Chapter review
7 7 3 7 7 5
2 a P(RRB or RRG) =
15 15 15 15 15 15
392
=
3375
b P(RBG) + P(RGB) + P(BGR) + P(BRG) + P(GBR) + P(GRB)
7 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 7 3 7 5 5 3 7 5 7 3
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
7 3 5 630 14
=6× 3
15 3375 75
3 a P(HHH) = 0.341 × 0.341 × 0.341 = 0.0397 (to 3 s.f.)
b P(NNN) = 0.659 × 0.659 × 0.659 = 0.286 (to 3 s.f.)
c P(at least one H) = 1 − P(NNN) = 1 − 0.28619118 = 0.714 (to 3 s.f.)
8 13 19 30 26 32 128 64
4 a P(Year 11) =
250 250 125
7 8 15 13 18 19 80 8
b P(s < 35) =
250 250 25
15 18 33
c P(Year 10 with score between 25 and 34) =
250 250
d Using interpolation:
40 37
Number of students passing = (25 30) 30 26 27 32
40 35
3
= 55 + 30 + 26 + 27 + 32 = 148
5
148 74
P(pass) =
250 125
The assumption is that the marks between 35 and 40 are uniformly distributed.
0.5 50 0.5 30 2 2 44 22
5 a P(mass > 3) =
1 6 0.5 50 0.5 30 2 2 50 25
(1 6) (0.5 50) 0.5 (0.5 30) 38.5
b P(mass < 3.75) = = 0.77
50 50
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6 a
30 1
b i P(None) =
150 5
30 40 18 35 123 41
ii P(No more than one) =
150 150 50
7 a P(A and B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A or B or both) = 13 14 21 121
P(A and not B) = 13 121 41
P(B and not A) = 14 121 16
1
b P(A and B) = 12
P(A) × P(B) = 13 14 121
As P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B), A and B are independent events.
8 a Cricket and swimming do not overlap so are mutually exclusive.
13
b P(C and F) =
38
21 22 462 231
P(C) × P(F) =
38 38 1444 722
As P(C and F) ≠ P(C) × P(F), the events 'likes cricket' and 'likes football' are not independent.
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9 a
b P(J and K) = 0.05
P(J) × P(K) = 0.3 × 0.25 = 0.075
As P(J and K) ≠ P(J) × P(K), the events J and K are not independent.
10 a P(Phone and Tablet) = 0.85 + 0.6 – (1 − 0.05) = 0.5 = 50%
c P(only P) = 0.35
d P(P and T) = 0.5
P(P) × P(T) = 0.85 × 0.6 = 0.51
As P(P and T) ≠ P(P) × P(T), the events P and T are not independent.
11 x = 1 − (0.3 + 0.4 + 0.15) = 0.15
P(A and B) = x = 0.15
P(A) × P(B) = 0.45 × 0.55 = 0.2475
As P(A and B) ≠ P(A) × P(B), the events A and B are not independent.
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12 a
b i P(D1D2D3) = 54 23 12 154
ii Where D means a diamond and Dʹ means no diamond,
P (exactly one diamond) = P(D, Dʹ, Dʹ) + P(Dʹ, D, Dʹ) + P(Dʹ, Dʹ, D)
= 45 13 12 15 23 12 15 13 12 307
c P(at least two diamonds) = 1 – P(at most one diamond) = 1 – (P(none) + P(exactly one diamond))
=1– 15 13 12 307 1 154 1511
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13 a
b i P(B and faulty) = 0.5 × 0.03 = 0.015
ii P(faulty) = 0.16 × 0.04 + 0.5 × 0.03 + 0.34 × 0.07 = 0.0452
14 a P( A È B) P( A) P( B) P( A Ç B) 0.4 0.35 0.2 0.55
b P( A¢ Ç B¢ ) 1 P( A È B) 1 0.55 0.45
P( B Ç A) 0.2
c P( B|A) 0.5
P( A) 0.4
P( A¢ Ç B) P( B ) P( A Ç B ) 0.15
d P( A¢|B ) 0.429 (3 s.f.)
P( B ) P( B ) 0.35
15 a Work out each region of the Venn diagram from the information provided in the question.
