2 

m  p  m  ip 
   i x   i x   i aˆ
2  m  2  m 
Q63. Two different sets of orthogonal basis vectors
 1   0    1 1 1  1  
  ,    and   ,    are given for a two dimensional real vector space.
 0   1    2  1  2  1  
The matrix representation of a linear operator  in these basis are related by a unitary
transformation. The unitary matrix may be chosen to be
 0 1  0 1 1 1 1  1 1 0 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
1 0  1 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 
Ans. : (c)
1 0 1 1 1  1 1 1 
Solution: u1    , u2     u  u1  u2   
0 1 2  1 1  2  1 1 

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 
Q64. The Dirac Hamiltonian H  c . p   mc for a free electron corresponds to the classical
2

relation E 2  p 2 c 2  m 2 c 4 . The classical energy-momentum relation of a piratical of

 2   q 
2

 
charge q in a electromagnetic potential  , A is  E  q   c  p  A   m 2 c 4 .
2

 c 
Therefore, the Dirac Hamiltonian for an electron in an electromagnetic field is
 e    e 
(a) c . p  A. A   mc 2  e (b) c .  p  A    mc 2  e
c  c 
  e   e 
(c) c   . p  e  A    mc 2 (d) c .  p  A    mc 2  e
 c   c 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Electromagnetic interaction of Dirac particle
1
  qA  2 2
H   P   c  m c   q
2 2 4

 c  
Quantum mechanical Hamiltonian

    qA  
i   c  P     mc  q 
2

t   c  
put q  e
  e  
H   c .  P  A    mc 2  e 
  c  
Q65. A particle of energy E scatters off a repulsive spherical potential
V for r  a
V r    0
 0 for r  a
where V0 and a are positive constants. In the low energy limit, the total scattering cross-
2
 1  2m
section is   4 a 2  tanh ka  1 , where k 2  2 V0  E   0 . In the limit V0  
 ka  h
the ratio of  to the classical scattering cross-section off a sphere of radius a is
1
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d)
2
Ans. : (a)

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2
1 
Solution:   4 a  tanh ka  1
2

 ka 
2
 1 
ka   , tanh ka  1    4 a   1 2

 ka 
and ka   , lim  H  4 a 2
ka 

H
classically  c   a 2  4
c

NET/JRF (DEC-2015)

Q66. A Hermitian operator O has two normalized eigenstates 1 and 2 with eigenvalues 1

and 2 , respectively. The two states u  cos  1  sin  2 and v  cos  1  sin  2

are such that v O   7 / 4 and u v  0 . Which of the following are possible values of

 and  ?
   
(a)    and   (b)   and  
6 3 6 3
   
(c)    and   (d)   and   
4 4 3 6
Ans. : (a)
Solution: u  cos  1  sin  2 , v  cos  1  sin  2

7
it is given Oˆ 1  1 , Oˆ 2  2 2  v Oˆ v 
4
7 7
cos 2   2sin 2    cos 2   sin 2   1  sin 2    1
4 4
3 
sin    
2 3
u v  0  cos  cos   sin  sin   0  cos      0

      5 
    or        or      or   
2 2 2 3 3 2 6 6

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x
Q67. The ground state energy of a particle of mass m in the potential V  x   V0 cosh   ,
L
2
where L and V0 are constants (with V0  ) is approximately
2mL2

 2V0  V0  V0  V0
(a) V0  (b) V0  (c) V0  (d) V0 
L m L m 4L m 2L m
Ans. : (d)
x V
Solution: 
V0  cosh    0 e x / L  e  x / L
L 2

V  x 1  x 2  V0  x 1  x 2 
 0 1     ....  1      ....
2  L 2!  L   2  L 2!  L  
2
V V V x 1 V 
 0  0  0    V0   02  x 2
2 2 2 L 2 L 

V0 V0
K , 
L2 mL2
So, ground state energy is

  V0  V0
V0   V0  2
 V0 
2 2 mL 2L m
Q68. Let  nlm denote the eigenstates of a hydrogen atom in the usual notation. The state

1
2 200  3 211  7 210  5 211 
5
is an eigenstate of
(a) L2 , but not of the Hamiltonian or Lz (b) the Hamiltonian, but not of L2 or Lz

(c) the Hamiltonian, L2 and Lz (d) L2 and Lz , but not of the Hamiltonian
Ans. : (b)
1
Solution:    2 200  3 211  7 2 10  5 2 1 1 
5
13.6
H   
4
So  is eigen state of H

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But L     and Lz    
2

So  is not eigen state of L2 and Lz

1
Q69. The Hamiltonian for a spin- particle at rest is given by H  E0  z   x  , where  x
2
and  z are Pauli spin matrices and E0 and  are constants. The eigenvalues of this
Hamiltonian are

(a)  E0 1   2 (b)  E0 1   2

 1 
(c) E0 (doubly degenerate) (d) E0 1   2 
 2 
Ans. : (a)
 1 0   0 1  1 
Solution: H  E0  z   x   E0        H  E0  
  0 1   1 0   1 

if  is eigen value, then

 1     
H   I  0  E0  0,    E0 1   2
   1    

Q70. A hydrogen atom is subjected to the perturbation

2r
V pert  r   cos
a0

where a0 is the Bohr radius. The change in the ground state energy to first order in 

   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 2 4
Ans. : (d)
Solution: For First order perturbation
r
1  2r 
E11  100 V p 100 , 100  e a , V p  cos  
 a03  a0 
 2 r  2 r
1  2r  4  2r 
E   3 e a0  cos   4 r 2 dr  3  e a0 cos   r 2 dr
1
1
0
 a0  a0  a0 0  a0 

