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    Formation of Rocks

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    Saju John Zacharia
    The document summarizes the rock cycle and the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains that igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either below ground (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks are formed at the surface from the weathering and compaction of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks deep underground under heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. The rock cycle shows how the three rock types are interrelated and can transform into one another through geological processes over time.

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    Formation of Rocks

    Uploaded by

    Saju John Zacharia
    120 views34 pages
    The document summarizes the rock cycle and the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains that igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either below ground (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks are formed at the surface from the weathering and compaction of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks deep underground under heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. The rock cycle shows how the three rock types are interrelated and can transform into one another through geological processes over time.

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    PPt on the formation of different types of rocks

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    The document summarizes the rock cycle and the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains that igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either below ground (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks are formed at the surface from the weathering and compaction of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks deep underground under heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. The rock cycle shows how the three rock types are interrelated and can transform into one another through geological processes over time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    120 views34 pages

    Formation of Rocks

    Uploaded by

    Saju John Zacharia
    The document summarizes the rock cycle and the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains that igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either below ground (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks are formed at the surface from the weathering and compaction of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks deep underground under heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. The rock cycle shows how the three rock types are interrelated and can transform into one another through geological processes over time.

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    of 34

    3.

    1 The Rock Cycle

    Rocks
     Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or
    mineral-like matter occurring naturally
    as part of our planet.
     Types of Rocks
    1. Igneous rock is formed by the crystallization
    of molten magma.
    3.1 The Rock Cycle

    Rocks
     Types of Rocks
    2. Sedimentary rock is formed from the
    weathered products of preexisting rocks that
    have been transported, deposited, compacted,
    and cemented.
    3. Metamorphic rock is formed by the alteration
    of pre-existing rock deep within Earth (but still
    in the solid state) by heat, pressure, and/or
    chemically active fluids.
    3.1 The Rock Cycle

    The Rock Cycle


     Shows the interrelationships among the three
    rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and
    metamorphic)
     Magma is molten material that forms deep
    beneath the Earth’s surface.
     Lava is magma that reaches the surface.
     Weathering is a process in which rocks are
    broken down by water, air, and living things.
     Sediment is weathered pieces of Earth
    elements.
    The Rock Cycle
    3.1 The Rock Cycle

    Energy That Drives the Rock Cycle


     Processes driven by heat from the Earth’s
    interior are responsible for forming both
    igneous rock and metamorphic rock.
     Weathering and the movement of weathered
    materials are external processes powered by
    energy from the sun.
     External processes produce sedimentary
    rocks.
    3.2 Igneous Rocks

    Formation of Igneous Rocks


    1. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed
    when magma hardens beneath Earth’s
    surface.
    2. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed
    when lava hardens.
    3.2 Igneous Rocks

    Classification of Igneous Rocks


     Igneous rocks can be classified based
    on their composition and texture.
    1. Texture
    • Coarse-grained texture is caused by slow
    cooling resulting in larger crystals.
    • Fine-grained texture is caused by rapid
    cooling resulting in smaller, interconnected
    mineral grains.
    Course-Grained Igneous Texture
    Fine-Grained Igneous Texture
    3.2 Igneous Rocks

    Classification of Igneous Rocks


    1. Texture (continued)
    • Glassy texture is caused by very rapid cooling.
    • Porphyritic texture is caused by different rates
    of cooling resulting in varied sized minerals.
    2. Composition
    • Granitic composition rocks are made mostly
    of light-colored quartz and feldspar.
    Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.
    Porphyritic Igneous Texture
    3.2 Igneous Rocks

    Classification of Igneous Rocks


    2. Composition (continued)
    • Basaltic composition rocks are made mostly
    of dark-colored silicate minerals and
    plagioclase feldspar.
    • Andesitic composition rocks are between
    granitic light-color minerals and basaltic
    composition dark-colored minerals.
    • Ultramafic composition rocks are made mostly
    from iron and magnesium-rich minerals.
    Basalt
    Classification of Igneous Rocks
    3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

    Formation of Sedimentary Rocks


     Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
    • Erosion involves the weathering and the
    removal of rock.
    • Deposition occurs when an agent of erosion
    —water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy
    and drops sediments.
    3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

    Formation of Sedimentary Rocks


     Compaction and Cementation
    • Compaction is a process that squeezes, or
    compacts, sediments.
    • Cementation takes place when dissolved
    minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces
    among the sediments.
    3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

    Classification of Sedimentary Rocks


     Two Main Groups
    1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed
    of weathered bits of rocks and minerals.
    • Classified by particle size
    • Common rocks include
    - Shale (most abundant)
    - Sandstone
    - Conglomerate
    Shale with Plant Fossils
    Conglomerate
    3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

    Classification of Sedimentary Rocks


     Two Main Groups
    2. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when
    dissolved substances precipitate, or separate,
    from water.
    • Common rocks include
    - limestone—most abundant chemical rock
    - microcrystalline quartz known as chert, flint,
    jasper, or agate
    - evaporites such as rock salt or gypsum
    - coal
    Fossiliferous Limestone
    Classification of
    Sedimentary Rocks
    3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

    Features of Some Sedimentary Rocks


     Features of sedimentary rocks are clues
    to how and where the rocks are formed
    3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

    Formation of Metamorphic Rocks


     Metamorphism means “to change
    form.”
     Most metamorphic changes occur at
    elevated temperatures and pressures.
     Conditions for formation are found a few
    kilometers below the Earth’s surface and
    extend into the upper mantle.
    3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

    Formation of Metamorphic Rocks


     Contact metamorphism occurs when
    magma moves into rock.
    • Occurs near a body of magma
    • Changes are driven by a rise in temperature.
    3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

    Formation of Metamorphic Rocks


     Regional metamorphism results in
    large-scale deformation and high-grade
    metamorphism.
    • Directed pressures and high temperatures
    occur during mountain building.
    • Produces the greatest volume of metamorphic
    rock
    3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

    Agents of Metamorphism
     Heat
    • Provides the energy needed to drive chemical
    reactions
     Pressure
    • Causes a more compact rock with greater
    density
    Origin of Pressure in
    Metamorphism
    3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

    Agents of Metamorphism
     Hydrothermal Solutions
    • Hot water-based solutions escaping from the
    mass of magma
    • Promote recrystallization by dissolving original
    minerals and then depositing new ones
    3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

    Classification of Metamorphic Rocks


     Two main categories
    1. Foliated Metamorphic Rock
    • Has a banded or layered appearance
    2. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock
    • Does not have a banded texture
    Classification of
    Metamorphic Rocks
    Gneiss Typically Displays a
    Banded Appearance
    Marble—A Nonfoliated
    Metamorphic Rock

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