Assignment No.

02
Embedded System Tools
1. Arduino
2. Raspberry Pi
3. ARM Cortex
4. Intel Galileo
5. Different types of Sensors

Aurdino:
What is an Arduino?
An Arduino is an open hardware development board that can be used by tinkerers, hobbyists, and
makers to design and build devices that interact with the real world. While Arduino refers to a
specific type of board design, it can also be used to refer to a company which manufactures a
specific implementation of these boards, and is typically also used to describe the community
around compatible boards made by other people or companies which function in a similar way.

What makes up an Arduino?

Arduinos contain a number of different parts and interfaces together on a single circuit board.
The design has changed through the years, and some variations include other parts as well. But
on a basic board, you’re likely to find the following pieces:
 A number of pins, which are used to connect with various components you, might want to
use with the Arduino. These pins come in two varieties:
 Digital pins, which can read and write a single state, on or off. Most Arduinos have 14
digital I/O pins.
 Analog pins, which can read a range of values, and are useful for more fine-grained
control. Most Arduinos have six of these analog pins.
These pins are arranged in a specific pattern, so that if you buy an add-on board designed to fit
into them, typically called a “shield,” it should fit into most Arduino-compatible devices easily.
 A power connector, which provides power to both the device itself, and provides a low
voltage which can power connected components like LEDs and various sensors, provided
their power needs are reasonably low. The power connector can connect to either an AC
adapter or a small battery.
 A microcontroller, the primary chip, which allows you to program the Arduino in order for it
to be able to execute commands and make decisions based on various input. The exact chip
varies depending on what type of Arduino you buy, but they are generally Atmel controllers,
usually an ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560. The
differences between these chips are subtle, but the biggest difference a beginner will notice is
the different amounts of onboard memory.
  A serial connector, which on most newer boards is implemented through a standard USB
port. This connector allows you to communicate to the board from your computer, as well as
load new programs onto the device. Often times Arduinos can also be powered through the
USB port, removing the need for a separate power connection.
 A variety of other small components, like an oscillator and/or a voltage regulator, which
provide important capabilities to the board, although you typically don’t interact with these
directly; just know that they are there.

Different Types of Arduino Boards

The list of Arduino boards includes the following such as

 Arduino Uno (R3)

 LilyPad Arduino
 Red Board
 Arduino Mega (R3)
 Arduino Leonardo

Arduino Uno (R3):

The Uno is a huge option for your initial Arduino. It consists of 14-digital I/O pins, where 6-pins
can be used as PWM (pulse width modulation outputs), 6-analog inputs, a reset button, a power
jack, a USB connection and more. It includes everything required to hold up the microcontroller;
simply attach it to a PC with the help of a USB cable and give the supply to get started with an
AC-to-DC adapter or battery.

LilyPad Arduino Board

The Lily Pad Arduino board is a wearable e-textile technology expanded by Leah “
Buechley”and considerately designed by “Leah and SparkFun”. Each board was imaginatively
designed with huge connecting pads & a smooth back to let them to be sewn into clothing using
conductive thread. This Arduino also comprises of I/O, power, and also sensor boards which are
built especially for e-textiles. These are even washable!
RedBoard Arduino Board
The RedBoard a Aduino board can be programmed using a Mini-B USB cable using the Arduino
IDE. It will work on Windows 8 without having to modify your security settings. It is more
constant due to the USB or FTDI chip we used and also it is entirely flat on the back. Creating it
is very simple to utilize in the project design. Just plug the board, select the menu option to
choose an Arduino UNO and you are ready to upload the program. You can control the
RedBoard over USB cable using the barrel jack.

Arduino Mega (R3) Board

The Arduino Mega is similar to the UNO’s big brother. It includes lots of digital I/O pins (from
that, 14-pins can be used as PWM o/ps), 6-analog inputs, a reset button, a power jack, a USB
connection and a reset button. It includes everything required to hold up the microcontroller;
simply attach it to a PC with the help of a USB cable and give the supply to get started with a
AC-to-DC adapter or battery. The huge number of pins make this Arduino board very helpful for
designing the projects that need a bunch of digital i/ps or o/ps like lots buttons.
Arduino Leonardo Board
The first development board of an Arduino is the Leonardo board. This board uses one
microcontroller along with the USB. That means, it can be very simple and cheap also. Because
this board handles USB directly, program libraries are obtainable which let the Arduino board to
follow a keyboard of the computer, mouse, etc.[2]

How do we program an Arduino?