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 i 2r i 2 r

2   a0 1i  2 
 2 r  2 r  2 r 1 i 
4  a0  e a0  e a0  2
 3 e 
a03  0 0
 r dr   e r dr  e a0
r 2
dr 
a0 0

2
 

 
 
2 2! 2!   1 1 
     
a03   2 
3
 
3
2  1  i 3 1  i 3 
 1  i   1  i  
2  
  a0   0
a  

 
   
 1 1    1  1 
 
2 3
3  1 i  
3
4 2 4
 i 3 i 3

   1 i 
 
3
 2   2     e e 4

  2  2  

  i 34  i 3
    3  
  e  e 4
  2 cos  4  
4 2   4 2   

   1   
 2      E11 
4 2   2  4 4

Q71. The product of the uncertainties  Lx   Ly  for a particle in the state a 1,1  b 1, 1

where l , m denotes an eigenstate of L2 and Lz will be a minimum for

(a) a  ib (b) a  0 and b  1

3 1
(c) a  and b  (d) a  b
2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution:   a 1,1  b 1, 1 , L   2b 1, 0 , L2   2 2b 1,1

L   2a 1, 0 , L2   2 2 a 1, 1

 L2   a 2 2  b 2 2  a  b 2 2 2
2 2
 2


 L2z   a  b 2  2
2

Lx  0, Ly  0

L2x 
1  2
4 
L  L2
  2 L2
 L
2
2  4 
 
  1  a*b  b*a 2 2  2 2 2   2    a 2
b
2

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 2

2 

L2x   a*b  b*a  a  b 
2 2
 
L2y 
 
2 L2  L22  L2  L2
4
 2
L2y   a  b  a*b  b*a 
2 
2 2
  
2  2
    a b  b a  
2 2
Lx Ly   a b  a  b 1
2 * * 2 2

2 
2
 
2
Lx Ly  1  a*b  b*a (i)
2
1 i 2
Now check option (a) a  ib  a  ,b   Lx Ly 
2 2 2
 2
Option (b) a  0, b  1  Lx Ly 
2
3 1 2
Option (c) a  ,b   Lx Ly 
2 2 4
1 1
Option (d) a  b  a  ,b   Lx Ly  0 option (d) is correct
2 2
Q72. The ground state energy of a particle in potential V  x   g x , estimated using the trail
wavefunction
 c 2

  x    a5
a  x2 ,   x a
0, x a

(where g and c are constants) is
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
15   2 g 2  5  2 g 2  3  2 g 2  7  2 g 2 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
16  m  6 m  4 m  8 m 
Ans. : (a)
a
15
   dx  1  c  16
*
Solution:
a

 2  15  2 2
a
10 2
T 
2m  16a 2  a
   a 2
 x 2
 x 2
 a  x 2
 dx  T 
4ma 2

15  2 g
a
V 
16a 05   5
x a 2  x 2 dx  V  ga
16

E T  V (i)

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10 2
5 ga
E 2

4ma 16
1
dE 8  2  3
 0  a3   a  2 
da mg  mg 
put the value of a in equation (i)
1
15   2 g 2  3
E  
16  m 

NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q73. The state of a particle of mass m in a one dimensional rigid box in the interval 0 to L is

2  3  2 x  4  4 x  
given by the normalized wavefunction   x    sin    sin    . If its
L  5  L  5  L 
energy is measured the possible outcomes and the average value of energy are,
respectively
h 2 2h 2 73 h 2 h2 h2 19 h 2
(a) , and (b) , and
2mL2 mL2 50 mL2 8mL2 2mL2 40 mL2
h 2 2h 2 19 h 2 h 2 2h 2 73 h 2
(c) , and (d) , and
2mL2 mL2 10 mL2 8mL2 mL2 200 mL2
Ans. : (a)

2  3  2 x  4  4 x  
Solution:   x    sin    sin  
L  5  L  5  L 
n 2 2  2
Measurement E 
2mL2
h2 2h 2
 n  2  E2  and n  4  E4 
2mL2 mL2
9 16
Probability p  E2   and p  E4  
25 25
Now, average value of energy is
9 h2 16 2h 2 73h 2
E   an p  an      
25 2mL2 25 mL2 50mL2

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Q74. If Lˆ x , Lˆ y , Lˆ z are the components of the angular momentum operator in three dimensions
the commutator  Lˆ x , Lˆ x Lˆ y Lˆ z  may be simplified to

 
(a) iLx Lˆ2z  Lˆ2y (b) iLˆ z Lˆ y Lˆ x

(c) iL  2 Lˆ  Lˆ 
x
2
z
2
y (d) 0

Ans. : (a)
Solution:  Lx , Lx Ly Lz   Lx  Lx , Ly Lz    Lx , Lx  Ly Lz

 Lx  Lx , Ly  Lz  Lx Ly  Lx , Lz   0  Lx iLz  Lz  Lx Ly  iLy 


 iLx L2z  iLx L2y  iLx L2z  L2y 
Q75. Suppose that the Coulomb potential of the hydrogen atom is changed by adding an
 Ze 2 g
inverse-square term such that the total potential is V  r     2 , where g is a
r r
constant. The energy eigenvalues Enlm in the modified potential
(a) depend on n and l , but not on m
(b) depend on n but not on l and m
(c) depend on n and m , but not on l
(d) depend explicitly on all three quantum numbers n , l and m
Ans. : (b)
ze 2 g
Solution: V  r     2 is central potential
r r
So angular momentum is conserve then eigen value En ,l ,m will depend only on n , which

is principal quantum number.

