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Principle of Work and Energy

The document discusses the principle of work and energy. It defines work as the product of force and displacement in the same direction. The principle states that the initial kinetic energy plus the work done by all forces equals the final kinetic energy. It provides examples of calculating work done by various forces like weights, springs, and friction. It also gives an example problem solving for the speed of an object using the principle of work and energy.

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zak
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66 views

Principle of Work and Energy

The document discusses the principle of work and energy. It defines work as the product of force and displacement in the same direction. The principle states that the initial kinetic energy plus the work done by all forces equals the final kinetic energy. It provides examples of calculating work done by various forces like weights, springs, and friction. It also gives an example problem solving for the speed of an object using the principle of work and energy.

Uploaded by

zak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND

ENERGY
(Sections 14.1-14.3)

Dr. Mostafa Shazly


Faculty of Engineering, Room 302
Email: [email protected]
Today’s Objectives

Students will be able to:


a) Calculate the work of a force.
b) Apply the principle of work and energy to a particle or
system of particles.
APPLICATIONS

Crash barrels are often used along


roadways for crash protection. The
barrels absorb the car’s kinetic energy
by deforming.

If we know the typical velocity of an


oncoming car and the amount of energy
that can be absorbed by each barrel, how
can we design a crash cushion?

3
WORK AND ENERGY
Another equation for working kinetics problems involving
particles can be derived by integrating the equation of motion
(F = ma) with respect to displacement.

By substituting at = v (dv/ds) into Ft = mat, the result is


integrated to yield an equation known as the principle of work
and energy.

This principle is useful for solving problems that involve


force, velocity, and displacement. It can also be used to
explore the concept of power.

To use this principle, we must first understand how to


calculate the work of a force.
4
WORK OF A FORCE
A force does work on a particle when the particle undergoes
a displacement along the line of action of the force.
Work is defined as the product of force
and displacement components acting in
the same direction. So, if the angle
between the force and displacement
vector is θ, the increment of work dU
done by the force is
dU = F ds cos θ

By using the definition of the dot product r2


and integrating, the total work can be U =
written as
1-2 ∫ F • dr
r1
5
WORK OF A FORCE (continued)
If F is a function of position (a common case) this becomes
s2

U1-2 = ∫ F cos θ ds
s1

If both F and θ are constant (F = Fc), this equation further


simplifies to
U1-2 = Fc cos θ (s2 - s1)

Work is positive if the force and the movement are in the


same direction. If they are opposing, then the work is
negative. If the force and the displacement directions are
perpendicular, the work is zero.

6
WORK OF A WEIGHT
The work done by the gravitational force acting on a particle
(or weight of an object) can be calculated by using
y2

U1-2 = ∫ - W dy = - W (y2 - y1) = - W ∆y


y1

The work of a weight is the product of the magnitude of


the particle’s weight and its vertical displacement. If
∆y is upward, the work is negative since the weight
force always acts downward.

7
WORK OF A SPRING FORCE
When stretched, a linear elastic spring
develops a force of magnitude Fs = ks, where
k is the spring stiffness and s is the
displacement from the unstretched position.

The work of the spring force moving from position s1 to position


s2 is s2 s2

U1-2 = ∫Fs ds = ∫ k s ds = 0.5k(s2)2 - 0.5k(s1)2


s1 s1

If a particle is attached to the spring, the force Fs exerted on the


particle is opposite to that exerted on the spring. Thus, the work
done on the particle by the spring force will be negative or
U1-2 = – [ 0.5k (s2)2 – 0.5k (s1)2 ] .
8
SPRING FORCES
It is important to note the following about spring forces:

1. The equations just shown are for linear springs only!


Recall that a linear spring develops a force according to
F = ks (essentially the equation of a line).

2. The work of a spring is not just spring force times distance


at some point, i.e., (ksi)(si). Beware, this is a trap that
students often fall into!

3. Always double check the sign of the spring work after


calculating it. It is positive work if the force put on the object
by the spring and the movement are in the same direction.