Most Arduino enthusiasts, especially when they are starting out, will choose to use the official
integrated development environment (IDE) for the Arduino. The Arduino IDE is open source
software which is written in Java and will work on a variety of platforms: Windows, Mac, and
Linux. The IDE enables you to write code in a special environment with syntax highlighting and
other features which will make coding easier, and then easily load your code onto the device
with a simple click of a button.

Raspberry Pi:
The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or
TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable little device that enables people of
all ages to explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like Scratch and Python.
It’s capable of doing everything you’d expect a desktop computer to do, from browsing the
internet and playing high-definition video, to making spreadsheets, word-processing, and playing
games.
What’s more, the Raspberry Pi has the ability to interact with the outside world, and has been
used in a wide array of digital maker projects, from music machines and parent detectors to
weather stations and tweeting birdhouses with infra-red cameras. We want to see the Raspberry
Pi being used by kids all over the world to learn to program and understand how computers
work.
Who invented Raspberry Pi:
The Raspberry Pi Foundation was formed in 2008 after a group of academics and technicians—
Eben Upton, Rob Mulins, Jack Lang, Alan Mycroft, Pete Lomas, and David Braben—were
concerned about students’ declining interest in computer sciences. Their solution was to come up
with a low-cost computer to inspire children and make it more accessible
The idea was that these tiny computers would allow for easy basic programming. Its low power
usage and cost were expected to make Pis more easily available in classrooms.
Today, a few of the original members still act as the Foundation’s trustees, while Upton has
taken charge as CEO and project lead.
Why is it called Raspberry Pi?
The “Raspberry” derives is an homage to early computer companies being named after fruit, like
Apple, Tangerine Computer Systems, Apricot Computers, and Acorn (which inspired the
microcomputer’s design). The “Pi” derives from the original idea to make a small computer to
run only the Python programming language.
What’s the difference between Raspberry Pi models?
Raspberry Pi models can be a bit confusing. There are two levels to the naming system. Pi 1, Pi
2, and Pi 3 indicate the “generation” of the model, where roughly Pi 1 is 2012-14 models, Pi 2 is
2015 models, and Pi 3 is 2016 models. So 3 is better than 2, which is better than 1.
Model A, A+, B, and B+ indicate the power and features. It’s not like grades though, A is lower
than B.
Where are Raspberry Pi’s used?

The Raspberry Pi has won hearts all across the globe, from astronauts to hobbyists. In fact, right
now, there is two Raspberry Pi’s orbiting the earth, conducting experiments aboard the
International Space Station. British astronaut Tim Peake is heading the Astro Pi project,
challenging UK school students to write code for experiments that he can perform in space.

Back on earth, a team of computer engineers at the University of Southampton put together 64
Raspberry Pi is to build their own supercomputer! Each Pi has a 16GB memory card, making it a
1TB supercomputer. It’s like putting together a LEGO set, the makers say, and is an ideal Pi
project for schools.

Then there’s a group of geeks who are making a autonomous marine unmanned surface vessel
(that is, a self-driving boat) with a Raspberry Pi acting as the brain. This drone will swim across
the Atlantic Ocean, fitted with sensors to take scientific measurements along the way. They call
it FishPi, and it’s fascinating.

There are several other places that Raspberry Pi is are being used in. And forget about such
professional or hobbyist cases, there are plenty of real-world practical applications for average
Joe too.

What is a Raspberry Pi good for?

Regular people can use the Raspberry Pi in a wide variety of tasks. It’s perfect for projects where
you need a computer but don’t require much processing power, want to save on space, and keep
the costs low. Here’s a brief list of some ideal uses of the P

Figure 1 Raspberry Pi

ARM Cortex:

ARM cortex is a processor. ARM is the name of the manufacturer that makes these processors.
These processors are basically used for embedded system processing applications for an example
your smartphone.

These processors are highly efficient. Also the credit card sized computer Raspberry pi also uses
the ARM processors. These are used for technical computing for an example controlling any real
life application with the help of computer.
The clock speed of the processor is of great importance because the clock speed helps to
determine the speed of the processor. More is the clock speed more fast is the processor.

The clock speed is the same thing you hear that your phone has a 1.3 Ghz processor. This 1.3
Ghz is the clock speed.