Q76. The eigenstates corresponding to eigenvalues E1 and E2 of a time independent

Hamiltonian are 1 and 2 respectively. If at t  0 , the system is in a state

  t  0   sin  1  cos  2 , then the value of   t    t  at time t will be

(a) 1 (b)
 E sin
1
2
  E2 cos 2  
E12  E22

(c) eiE1t /  sin   eiE2t /  cos  (d) e iE1t /  sin 2   eiE2t /  cos 2 
Ans. : (a)

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Solution:   t  0   sin  1  cos  2
 iE1t  iE2t
  t   sin  1 e 
 cos  2 e 

 i  E1  E2 t

  t    t   sin  1 1  cos  2 2  2 Re e
2 2 
sin   cos  1 2

 sin 2   cos 2   0  1  1 2  0

1
Q77. Consider a particle of mass m in a potential V  x   m 2 x 2  g cos kx . The change in
2
1
the ground state energy, compared to the simple harmonic potential m 2 x 2 , to first
2
order in g is

 k 2   k 2   2k 2    k 2 
(a) g exp    (b) g exp   (c) g exp    (d) g exp   
 2m   2m   m   4m 
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Ground state wavefunction
1
m x 2
 m  4 
 0  x    e
2

  
The perturbation term is H p  g cos kx

First order correction E    0*  x  H P 0  x  dx
1
0


1 1
 m  2
 m x 2
 eikx  e  ikx  g  m  2    m x ikx   m x 
2 2

 ge   e  .e dx   e  . e dx 
 ikx
  dx  

 
      2  2       
1 1
m x
  m x 
g  m  2 g  m  2
2 2
  ikx ikx
    dx    
 
e e dx
2      2     
From 1st term, we have
m  2 2 ikx  ik    ik  
1 2 2 1
m 
2
  ik  
g  m  2  x     
2 m  2 m   2 m 

g  m  2   x  
k 2

e  
     2 m 
   dx   e e 4 m
dx
2    
2     

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1
m 
2
 ik  
g  4km  m  2
2
k 2
 x  
 e
  2 m 
 e  dx  e 4 m
2     
1
m x 
g  m  2
2
 ikx
 

Similarly, from term (ii),  e dx
2     
1
m 
2
 ik  
g  k h  m  2
2
 k 2
 x  
 e
  2 m 
 e 4 m  dx  e 4 m
2     

g  k  k  
2 2 2
k 
 
Hence, E   e 4 m  e 4 m   ge 4 m
1
0
2  
Q78. The energy levels for a particle of mass m in the potential V  x    x , determined in

the WKB approximation

 1
b
2m  E  V  x dx   n   
a  2

(where a, b are the turning points and n  0,1, 2... ), are

2 2
 h  1  3  3h  1  3
(a) En    n   (b) En    n  
4 m  2   4 2m  2 
2 2
 3h  1  3  h  1  3
(c) En      (d) En     
2   2  
n n
4 m   4 2m 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: V  x    x
V  x
  x, x0
 V  x  
   x, x0
E E
b
 1 
2m  E  V  x dx   n      
a  2 x
E

 E E  1
From figure, a     , b     2m  E  V  x dx   n    
    
E  2


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E E
 
 1  1
0
 2m  E   xdx   E   xdx   n      2 2m  E   x  dx    n    

E 0  2 0  2


dt
put E   x  t , dx  

E
limit x  0  t  E , x t 0

  dt   1
0
2 2m  t     n   
E     2
0
2 2m  2 32   1 2 2m 2 32  1
  t    n      .E   n    h
  3 E  2  3  2
2
 1  3 
3
 3  1  3
 E  n 
2
 En    n  
 2  4 2m  4 2m  2 
Q79. A particle of mass m moves in one dimension under the influence of the potential
V  x     x  , where  is a positive constant. The uncertainty in the product

 x  p  in its ground state is

 
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 2
2 2
Ans. : (c)
Solution: V  x     x 

For this potential wavefunction

  x
  e x , x0
  x  
 x
  e , x0

which evenfunction about x  0

so x  0, p  0 x

1 1
now x 2  2  x 2 e 2 x dx   x  x2  x 
2

0
2 2
2

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 2 0 2 
d d d2
p 2    2   * 2  dx    2   e x 2  e x dx   2   e  x 2  e  x dx

dx 
dx 0
dx

 2 3  2 3
0

e e    2 2 , which is not possible

2 x 2 x
   2 3
dx   
2 3
dx   
 0
2 2
 2
d
  dx   2 2 , p  p2  p  
2 2 2
so, we will use the formula p

dx
1 
now, x.p  . 
2 2
2  4
Q80. The ground state energy of a particle of mass m in the potential V  x   x ,
6m
1
 x 2
  4
estimated using the normalized trial wavefunction   x     e 2
, is
 

  1   3
 dxx 2 e  x   dx x 4 e  x 
2 2
[use and ]
  2   4 2

3 2 13 8 2 13 2 2 13 3 2 13
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
2m 3m 3m 8m
Ans. : (d)
1
x
  4   2
2

Solution: E  T  V , for   x     e 2 , T 
  4m
1 1
 
   2   4  x 2   2   2  3 2 
2 2
V    x e dx     x 4 e  x dx  . 2 
2

    6m    6m 
6m 4 8m 2

 2 2 
E   (i)
4m 8m 2
dE  2 2 2  2    1
   0   1    0       3
d 4m 8m 3 4m   3 
Putting the value of  in equation (i),
 1

2 1
2
  2 1
   3
 3 2 13
E     3    
3  
2
4m  2  8m
8m    3
4m
 

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NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q81. Consider the two lowest normalized energy eigenfunctions  0  x  and  1  x  of a one

d 0
dimensional system. They satisfy  0  x    0*  x  and  1  x    , where  is a real
dx
constant. The expectation value of the momentum operator in the state  1 is