9
PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND ENERGY
By integrating the equation of motion, ∑ Ft = mat = mv(dv/ds), the
principle of work and energy can be written as
∑ U1-2 = 0.5m(v2)2 – 0.5m(v1)2 or T1 + ∑ U1-2 = T2

∑U1-2 is the work done by all the forces acting on the particle as it
moves from point 1 to point 2. Work can be either a positive or
negative scalar.
T1 and T2 are the kinetic energies of the particle at the initial and final
position, respectively. Thus, T1 = 0.5 m (v1)2 and T2 = 0.5 m (v2)2.
The kinetic energy is always a positive scalar (velocity is squared!).

So, the particle’s initial kinetic energy plus the work done by all the
forces acting on the particle as it moves from its initial to final position
is equal to the particle’s final kinetic energy.

10
PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND ENERGY (continued)
Note that the principle of work and energy (T1 + ∑ U1-2 = T2)
is not a vector equation! Each term results in a scalar value.

Both kinetic energy and work have the same units, that of
energy! In the SI system, the unit for energy is called a joule (J),
where 1 J = 1 N·m. In the FPS system, units are ft·lb.

The principle of work and energy cannot be used, in general, to


determine forces directed normal to the path, since these forces
do no work.

The principle of work and energy can also be applied to a system


of particles by summing the kinetic energies of all particles in the
system and the work due to all forces acting on the system.
11
EXAMPLE

Given:The 17.5 kN automobile shown is


traveling down the 10° inclined road at a
speed of 6 ft/s. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the wheels and the road
is µk = 0.5.

Find: If the driver jams on the brakes, causing his wheels to


lock, determine how far s the tires skid on the road.

Plan: 1) Draw the FBD


2) Apply the principle of work and energy to determine s.

12
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
1) Draw the FBD.
As shown, the normal force NA does no
work since it never undergoes displacement
along its line of action. The weight, 3500
lb, is displaced (s sin 10°) and does positive
work. Why? The frictional force FA does
both external and internal work when it is
thought to undergo a displacement s. This
work is negative since it is in the opposite
direction to displacement.

13
EXAMPLE (continued)

2) Equilibrium

3) Apply the principle of work and energy

Can we solve this problem using Newton’s


second law?

14
EXAMPLE
Given: Block A has a weight of 60 lb and
block B has a weight of 10 lb. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between
block A and the incline is µk = 0.2.
Neglect the mass of the cord and pulleys.

Find: The speed of block A after it moves 3 ft down the plane,


starting from rest.

Plan: 1) Define the kinematic relationships between the blocks.


2) Draw the FBD of each block.
3) Apply the principle of work and energy to the system
of blocks.

15
EXAMPLE (continued)

Solution:
1) The kinematic relationships can be determined by defining
position coordinates sA and sB, and then differentiating.

sA Since the cable length is constant:


2sA + sB = l
2∆sA + ∆sB = 0
sB
∆sA = 3ft => ∆sB = -6 ft
and 2vA + vB = 0
=> vB = -2vA
Note that, by this definition of sA and sB, positive motion
for each block is defined as downwards.
16
EXAMPLE (continued)
2) Draw the FBD of each block. T
WA
2T
y x
B
A µNA

5
3 NA
4 WB
Sum forces in the y-direction for block A (note that there is no
motion in this direction):

∑Fy = 0: NA –(4/5)WA = 0 => NA = (4/5)WA

17
EXAMPLE (continued)

3) Apply the principle of work and energy to the system (the


blocks start from rest).
∑T1 + ∑U1-2 = ∑T2

(0.5mA(vA1)2 + .5mB(vB1)2) + ((3/5)WA – 2T – µNA)∆sA


+ (WB – T)∆sB = (0.5mA(vA2)2 + 0.5mB(vB2)2)
vA1 = vB1 = 0, ∆sA = 3ft, ∆sB = -6 ft, vB = -2vA, NA = (4/5)WA

=> 0 + 0 + (3/5)(60)(3) – 2T(3) – (0.2)(0.8)(60)(3) + (10)(-6)


– T(-6) = 0.5(60/32.2)(vA2)2 + 0.5(10/32.2)(-2vA2)2
=> vA2 = 3.52 ft/s
Note that the work due to the cable tension force on each block
cancels out.
18
References
„ R. Hibbeler, Principles of Statics and
Dynamics, 11th Edition, Pearson, 2005
„ Online Resources, coursecompass.com

19

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