First, as J and L are mutually exclusive, J Ç L therefore P( J Ç L ) 0
So P( J Ç K ¢ Ç L¢ ) P( J ) P( J Ç K ) 0.25 0.1 0.15
As K and L are independent P(K Ç L) P( K ) P( L) 0.45 0.15 0.0675
So P( L Ç K ¢ ) P( L) P( L Ç K ) 0.15 0.0625 0.0825
And P( K Ç J ¢ Ç L¢ ) P(K ) P( J Ç K ) P(K Ç L) 0.45 0.1 0.0675 0.2825
Find the outer region by subtracting the sum of all the other regions from 1
P( J ¢ Ç K ¢ Ç L¢ ) 1 0.15 0.1 0.2825 0.0675 0.0825 0.3175
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15 b i P( J È K ) 0.15 0.1 0.2825 0.0675 0.6
ii P( J ¢ Ç L¢ ) 0.2825 0.3175 0.6
P( J Ç K ) 0.1
iii P( J |K ) 0.222 (3 s.f.)
P( K ) 0.45
P( K Ç ( J ¢ Ç L¢)) 0.2825
iv P( K |J ¢ Ç L¢) 0.471 (3 s.f.)
P( J ¢ Ç L¢) 0.6
16 a P( F Ç S ¢ ) P(S Ç F ¢ ) P(F ) P( F Ç S) P( F ) P(F Ç S)
35 27 45 27 26
0.433 (3 s.f.)
60 60
P( F Ç S) 27
b P( F|S) 0.6
P(S) 45
P(S Ç F ¢ ) 45 27 18
c P(S|F ¢ ) 0.72
P( F ¢ ) 60 35 25
d There are 6 students that study just French and wear glasses ( 8 0.75 6 ) and 9 students that
study just Spanish and wear glasses ( 18 0.5 9 ), so the required probability is
6 9 15
P(studies one language and wears glasses) 0.25
60 60
e There are 26 students studying one language (from part a). Of these, 15 wear glasses (from part d).
15
P(wears glasses|studies one language) 0.577 (3 s.f.)
26
17 a
9 8 3 4 12
b i P(GG) 0.343 (3 s.f.)
15 14 5 7 35
ii There are two different ways to obtain balls that are different colours:
6 9 9 6 2 9 18
P( RG ) P(GR ) 0.514 (3 s.f.)
15 14 15 14 5 7 35
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17 c There are 4 different outcomes:
P( RRR) P( RGR) P(GRR) P(GGR)
6 5 4 6 9 5 9 6 5 9 8 6
15 14 13 15 14 13 15 14 13 15 14 13
120 270 270 432 1092
0.4
2730 2730
d The only way for this to occur is to draw a green ball each time. The corresponding probability is:
9 8 7 6 3 2 6
P(GGGG) 0.0923 (3 s.f.)
15 14 13 12 5 13 65
18 a Either Ty or Chimene must win both sets. Therefore the required probability is:
P(match over in two sets) (0.7 0.8) (0.3 0.6) 0.56 0.18 0.74
0.7 0.8 0.56
b P(Ty wins|match over in two sets) 0.757 (3 s.f.)
0.74 0.74
c The three ways that Ty can win the match are: wins first set, wins second set; wins first set, loses
second set, wins tiebreaker; loses first set, wins second set, wins tiebreaker.
P(Ty wins match) (0.7 0.8) (0.7 0.2 0.55) (0.3 0.4 0.55)
0.56 0.077 0.066 0.703
19 a There are 20 kittens with neither black nor white paws (75 – 26 – 14 – 15 = 20).
20 4
P(neither white or black paws) 0.267 (3 s.f.)
75 15
b There are 41 kittens with some black paws (26 + 15 = 41).
15
P(black and white paws|some black paws) 0.366 (3 s.f.)
41
c This is selection without replacement (since the first kitten chosen is not put back).
26 25 13 13
P(both kittens have all black paws) 0.117 (3 s.f.)
75 74 3 37 111
d There are 29 kittens with some white paws (14 + 15 = 29).