  2
(a)  (b) 0 (c) (d)
 2
 2
2
Ans. : (b)
d 0
Solution:  1  x   
dx
  
   d 0 d 2
px    px dx    1  i 1  dx    *  i  20 dx
*
*

x 
1
   
dx dx

d 0 d 2 0
 i   
2
dx

dx dx 2
Integrate by parts

2  d d 0 d 2 0 d 0 
  
d 0 d 2 0
I  i   0   dx 2 dx dx   0   i    dx dx 2 dx
2

 dx dx
  

d 0 d 2 0
I  0   i    dx dx 2 dx
2



d 0 
 0 , 0  0, x  
dx 
I  0  I  2I  0  I  0  px  0

d
Q82. Consider the operator, a  x  acting on smooth function of x . Then commutator
dx
 , cos x  is
(a)  sin x (b) cos x (c)  cos x (d) 0
Ans. : (a)
d
Solution: a  x 
dx

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 a, cos x    x  , cos x    x, cos x    , cos x   0   , cos x 

d d d
 dx   dx   dx 
d  d d
 dx , cos x   x   dx cos x  x   cos x dx

d cos xd
 cos x    sin x     sin x
dx dx
 a, cos x   x    sin x
 a, cos x    sin x
   
Q83. Consider the operator   p  qA , where p is the momentum operator,

A   Ax , Ay , Az  is the vector potential and q denotes the electric charge. If

B   Bx , By , Bz  denotes the magnetic field, the z -component of the vector operator
 
   is
(a) iqBz  q  Ax p y  Ay px  (b) iqBz  q  Ax p y  Ay px 

(c) iqBz (d) iqBz

Ans. : (d)
  
Solution:   p  qA
       
 
    
 
   

 p  qA  p  qA   p  p  qp  A  qA  p  q 2 A  A
 
p  p  0
    
 
 qp  A   q i  A   qiB
   
 
qA  p  q A i   0 
 
q 2 A  A  0
  
    qiB
So, z component is given by qiBz

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Q84. The dynamics of a free relativistic particle of mass m is governed by the Dirac
   
Hamiltonian H  c . p   mc 2 , where p is the momentum operator and    x ,  y ,  z 

and  are four 4  4 Dirac matrices. The acceleration operator can be expressed as
2ic   
(a)  cp   H  (b) 2ic 2

ic  2ic  
(c) H (d)   cp   H 
 
Ans. : (a)
 
Solution: H  c . p   mc 2
If vx velocity of x direction
From the Ehrenfest theorem
dx 1 x 1
vx    x, H     x, c x px  c y p y  c z p z   mc 2   0
dt i t i 
c
  x,  x px   c x
i
Similarly, acceleration is given by
dvx 1 c
ax    c x , H    x , c x px  c y p y  c z pz   mc 2 
dt i i
Using relation  i j   j i  0 ,  i    i  0 and  i , p j   0

 x , c x px   0
 
 x , c y p y   c  x y   y x  p y   y c  x , p y   c x y  c x y  p y  0  2c x y p y
 
 x , c z pz   c x z  c z x  pz   z c x , pz   c x z   c x z  pz  0  2c x z pz
 x ,  mc 2    x    x  mc 2  2mc 2 x 
 
c
ax   2c x y p y  2c x z p z  2 x  mc 2 
i  

2 x c
ax  c y p y  c z pz   mc 2  c x p x  c x px 
i  

2 x c
ax  c x p x  c y p y  c z pz   mc 2  c x px 
i  

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2c
ax   x .H  c x x px  
i
2ic

c x x px   x .H  ,  x2  x  
  2ic    
a  ax iˆ  a y ˆj  az kˆ  
 
cp   .H 

 
Q85. A particle of charge q in one dimension is in a simple harmonic potential with angular
2
t
 
frequency  . It is subjected to a time- dependent electric field E  t   Ae  
, where A

and  are positive constants and   1 . If in the distant past t   the particle was
in its ground state, the probability that it will be in the first excited state as t   is
proportional to
1 1
  2  2 1
2
(a) e (b) e 2 (c) 0 (d)
 
2

Ans. : (a)
2
t2
  i fi t
Solution: Transition probability is proportional to Pif   e  2
e where


3 1
  
 fi  2 2 

2
 t2
Pif   exp  it dt
 2
1  2 2 2 
i 2  
2
 t2   
2  i 
Now calculate  exp   2  it  dt   exp  2 t  it     
      
  2   2  

  2 2   1  it 
2
 exp     exp 2 
t   dt
 4     2 
2
 t2
Pif   exp  it dt
 2
2
  2 2   1  it 
2
Pif  exp     exp 2  t   dt
 4     2 
 2 2
Pif  exp 
2

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Q86. A particle is scattered by a central potential V  r   V0 re   r , where V0 and  are positive
 
constants. If the momentum transfer q is such that q  q   , the scattering cross-

section in the Born approximation, as q   , depends on q as

dn
 x e dx  n 
n ax
[You may use e ax dx ]
da
(a) q 8 (b) q 2 (c) q 2 (d) q 6
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The form factor is given for high energy as q  
 
2 m 2m
f  ,     rV  r  sin qr dr  2  r 2V0 e   v sin qr dr
q 0
2
q 0

mV0  2  r   iq  
  
2 m 2  r e
iqr
 e  iqr
 2 V0  r e dr  2 i   r e dr   r 2 e   dr 
 r   iq

q 0 2i  q 0 0 

mV0i 
 2 
2

2
 2 0 

 2mV i     iq      iq 
3 3
 
 q     iq 3    iq 3   q     iq 3    iq 3 
   

2mV0 i    iq  3 iq  3 q      iq  3 iq  3 q  
3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2