Cortex-A

Cortex-A processors provide a range of solutions for devices that make use of a rich operating
system such as Linux or Android and are used in a wide range of applications from low-cost
handsets to smartphones, tablet computers, set-top boxes and also enterprise networking
equipment. The first range of Cortex-A processors (A5, A7, A8, A9, A12, A15 and A17) is
based on the ARMv7-A architecture. Each core shares a common feature set including items
such as the NEON media processing engine, Trust zone for security extensions, and single- and
double-precision floating point support along with support for several instruction sets (ARM,
Thumb-2, Thumb, Jazelle and DSP). Together this group of processors offers design flexibility
by providing the required peak performance points while delivering the desired power efficiency.
While the Cortex-A5 core is the smallest and lowest power member of the Cortex A series, it
offers the possibility of multicore performance and is compatible with the larger members of the
series (A9 and A15). The A5 is a natural choice for designers who have previously worked with
the ARM926EJ-S or ARM1176JZ-S processors as it enables higher performance and lower
silicon cost.

Cortex-R

Moving on from Cortex-A, the Cortex-R series is the smallest ARM processor offering in terms
of derivatives and possibly the least well known. The Cortex-R processors target high-
performance real-time applications such as hard disk controllers (or solid state drive controllers),
networking equipment and printers in the enterprise segment, consumer devices such as Blu-ray
players and media players, and also automotive applications such as airbags, braking systems
and engine management. The Cortex-R series is similar in some respects to a high-end
microcontroller (MCU) but targets larger systems than you would typically use a standard MCU.
The Cortex-R4, for example, is well suited for automotive applications. It can be clocked up to
600 MHz (delivering 2.45 DMIPS/MHz), has an 8-stage pipeline with dual-issue, pre-fetch and
branch prediction and a low latency interrupt system that can interrupt multi-cycle operations to
quickly serve the incoming interrupt. It can also be implemented in a dual-core configuration
with the second Cortex-R4 being in a redundant lock-step configuration with logic for fault
detection making it ideal for safety critical systems.

Cortex-M

Finally we come to the Cortex-M series, designed specifically to target the already very crowded
MCU market. The Cortex-M series is built on the ARMv7-M architecture (used for Cortex-M3
and Cortex-M4), and the smaller Cortex-M0+ is built on the ARMv6-M architecture. The first
Cortex-M processor was released in 2004, and it quickly gained popularity when a few
mainstream MCU vendors picked up the core and started producing MCU devices. It is safe to
say that the Cortex-M has become for the 32-bit world what the 8051 is for the 8-bit – an
industry-standard core supplied by many vendors, each of which dip the core in their own special
sauce to provide differentiation in the market. The Cortex-M series can be implemented as a soft
core in an FPGA, for example, but it is much more common to find them implemented as MCU
with integrated memories, clocks and peripherals. Some are optimized for energy efficiency,
some for high performance and some are tailored to a specific market segment such as smart
metering.

Intel Galileo:

Intel Galileo is a microcontroller board based on the Intel® Quark SoC X1000 Application
Processor, a 32-bit Intel Pentium-class system on a chip (datasheet). It’s the first board based on
Intel® architecture designed to be hardware and software pin-compatible with Arduino shields
designed for the Uno R3. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins), Analog
inputs 0 to 5, the power header, ICSP header, and the UART port pins (0 and 1), are all in the
same locations as on the Arduino Uno R3. This is also known as the Arduino 1.0 pinout.

Galileo is designed to support shields that operate at either 3.3V or 5V. The core operating
voltage of Galileo is 3.3V. However, a jumper on the board enables voltage translation to 5V at
the I/O pins. This provides support for 5V Uno shields and is the default behavior. By switching
the jumper position, the voltage translation can be disabled to provide 3.3V operation at the I/O
pins.

Of course, the Galileo board is also software compatible with the Arduino Software
Development Environment (IDE), which makes usability and introduction a snap. In addition to
Arduino hardware and software compatibility, the Galileo board has several PC industry
standard I/O ports and features to expand native usage and capabilities beyond the Arduino
shield ecosystem. A full sized mini-PCI Express slot, 100Mb Ethernet port, Micro-SD slot, RS-
232 serial port, USB Host port, USB Client port, and 8MByte NOR flash come standard on the
board.
 Details of Intel Architecture Supported Features
The genuine Intel processor and surrounding native I/O capabilities of the Clanton SoC provides
for a fully featured offering for both the maker community and students alike. It will also be
useful to professional developers who are looking for a simple and cost effective development
environment to the more complex Intel® Atom processor and Intel® Core processor-based
designs.