29 28 812
P(both kittens have some white paws) 0.146 (3 s.f.)
75 74 5550
0.12
20 a Using the fact that A and B are independent: P( A) P( B) P( A Ç B) Þ P( B) 0.3
0.4
b Use the addition formula to find P( A È B)
P( A È B) P( A) P( B) P( A Ç B) 0.4 0.3 0.12 0.58
P( A¢ Ç B¢ ) 1 P( A È B) 1 0.58 0.42
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20 c As A and C are mutually exclusive
P( A Ç B¢ Ç C ¢ ) P( A) P( A Ç B) 0.4 0.12 0.28
P(C Ç A¢ Ç B¢ ) P(C) P( B Ç C) 0.4 0.1 0.3
P( B Ç A¢ Ç C ¢ ) P(B) P( A Ç B) P(B Ç C) 0.3 0.12 0.1 0.08
Find the outer region by subtracting the sum of all the other regions from 1
P( A¢ Ç B¢ Ç C ¢ ) 1 0.28 0.12 0.08 0.1 0.3 0.12
P( B Ç C) 0.1
d i P( B|C) 0.25
P(C) 0.4
ii The required region must be contained within A, and not include B (the condition on C is
irrelevant since A and C are mutually exclusive). Therefore, P( A Ç ( B¢ È C)) 0.28
21 a It may be that neither team scores in the match, and it is a 0–0 draw.
b P(team A scores first) P(team A scores first and wins) P(team A scores first and does not win)
So P(team A scores first and does not win) 0.6 0.48 0.12
c From the question P( A wins|B scores first) 0.3 . Using the multiplication formula gives
P( A wins Ç B scores first)
P( A wins|B scores first) 0.3
P( B scores first)
Þ P( A wins Ç B scores first) 0.3 0.35 0.105
Now find the required probability
P( A wins Ç B scores first) 0.105 0.105
P( B scores first|A wins) = 0.179 (3 s.f.)
P( A wins) 0.48 0.105 0.585
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Challenge
1 The probability that a wife is retired is 0.4.
Given that she is retired, the probability that her husband is also retired is 0.8.
Hence the probability that both are retired is 0.4 × 0.8 = 0.32.
The probability that a husband is retired is 0.7.
From this data you can deduce the following Venn diagram of the probabilities:
Let H = husband retired, Hʹ = husband not retired, W = wife retired, Wʹ = wife not retired.
The permutations where only one husband and only one wife is retired are:
Couple 1 Probability Couple 2 Probability Combined probability
H Wʹ 0.38 Hʹ W 0.08 0.38 × 0.08
Hʹ W 0.08 H Wʹ 0.38 0.08 × 0.38
HW 0.32 Hʹ Wʹ 0.22 0.32 × 0.22
Hʹ Wʹ 0.22 HW 0.32 0.22 × 0.32
P(only one husband and only one wife is retired) = (0.38 × 0.08 + 0.32 × 0.22) × 2 = 0.2016
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Challenge
2 a Let P( A Ç B) k
As P( A Ç B ) P ( B ) Þ k 0.2
A and B could be mutually exclusive, meaning P( A Ç B) 0 , so 0 k 2
Now, P( A Ç B¢) P( A) P( A Ç B ), so p 0.6 k Þ 0.4 p 0.6
b Use the fact that P( AÇ C) P( AÇ B Ç C) P( AÇ B¢ Ç C)
So P( AÇ B¢ Ç C) P( AÇ C) P( AÇ B Ç C) P( AÇ C) 0.1
Consider the range of P( A Ç C)
P( A Ç C ) P( A) Þ P( A Ç C ) 0.6
By the multiplication formula P( A È C ) P( A) P(C ) P( A Ç C )
So P( A Ç C ) P( A) P(C ) P( A È C ) 1.3 P( A È C )
As P( A È C ) 1 Þ P( A Ç C ) 0.3
So 0.3 P( A Ç C ) 0.6 and as P( AÇ B¢ Ç C) P( AÇ C) 0.1 this gives the result that
0.3 0.1 P( A Ç B¢ Ç C ) 0.6 0.1, so 0.2 q 0.5
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