 2
q   2  q2 
3

   3 2 
2mV0i  6  2iq  2iq 3  2mV0  2q  6  q 
 2  2
 q    2  q 2 3 
  
q   2  q2 3 
 

q3  6 2  1 1 1  2 
  2  2  3
 q2  6
 4  2  1
q q   2  q q  q 
q  2  1
6

q 
    f     q 4   q 8
2 2

Q87. A particle in one dimension is in a potential V  x   A  x  a  . Its wavefunction   x  is

d
continuous everywhere. The discontinuity in at x  a is
dx
(b) A   a    a  
2m
(a) A  a 
2
2
(c) A (d) 0
2m
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Ans. : (a)

2 d   x 
2

Solution:   A  x  a   x   E  x 
2m dx 2
Integrates both side within limit
a   to a 
a  a  a 
2 d 2
dx   A   x  a  dx  E    x  dx
2m a dx 2

a  a 

 2  d II d I 
     A  a   0
2m  dx dx 
d II d I 2mA
  2  a
dx dx 
d 2mA
so discontinues in at x  a is 2   a  .
dx 

NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q88. If the root-mean-squared momentum of a particle in the ground state of a one-
dimensional simple harmonic potential is p0 , then its root-mean-squared momentum in
the first excited state is
(a) p0 2 (b) p0 3 (c) p0 2 / 3 (d) p0 3 / 2
Ans. : (b)

Solution: P  m  Pˆ  m 
 a  a† 
2i
m  2
P2  
2
 a  a†2   2 N  1 
m 
P2  
2
a 2  a †2  2 N  1 
For any state n ,

a 2  0, a †2  0 and 2 N  1  2n  1

m 
P 2   2n  1 and P  0
2

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m 
Prms  P 2  P  Prms  2n  1
2

m 
For ground stat n  0, Prms   P0
2

m 
So, for n  1, Prms  3
2

Prms  3P0

Q89. Consider a potential barrier A of height V0 and width b , and another potential barrier B

of height 2V0 and the same width b . The ratio TA / TB of tunnelling probabilities TA and

TB , through barriers A and B respectively, for a particle of energy V0 /100 is best

approximated by

 
(a) exp  1.99  0.99  8 mV0b 2 /  2 
 
(b) exp  1.98  0.98
  8 mV0b 2 /  2 


(c) exp 
  2.99  0.99  8 mV0b 2 /  2 

(d) exp 
  2.98  0.98  8 mV0b 2 /  2 

Ans. : (a)
 2 m V  E  V0
Solution: T  e , where E 
100
For potential A, V  V0
2m  V0  2 m  99 
  V0     V0 
 2 m 0.99V0 
TA e 2  100 
 TA e  2  100 
e
V0
For Potential B, V  2V0 and E =
100
2m  V0  2 m  199V0 
  2V0       2 m 1.99V0 
TB e 2  100 
 TB e  2  100 
 e
 0.99V0
TA e

TB e  1.99V0

TA
TB
 e  1.99V0
e
 0.99V 0


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Q90. A constant perturbation H  is applied to a system for time  t (where H  t   )
leading to a transition from a state with energy Ei to another with energy E f . If the time

of application is doubled, the probability of transition will be

(a) unchanged (b) doubled (c) quadrupled (d) halved
Ans. : (c)
Solution: For constant potential transition probability
2
 f v i  2  fi ti 
pif  4  sin 
h 2 2
fi  2 

at ti  2ti ,
2
4  f v i  fi ti
pif  sin 2
h 2 2
fi 2

at ti  2ti ,
2 2
4  f v i   fi 2ti  4  f v  i
p ff  2
sin   sin  fi ti 
h 2 2fi  2  h 2 2fi

sin 2  fi ti 
 2fi ti2
pif sin  fi ti 
2
 t 2 2

  fi i
t1  0
p ff  t    t   t 
2
sin  fi i 
2
sin 2  fi i   fi i 
 2   2  2 
 2fi ti2
2
4 2fi ti2
 4
 2fi ti2

pif (2)
 4  pif (2)  4 pif (1)
pif (1)

a b
Q91. The two vectors   and   are orthonormal if
0 c
(a) a  1, b  1/ 2, c  1/ 2 (b) a  1, b  1, c  0
(c) a  1, b  0, c  1 (d) a  1, b  1/ 2, c  1/ 2

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Ans. : (c)
a b
Solution: 1    , 2   
0 c
1 1  1  a  1

2 2  1  b  c 1
2 2

1 2  0   a 0   bc   0

a.b  0  c  0  a  b  0
so b  0

c  1, c  1
2

a  1, b  0, c  1
Q92. Consider the potential
  
V  r    i V0 a 3    r  ri 
3


where ri are the position vectors of the vertices of a cube of length a centered at the

2
origin and V0 is a constant. If V0 a 2  , the total scattering cross-section, in the low-
m
energy limit, is
2
 mV0 a 2 
2 16a 2  mV0 a 2 
(a) 16a   (b)  
  
2
 2  2 
2
64a 2  mV0 a 2  64a 2  mV0 a 2 
(c)   (d)  
  2   2  2 
Ans. : (c)
 
Solution: V  r    V0 a 3 3  r  ri 
i

  V0 a 3  x  xi    y  yi    z  zi 
i

where xi , yi , zi are co-ordinate at 8 corner cube whose center is at origin.

m
f     2 
V  r d 3 r
2 

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
m 8
 V a 3       x  xi    y  yi   z  zi dxdydz
2  2 0
 i 1

m
 V a 3 1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1
2  2 0

8mV0 a 3 4mV0 a 3
 
2  2  2

total scattering cross section    f   sin  d d .