 400MHz 32-bit Intel® Pentium instruction set architecture (ISA)-compatible processor o

16 KBytes on-die L1 cache
o 512 KBytes of on-die embedded SRAM
o Simple to program: Single thread, single core, constant speed
o ACPI compatible CPU sleep states supported
o An integrated Real Time Clock (RTC), with an optional 3V “coin cell” battery for operation
between turn on cycles.
 10/100 Ethernet connector
 Full PCI Express* mini-card slot, with PCIe 2.0 compliant features
o Works with half mini-PCIe cards with optional converter plate
o Provides USB 2.0 Host Port at mini-PCIe connector
 USB 2.0 Host connector
o Support up to 128 USB end point devices
 USB Device connector, used for programming
o Beyond just a programming port - a fully compliant USB 2.0 Device controller
 10-pin Standard JTAG header for debugging
 Reboot button to reboot the processor
 Reset button to reset the sketch and any attached shields
 Storage options:
o Default - 8 MByte Legacy SPI Flash main purpose is to store the firmware (or bootloader) and
the latest sketch. Between 256KByte and 512KByte is dedicated for sketch storage. The
download will happen automatically from the development PC, so no action is required unless
there is an upgrade that is being added to the firmware.
o Default 512 KByte embedded SRAM, enabled by the firmware by default. No action required to
use this feature.
o Default 256 MByte DRAM, enabled by the firmware by default.
o Optional micro SD card offers up to 32GByte of storage
o USB storage works with any USB 2.0 compatible drive
o 11 KByte EEPROM can be programmed via the EEPROM library.

Features of the Intel® Galileo Board

Arduino
The Intel Galileo Board is the first Arduino board based on Intel architecture. The headers (what
you connect jumper cables to on the board) are based off the Arduino 1.0 pinout model that's
found on the Arduino Uno R3 boards. This provides the ability to use compatible shields
(modules that you can plug into headers), allowing you to extend the functionality of the board.
Like the Uno, it has 14 digital I/O pins, 6 analog inputs, a serial port, and an ICSP header for
serial programming.
Quark
The board features an Intel® Quark SoC X1000 Application Processor, designed for the Internet
of Things. It's smaller and more power efficient than the Intel Atom® Processor, making it great
for small, low-powered projects.
Ethernet
On the top portion of the board, right next to what looks like an audio jack labeled UART, there
is a 100 Mb Ethernet port that allows the Intel Galileo to connect to wired networks. Once your
board is connected to the Internet, anything is possible.
Mini-PCIe
The Intel Galileo is the first Arduino Certified board that provides a mini PCI Express (mPCIe)
slot. This allows you to connect standard mPCIe modules like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and SIM card
adapters for cell phones.
Real Time Clock (RTC)
Synchronize data between modules using the boards-integrated Real Time Clock. Using the
Arduino Time Library, you can add timekeeping functionality to your program. Wireless projects
can synchronize in real time using the Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Global Positioning
System (GPS) time data.
To preserve time between system resets, add a coin cell battery to your Intel Galileo Board.
Micro SD
Use the optional onboard micro SD card reader that is accessible through the Secure Digital (SD)
Library. Unlike other Arduinos, the Intel Galileo does not save sketches (programs) between
power on/off states of the board without an SD card. Using a micro SD card, you can store up to
32 GB of data!
Linux
Using the Linux image for the Intel Galileo, you can access serial ports, Wi-Fi, and board pins
using programming languages like Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA), Video4Linux
(V4L2), Python, Secure Shell (SSH), Node.js, and OpenCV. Using these extra features provided
by Linux requires a micro SD card. Take advantage of the Intel Quark processing power and
create something amazing.

Different Types of Sensors:

What is a Sensor?

There are numerous definitions as to what a sensor is but I would like to define a Sensor as an
input device which provides an output (signal) with respect to a specific physical quantity
(input).

The term “input device” in the definition of a Sensor means that it is part of a bigger system
which provides input to a main control system (like a Processor or a Microcontroller).

Another unique definition of a Sensor is as follows: It is a device that converts signals from one
energy domain to electrical domain. The definition of the Sensor can be understood if we take an
example in to consideration.