2

16m 2V02 a 6
Differential scattering cross section D    f   
2

 24
16m 2V02 a 6 64a 2  m 2V02 a 4 
 4   
 24   h4 
2
64a 2  mV0 a 2 
  
  2 

Q93. The Coulomb potential V  r   e 2 / r of a hydrogen atom is perturbed by adding

H   bx 2 (where b is a constant) to the Hamiltonian. The first order correction to the

ground state energy is
1
(The ground state wavefunction is  0  e  r / a0 )
a 3
0

(a) 2ba02 (b) ba02 (c) ba02 / 2 (d) 2ba02

Ans. : (b)
Solution: H '  bx 2 put x  r sin  cos 

H '  br 2 sin 2  cos 2  .

1
E11   1 H   1 ,  1  e  r / a0
a 3
0

  1* H  1r 2 sin  dr d d


2r  2
b
 3  r 2 e a0 r 2 dr  sin 3  d  cos 2  d  ba02
 a0 0 0 0

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Q94. Using the trial function
 A  a 2  x 2  , a  x  a
  x  
 0 otherwise

the ground state energy of a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator is

5 1 5
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
14 2 7
Ans. : (b)

 A  a  x  , a  x  a
2 2

Solution:   x   
0 , otherwise

For normalization

  dx  1
*

15 15
A2  5
 A
16a 16a 5
 2 2   2 15
a a
T    * 2  dx   2  2    a 2  x 2 dx
5 
2m  a x 2m 16a 0

5 2
T 
4ma 2
a a
2 x 2  a 2  x 2  dx.
1 1 15
V    *V dx , where V  x   5 
2
m 2 x 2  m 2
a
2 2 16a 0

m 2 a 2
V 
14
5 2 m 2 a 2
E  T V  
4ma 2 14

dE 5   2   2 m 2 a 35   2 
0   0  a   2 2 .
4

da 4ma 3 7 2 m  
1/ 2
 35    
a  
2
 .
 2   m 

5  2 m 2 m 2 35 
E  .  .
4 m  35 14 2 m

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  5 2 1 35    5 5  5
         
2  2 35 7 2  2  14 14  14

NET/JRF (DEC - 2017)

Q95. Let x denote the position operator and p the canonically conjugate momentum operator
of a particle. The commutator
 1 2 2 1 2
 2m p   x , m p   x 
2

where  and  are constants, is zero if

(a)    (b)   2 (c)   2  (d) 2  

Ans. : (b)
 1 2 1  1 
Solution:  p   x2 , p2   x2   0    p 2 , x 2    x 2 , p 2   0
 2m m  2m m
  1   
  x 2 , p 2    x 2 , p 2   0   x 2 , p 2       0    2
2m m m  2 
Q96. The normalized wavefunction of a particle in three dimensions is given by
1
  r , ,   e  r / 2 a where a  0 is a constant. The ratio of the most probable
8 a 3

distance from the origin to the mean distance from the origin, is

[You may use  dx x n e  x  n ! ]
0

1 1 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 2 3
Ans. : (d)
r
1
Solution:   r , ,    e 2a
8 a 3
3
 2a   3a
r   r * r 2 dr sin  d d 
2
one can compare the wave function at hydrogen atom with Bohr radius a0  2a
most probable distance,

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d 2 r / a
r e 0
dr
rP  2a
rp 2a 2
 
r 3a 3

Q97. The state vector of a one-dimensional simple harmonic oscillator of angular frequency  ,
1
at time t  0 , is given by   0    0  2  , where 0 and 2 are the normalized
2
ground state and the second excited state, respectively. The minimum time t after which
the state vector   t  is orthogonal to   0  , is

 2  4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2   
Ans. : (a)
1
Solution:   0    0  2 
2
  t 5  t
5 1  
E2    t    0 e 2
 2 e 2 

2 2  
 
E0     0    t   0  t  cos 1  1
2 E2  E0
  
t cos 1  1   .
 5 1  2 / 2 2
   
 2 2 
Q98. The normalized wavefunction in the momentum space of a particle in one dimension is

  p  , where  and  are real constants. The uncertainty  x in measuring
p 2
2

its position is

    
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
 2
 3
2  
Ans. : (c)

Solution:   p  
p 2
2

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From inverse Fourier transformation
x
 
Normalize,   x   e 

x  0,
 x
 2 2
x2 
h 

x2e 
dx 
2 2

x  x2  x 
2

2

Q99. A phase shift of 300 is observed when a beam of particles of energy 0.1MeV is scattered

by a target. When the beam energy is changed, the observed phase shift is 600 . Assuming
that only s -wave scattering is relevant and that the cross-section does not change with
energy, the beam energy is
(a) 0.4 MeV (b) 0.3 MeV (c) 0.2 MeV (d) 0.15 MeV
Ans. : (b)
4 
Solution:   2 
2l  1 sin 2  l 
k l 0
2mE
only s -wave scattering is relevant l  0 k
2

4 4  2
  2 sin  0 
2
sin 2  0
k 2mE

sin 2 30 sin 2 60 sin 2 60

According to problem  E  0.1MeV  0.3MeV
0.1MeV E sin 2 30
1 1 1 
Q100. The Hamiltonian of a two-level quantum system is H     possible initial
2 1 1
state in which the probability of the system being in that quantum state does not change
with time, is
       
 cos 4   cos 8   cos 2   cos 6 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 sin    sin    sin    sin  
       
 4  8   2  6 
Ans. : (b)

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Q101. Consider a one-dimensional infinite square well
0 for 0  x  a,
V  x  
 otherwise
If a perturbation
V for 0  x  a / 3,
V  x    0
0 otherwise

is applied, then the correction to the energy of the first excited state, to first order in V ,
is nearest to
(a) V0 (b) 0.16 V0 (c) 0.2 V0 (d) 0.33 V0
Ans. : (d)
a/3
Solution: V   V   dx
*
x 2 2
0

 2 x  1 4 x 
a/3 a/3
2 2
V   V0 sin 2   dx  V0  1  cos dx
0
a  a  a 0
2 a 

 4 
sin 1
2 a 3  3
 V0  
4   V0     0.33 V0
a 6   3 4 
 a 
Q102. The energy eigenvalues En of a quantum system in the potential V  cx 6 (where c  0 is

a constant), for large values of the quantum number n , varies as

(a) n 4 / 3 (b) n3/ 2 (c) n5/ 4 (d) n6 / 5
Ans. : (b)
Solution: We can use Bohr Somerfield theory
V  x   cx 6
1/ 6
E 1/ 6
E
2m  E  cx 6 dx  nh  2mE  
 

t
 Pdx  nh  4 C
0
c 0
1  t 6 dt  nh

31
E1/ 21/ 6  n  E 6
 n , E  n3/ 2
Therefore, correct option is (b)

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1 1 1 
Q103. The Hamiltonian of a two-level quantum system is H     possible initial
2 1 1
state in which the probability of the system being in that quantum state does not change
with time, is
       
 cos 4   cos 8   cos 2   cos 6 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 sin    sin    sin    sin  
       
 4  8   2  6 
Ans. : (b)

NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
1   
Q104. The Hamiltonian of a spin particle in a magnetic field B is given by H    .B. ,
2

where  is a real constant and    x ,  y ,  z  are the Pauli spin matrices. If

B   B0 , B0 , 0  and the spin state at time t  0 is an eigenstate of  x , then of the

expectation values  x ,  y and  z

(a) only  x changes with time (b) only  y changes with time

(c) only  z changes with time (d) all three change with time

Ans. : (d)
1 1
Solution:  x ,  y and  z will changes with time because Eigen state of  x ie   and
2 1

1 1    0 1 i 
  and can be written in basis of eigen state of H    .B.   B0  
2  1 1  i 0 
Q105. A particle of mass m is constrained to move in a circular ring of radius R . When a
a
perturbation V   2
cos 2  (where a is a real constant) is added , the shift in energy of
R
the ground state, to first order in a , is
a 2a a a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
R2 R2 2R2  R 2 
Ans. : (c)
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a 1
Solution: V   2 cos 2  where 0 
R 2
2
a 1
0 V ' 0   2 cos 
2

R2 0

2
a 1 a 2 a

2 R 2  2 1  cos 2  d  2 R
0
2

2 2R2

Q106. A particle of mass m is confined in a three-dimensional box by the potential

0, 0  x, y, z  a
V  x, y , z   
 otherwise

9 2 2
The number of eigenstates of Hamiltonian with energy is
2ma 2
(a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ans. : (c)
9 2  2
Solution: Enx ,ny , nz 
2ma 2
nx ny nz 
1 2 2 

2 2 1
2 1 2 

 22
where Exx , xy , xz   nx2  n y2  nz2 
2ma 2
p2
Q107. The nth energy eigenvalues En of a one-dimensional Hamiltonian H    x 4 (where
2m
  0 is a constant) in the WEB approximation, is proportional to
4/3 4/3 5/3 5/ 3
 1  1  1  1
(a)  n    1/ 3
(b)  n    2/3
(c)  n    1/ 3
(d)  n    2/3
 2  2  2  2
Ans. : (a)
Solution: From W.K.B approximation
 1
x
4. Pdx   n   h
0  2

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1/ 4
E
 

 1
4  2m  E   x 4 dx    n   h
0  2

making the integration dimensional

1/ 4 1 4/3
E  1  1  1
4   2mE   1  t dt   n    E 3/ 4   n    1/ 4  E   n    1/ 3
1/ 2 4
 
 0  2  2  2

d 
Q108. The differential scattering cross-section for the central potential V  r   e   r ,
d r
where  and  are positive constants, is calculated in thee first Born approximation. Its
dependence on the scattering angle  is proportional to ( A is a constant below)
1
   
(a)  A2  sin 2  (b)  A2  sin 2 
 2  2
2
 
2
 
(c)  A2  sin 2  (d)  A2  sin 2 
 2  2
Ans. : (c)

Solution: f     V  r  sin krdr  D    f  
2


1 e r
f      r sin krdr
k0 r
  
1 e  r  eikr  e  ikr  1
f     r  dr   e e dr   e   r e  ikr dr
  r ikr

k0 r  2i  2ik 0 0

1   r   ik  

1    ik    ik  2ik 2
   k2 
1
dr   e 
 r   ikr 
 e dr     
2ik  0  2ik    k
2 2
 2ik
2
1  1 
f    2 , D     2 2 
  k2   k 


D      2  k 2  , where k  sin
2

2
2 2
   
D      2  sin 2  or D     A2  sin 2 
 2  2

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Q109. At t  0 , the wavefunction of an otherwise free particle confined between two infinite

2  x 3 x 
walls at x  0 and x  L is   x, t  0    sin  sin  . Its wave function at a
L L L 

mL2
later time t  is
4 h
2  x 3 x  i / 6 2  x 3 x   i / 6
(a)  sin  sin e (b)  sin  sin e
L L L  L L L 