Classification of Sensors
There are several classifications of sensors made by different authors and experts. Some are very
simple and some are very complex. The following classification of sensors may already be used
by an expert in the subject but this is a very simple classification of sensors.

In the first classification of the sensors, they are divided in to Active and Passive. Active Sensors
are those which require an external excitation signal or a power signal.

Passive Sensors, on the other hand, do not require any external power signal and directly
generates output response.

The other type of classification is based on the means of detection used in the sensor. Some of
the means of detection are Electric, Biological, Chemical, Radioactive etc.

The next classification is based on conversion phenomenon i.e. the input and the output. Some of
the common conversion phenomena are Photoelectric, Thermoelectric, Electrochemical,
Electromagnetic, Thermooptic, etc.

Different Types of Sensors

The following is a list of different types of sensors that are commonly used in various
applications. All these sensors are used for measuring one of the physical properties like
Temperature, Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction, Heat Transfer etc.
  Temperature Sensor
 Accelerometer
 IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Color Sensor
 Humidity Sensor
 Flow and Level Sensor

We will see about few of the above mentioned sensors in brief.

1. Temperature Sensor:

One of the most common and most popular sensors is the Temperature Sensor. A Temperature
Sensor, as the name suggests, senses the temperature i.e. it measures the changes in the
temperature.

n a Temperature Sensor, the changes in the Temperature correspond to change in its physical
property like resistance or voltage.

There are different types of Temperature Sensors like Temperature Sensor ICs (like LM35),
Thermistors, Thermocouples, RTD (Resistive Temperature Devices), etc.

2. Accelerometer:

As its name suggests, the accelerometer sensor can be used to measure the acceleration exerted
upon the sensor. Usually the acceleration is given in two or three axis-vector components that
make up the sum/net acceleration. Accelerometers have quite a few uses. You can probably think
of a few already glass breakage detector, video game remote controls, or even electronic bubble
levels for when you are trying to hang a picture frame on the wall.
IR Sensor:

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.These
types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as
a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of
thermal radiations. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, that can be detected by an
infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is
simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by
the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and these output voltages,
change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

Ultrasonic Sensor:

As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves.
The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target.
Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the
emission and reception. An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an ultrasonic
sensor uses a single ultrasonic element for both emission and reception. In a reflective model
ultrasonic sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately. This enables
miniaturization of the sensor head.
Color Sensor:

The TCS230 senses color light with the help of an 8 x 8 array of photodiodes. Then using a
Current-to-Frequency Converter the readings from the photodiodes are converted into a square
wave with a frequency directly proportional to the light intensity. Finally, using the Arduino
Board we can read the square wave output and get the results for the color.

If we take a closer look at the sensor we can see how it detects various colors. The photodiodes
have three different color filters. Sixteen of them have red filters, another 16 have green filters,
another 16 have blue filters and the other 16 photodiodes are clear with no filters.

Humidity Sensor (DHT22)

The DHT-22 (also named as AM2302) is a digital-output, relative humidity, and temperature
sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and
sends a digital signal on the data pin.
In this example, you will learn how to use this sensor with Arduino UNO. The room
temperature and humidity will be printed to the serial monitor.
Flow and Level Sensor

Level sensors are used to detect the level of substances that can flow. Such substances include
liquids, slurries, granular material and powders. Level measurements can be done inside
containers or it can be the level of a river or lake. Such measurements can be used to determine
the amount of materials within a closed container or the flow of water in open channels.RS
Hydro have a wide range of pressure, ultrasonic, open channel, radar and capacitance level
sensors and transmitters for sale and hire.

References:

2. https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-arduino-boards/

3. https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/9-things-wanted-know-raspberry-pi/

4.https://www.silabs.com/documents/public/white-papers/Which-ARM-Cortex-Core-Is-Right-
for-Your-Application.pdf

5. https://www.arduino.cc/en/ArduinoCertified/IntelGalileo

6.https://www.intel.in/content/www/in/en/support/articles/000005912/boards-and-kits/intel-
galileo-boards.html

7. https://www.electronicshub.org/different-types-sensors/
8. https://www.elprocus.com/infrared-ir-sensor-circuit-and-working/

8.https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/arduino-color-sensing-tutorial-tcs230-
tcs3200-color-sensor/

9. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/arduino/arduino_humidity_sensor.htm