2  x 3 x   i / 8 2  x 3 x   i / 6
(c)  sin  sin e (d)  sin  sin e
L L L  L L L 
Ans. : (d)
 2 x 2 3 x 
Solution:   x, t  0    sin  sin 
 L L L L 
  x, t  0   1  3
 iE1t  iE3t
  x, t   1 e 
 3 e 

 22 9 2  2 mL2
E1  E3  t
2mL2 2mL2 4 
 i 9 i  i
  x, t   1 e 8
 3 e 8
e 8

1  3 e  i 

 i  i
 2 x 3 x 
e 8
 1  3 e 8
 sin 
2
sin
L 

 L L L

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NET/JRF (DEC - 2018)
Q110. The ground state energy of an anisotropic harmonic oscillator described by the potential
1
V  x, y, z   m 2 x 2  2m 2 y 2  8m 2 z 2 (in units of  ) is
2
5 7 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (b)
1 1 1
Solution: V  x, y, z   m 2 x 2  m  2  y 2  m  4  z 2
2 2

2 2 2
x    y  2  z  4

 1  1  1
Enx ,ny ,nz   nx    x   n y    y   nz    z
 2  2  2
For ground state
nx  0, ny  0, nz  0

1 1 1 1 7
    2  4   1  2  4   
2 2 2 2 2
Q111. The product x p of uncertainties in the position and momentum of a simple harmonic

oscillator of mass m and angular frequency  in the ground state 0 , is . The value
2
of the product x p in the state, e  ipˆ  /  0 (where  is a constant and p̂ is the

momentum operator) is

 m  2  2
(a) (b)  (c) (d)
2  2 m  2
Ans. : (c)
Q112. Let the wavefunction of the electron in a hydrogen atom be

 1  2  1 
 r   200  r   211  r   100  r 
6 3 6

where nlm  r  are the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian in the standard notation. The

expectation value of the energy in this state is

(a) 10.8 eV (b) 6.2 eV (c) 9.5 eV (d) 5.1 eV
Ans. : (d)

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1 2 1
Solution:   2,0,0  2,1,1  1,0,0
6 3 6
 13.6  1 2 1  4 5
P    
 4  6 3 6 6
5 1
P  3.4   and P  13.6  
6 6
5 1 1 30.60
E   3.4     13.6     17.00  13.6  eV    5.1 eV
6 6 6 6
1
Q113. Three identical spin particles of mass m are confined to a one-dimensional box of
2
length L , but are otherwise free. Assuming that they are non-interacting, the energies of
 22
the lowest two energy eigen states, in units of , are
2mL2
(a) 3 and 6 (b) 6 and 9 (c) 6 and 11 (d) 3 and 9
Ans. : (b)
 2 2
Solution: Put  E0
2mL2
For ground state configuration 2 particle has engine E0 and 1 particle has engine 4E0

Total energy is 2  E0  1 4 E0  6 E0

For first excited state configuration, 1 particles has engine E0 and 2 particle has engine

4E0

Total energy 1 E0  2  4 E0  9 E0

 22
Lowest two energy levels are 6 E0 ,9 E0 respectively, where E0 
2mL2
Q114. Consider the operator Ax  Ly pz  Lz p y , where Li and pi denote, respectively, the

components of the angular momentum and momentum operators. The commutator

 Ax , x  , where x is the

x - component of the position operator, is

(a) i  zpz  yp y  (b) i  zpz  yp y  (c) i  zpz  yp y  (d) i  zpz  yp y 

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Ans. : (a)
Solution: Ax  Ly pz  Lz p y , Ly  zpx  xpz , Lz  xp y  ypx

 Ax , x    Ly pz , x    Lz p y , x    Ly , x  pz   Lz , x  p y
  zpx , x  pz   ypx , x  p y  z  px , x  pz  y  px , x  p y

  i zpz    i yp y   i  zpz  yp y 

p2
Q115. A one-dimensional system is described by the Hamiltonian H    x (where   0 ).
zm
The ground state energy varies as a function of  as
(a)  5 / 3 (b)  2 / 3 (c)  4 / 3 (d)  1/ 3
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Using Bohr-Sommerfield theory,
E
x0 


 pdx  nh  4  2m  E   x  dx  nh
0

E E
where x0 is turning point x0  x0 
 
1
E
 4  2mE 
 
0
1  tdt  nh

E 3/ 2
 n  E  2/3

Q116. If the position of the electron in the ground state of a Hydrogen atom is measured, the
probability that it will be found at a distance r  a0 ( a0 being Bohr radius) is nearest to

(a) 0.91 (b) 0.66 (c) 0.32 (d) 0.13

Ans. : (b)

Solution: P  a0  r      r 2 R10 dr
2

a0
 r
2
R10 
a03/ 2
 2r a0 r
4 
P  a0  r     3 r e
2 a0
dr  0.66
a0 a0

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1
Q117. A system of spin particles is prepared to be in the eigenstate of  z with eigenvalue 1 .
2
The system is rotated by at angle of 600 about the x -axis. After the rotation, the fraction
of the particles that will be measured to be in the eigenstate of  z with eigenvalue 1 is

1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 4 4
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Rotation with angle  about x axis
 
U  R     exp  i . 
 2

   
U  R     cos   I  i sin   ˆ  
2 2
  
U  Rx     cos I  i sin   ˆ   x
2 2
  
 cos 2 i sin 2  
Rx     Put  
   3
 i sin cos 
 2 2
 3 i 
1  
2 1
    Rx       2
 
0  i 3 0
 
 2 2 
 3
  3 1 i 0
  2     
  i  2  0  2  1 
 2
3
If  z is measure on  , the measurement is 1 with probability and 1 with
4
1
probability
4

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